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History & Theory
Q:
How did the Historia de las Indias change the colonization of the New World?
A) It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to be ruthless in order to prevail.
B) It led Spain to improve its treatment of Indians under their rule.
C) It helped the Spanish recognize that they would not be able to prevail over the powerful empires in the New World.
D) It led the Spanish to the conquest of the Aztecs.
E) It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly inferior to native culture.
Q:
Which was a key reason Corts was able to conquer Montezuma, the Aztec emperor?
A) Montezuma's unarmored horseman were unable to fight the armored horses that Corts brought with him.
B) Corts convinced the Aztecs to fight against their own corrupt leader, Montezuma.
C) Corts and his men overwhelmingly outnumbered the Aztecs.
D) Corts was able to recruit thousands of nearby Native Americans who helped him defeat Montezuma.
E) Montezuma believed that the Spaniards were gods and did not resist them at first.
Q:
Why was "America" named after Amerigo Vespucci?
A) Vespucci published a falsified travel account that convinced mapmakers that he had been the first European to reach the continent.
B) Vespucci had been on Columbus's last voyage, but unlike Columbus realized that they had found a new continent.
C) Vespucci's travels to the Americas brought great wealth to Spain, and he was rewarded with a continent named for him.
D) Vespucci was the first person to make contact with what is now the Bahamas, and the continent he reached was named after him.
E) Vespucci convinced the king and queen of Spain that Columbus had falsified reports of his travels, and proved that it was he who had been the first to reach the Americas.
Q:
Why did the Portuguese reject Columbus's proposed route to Cathay?
A) They wanted Columbus to sail to India, not Cathay.
B) They believed that Columbus had underestimated the Earth's circumference.
C) They believed the Earth was round.
D) They believed that Columbus had no intention of reaching Cathay and was presenting a false route simply to gain monetary support.
E) They thought that Columbus would encounter too many hostile Indians on his proposed route.
Q:
Which was NOT a reason why Scandinavian outposts in the New World were eventually abandoned?
A) a colder climate
B) hostile groups of Native Americans
C) political upheavals in Scandinavia
D) poor communication
E) competition with Portuguese fishing groups
Q:
Which statement about West Africa during the era of the European slave trade is TRUE?
A) Africans were isolated from the rest of the world.
B) Africans had a simple, self-sufficient economy.
C) A single culture covered most of the African continent.
D) Muslim missionaries had introduced Islam.
E) Africans were united by a single language.
Q:
What was the main result of the deadly diseases brought to the New World by Europeans?
A) an extremely high mortality rate among the natives, destroying the culture of many tribes
B) a diminution of these diseases throughout Europe
C) some deaths, but a low number compared to those caused by warfare between Native Americans and Europeans
D) a death rate that was high only where Native Americans lived in low concentrations
E) no significant deaths since Native Americans were already immune to these diseases
Q:
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Native American men were more receptive to Christianity than were the women.
B) When Indians and whites married, the European partner usually chose to live among the Indians.
C) When trading with Native Americans, Europeans easily took advantage of the Indians.
D) Europeans had little success "civilizing" the Indians.
E) Native American women jealously guarded their traditional cultures.
Q:
Which of these was quickly adopted by Native Americans after contact with Europeans?
A) guns
B) marriage customs
C) public education
D) Christianity
E) urbanization
Q:
Which best describes how divisions among Algonquian groups helped facilitate European conquest of their lands?
A) Algonquian groups were so busy fighting each other that they did not notice the European arrivals.
B) Algonquian groups competed among each other to become trading partners with European arrivals.
C) Algonquian groups could not communicate with each other and thus could not warn each other of European invaders.
D) Algonquian groups had a strict hierarchy that made it much easier for Europeans to conquer them.
E) Algonquian groups were likely to form alliances with outsiders than each other.
Q:
By the time Europeans arrived, the Aztecs had all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) large cities ruled by effective bureaucracies
B) tools and weapons made of iron and bronze
C) hieroglyphic writing
D) an accurate solar calendar
E) a religion that involved human sacrifice
Q:
What was the most important result of the domestication of maize (corn), beans, and squash by some Native American groups?
A) moving from nomadism to a settled lifestyle
B) no longer hunting mammals
C) the evolution of Indians into a single continental cultural unit
D) the disappearance of the Anasazi culture
E) a general move to the coasts
Q:
In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at ________.
