Q&A Hero

Q: What did the freedmen request in their Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson in 1865? a. the right to purchase a homestead b. an opportunity to attend a black college c. the purchase of some mules d. help reuniting their family members that had been sold e. the right to vote

Q: Which statement is true about the Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson? a. The petitioners demanded land on the grounds that that they had made the lands valuable through their labor. b. The petitioners argued that they had a right to the land because they were loyal to the Confederacy during the Civil War. c. The petitioners suggested that gaining the right to vote would make up for the land they lost when Johnson returned the Sherman land to the former owners. d. The petitioners argued that land monopoly would advance the course of freedom. e. President Johnson agreed to return the petitioners lands and resume land reform.

Q: What can be determined through analyzing the Sharecropping Contract? a. The ex-slave was given an agreement that mutually benefited both parties. b. Ex-slaves were not going to be allowed to go to church. c. The ex-slaves were lazy and unwilling to do farmwork. d. The contract was a type of economic slavery. e. This farming system gave African-Americans a good standard of living.

Q: What benefit did Abraham Lincoln see in having Andrew Johnson on his ticket? a. He was an inspiration to working-class people in poverty. b. As a former slaveholder, he demonstrated that one could live without slaves. c. He was one of many southern senators from a state that seceded who refused to leave the U.S. Senate. d