A) Jamestown
B) Newfoundland
C) Plymouth
D) Hatteras
E) Roanoke
Q:
The mission of the Spanish Armada was to ________.
A) suppress a revolt in the Netherlands
B) defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her rule
C) defeat Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country
D) replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots
E) get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleons
Q:
The English monarch responsible for quieting religious conflict and strengthening England in the face of Spanish power was ________.
A) Henry VII
B) Henry VIII
C) Elizabeth I
D) Mary Tudor
E) James I
Q:
What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England's settlement of the New World?
A) the Crusades
B) the War of the Roses
C) the Reformation
D) the Hundred Years' War
E) the Renaissance
Q:
Which of the following was NOT a feature of the French experience in the New World?
A) the fur trade
B) Samuel de Champlain
C) encomiendas
D) coureurs de bois
E) lack of royal support for colonizing efforts
Q:
The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the ________.
A) fur trade
B) complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in Canada
C) discovery of huge amounts of gold
D) establishment of plantations
E) withdrawal of the Spanish
Q:
In their relations with the Native Americans, the French ________.
A) were as interested in Christian conversion as the Spanish
B) cultivated close cooperation in order to sustain their fur trade
C) were ruthless in their treatment of the Native Americans
D) drove Indians from their lands in order to set up plantations
E) were at a distinct disadvantage
Q:
The first French explorers were ________.
A) interested in finding the mythical "northwest passage" to China
B) determined to find gold and silver
C) eager to Christianize the Native Americans
D) ruthless and exploitive of the native peoples
E) considered stupid by the Native Americans
Q:
Most Spanish colonists were ________.
A) members of wealthy families
B) more racially tolerant than their English counterparts
C) unconcerned about economic opportunities
D) unwilling to have contact with native groups
E) unusually racist for their time
Q:
From its beginnings, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily a(n) ________.A) provider of gold and silverB) place to send exiled Moors and JewsC) opportunity to further promote the Catholic faithD) source of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estatesE) place to establish penal colonies
Q:
Before his attacks on the Aztecs, Hernn Corts was ________.
A) an accomplished ship captain
B) a civil servant in Cuba
C) a wealthy aristocrat
D) a seasoned diplomat
E) unconcerned about his public image
Q:
In order to better control the conquistadors in the New World, the Spanish government created ________.
A) the Inquisition
B) the hacienda
C) the encomienda
D) the missions
E) colonial governments
Q:
The men largely responsible for Spain's conquest of the New World were known as ________.
A) conquistadores
B) coureurs de bois
C) "Sea Dogs"
D) pirates
E) encomenderos
Q:
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in ________.
A) war between Spain and Portugal
B) Portuguese control of what would become Brazil
C) English control of what is now Canada
D) French control of Martinique
E) the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New World
Q:
At the time of Columbus's first voyage in 1492, ________.
A) most educated Europeans believed the earth was flat
B) no European nation had any interest in exploration
C) most educated Europeans knew the world was round
D) no one thought he would find anything
E) the Catholic Church condemned this kind of exploration
Q:
Columbus was originally determined to prove that ________.
A) a westward water route to China existed
B) the world was not flat
C) the continents of North and South America existed
D) the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South America
E) the world was smaller than scientists believed at the time
Q:
The Portuguese explored West Africa searching for ________.
A) lands to settle
B) spices and timber
C) converts to Christianity
D) slaves and gold
E) land for a convict colony
Q:
The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was ________.
A) France
B) Italy
C) the Netherlands
D) Portugal
E) Spain
Q:
In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged ________.
A) animal, plant, and microbial life forms
B) technologies
C) religious beliefs
D) political systems
E) trade goods
Q:
The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeans was ________.
A) warfare
B) planned genocide
C) disease
D) loss of farmland
E) enslavement
Q:
What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was ________.
A) cultural enlightenment
B) victims for human sacrifice rituals
C) religious instruction
D) allies to help them defeat their enemies
E) commercial relations
Q:
The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact were ________.
A) Algonquian speakers
B) Mayan
C) Apache
D) Sioux
E) Cherokee
Q:
The people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the ________.
A) Mayas
B) Apaches
C) Aztecs
D) Incas
E) Toltecs
Q:
Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures?
A) the discovery of hunting
B) the development of agriculture
C) tribal political alliances
D) the emergence of a written language
E) the domestication of the horse
Q:
The most significant factor that led large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North America was ________.
A) the domestication of horses
B) global warming
C) population growth
D) rising water levels
E) a mass extinction of large mammals in Europe
Q:
Discuss the factors that affected America's attitude about the future in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Q:
Describe the various aspects of the war on terror and how they have been controversial? Why?
Q:
Explain how changing immigration patterns during the 1970s and 1980s are affecting the United States.
Q:
How was Reagan's foreign policy different from Nixon's? Whose was more successful?
Q:
How did the status of women and gays change during the 1970s and 1980s?
Q:
How did economic factors complicate the presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter?
Q:
How was Nixon's Cold War strategy different from that of Kennedy and Johnson?
Q:
Analyze President Johnson's strategy in the Vietnam War. Why did it lead to American defeat?
Q:
What successes did the civil rights movement achieve during the Johnson administration? How do they relate to the radicalism of the civil rights movement in the late 1960s?
Q:
Analyze President Kennedy's approach to the Cold War. How and why did he intensify it?
Q:
Describe the beginnings of the civil rights movement, including the influence of the NAACP and African American activists, such as Martin Luther King, Jr.
Q:
Compare and contrast the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies and examine their different approaches to reform.
Q:
Describe American culture in the 1950s. Evaluate the extent to which 1950s society was influenced by the experiences of the 1930s and 1940s.
Q:
Analyze and describe the development of the U.S. economy between 1945 and 1960.
Q:
Why did Americans become concerned about the loyalty of government officials in the late 1940s? Why was Senator Joseph McCarthy so popular with the public? What brought about his downfall?
Q:
How did the Cold War bring about reforms in the United States military and intelligence establishments in the 1940s and 1950s?
Q:
What was the policy of "containment"? Who were its leading proponents, and how did they implement this policy between 1947 and 1950?
Q:
How did the origins of the Cold War reflect different American and Soviet traditions, as well as their different needs and interests in Europe after World War II?
Q:
In terms of the economy, labor force, and internal migrations, how did World War II transform America?
Q:
Describe the Allies' overall strategy in World War II, in either the European theater or the Pacific theater, and include one or two key battles.
Q:
How did events in the early years of the war affect American public opinion? What were the most important factors in changing opinion?
Q:
What factors account for the rise of American isolationism between the wars? How did neutrality legislation work to the advantage of aggressive dictators?
Q:
How did the New Deal affect organized labor throughout the decade of the 1930s?
Q:
How did the Roosevelt administration deal with crises in banking, manufacturing, and agriculture? In which area did it have the most success? In which did it have the least success? Why?
Q:
What made Franklin Roosevelt better equipped than Herbert Hoover to handle the crisis of the Great Depression?
Q:
Analyze the causes of the Great Depression. What role did the stock market crash play?
Q:
What events marked the interaction between political and cultural developments related in the 1920s?
Q:
What factors account for the "rural counterattack" of the 1920s? What forms did it take? What was its most significant success?
Q:
How did mass production, marketing, and popular culture begin to homogenize regional and local subcultures during the 1920s?
Q:
Summarize Wilson's plan for ensuring world peace after World War I. In reality, to what extent would his plan have worked had it been fully implemented?
Q:
How were civil liberties curtailed in the interest of national security during World War I? How do these actions compare with similar ones taken during the administrations of John Adams and Abraham Lincoln?
Q:
What concerns divided Americans in their attitudes towards neutrality and participation in World War I?
Q:
What actions marked America's emergence as the major power in the Western Hemisphere by 1920?
Q:
To what extent did the progressive movement succeed? To what extent did it fail?
Q:
How did the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson alter traditional concepts of presidential power?
Q:
How did progressive action at the city, state, and federal levels pave the way for the activist government of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries?
Q:
Identify the characteristics common to progressives, and give examples of each.
Q:
Analyze the new urban culture that emerged after 1900 and how it changed the lives of urban Americans?
Q:
Trace the rise of labor unions. Identify their successes and failures.
Q:
How did industrialization change after 1900? How did it affect industrial workers?
Q:
What postwar events in the Philippines and China revealed to America the realities of imperialism?
Q:
What were the major objections to colonizing the Philippines after the Spanish-American War? Have any of the predictions of the treaty's opponents come true?
Q:
How did the Spanish-American War become a war of imperialism?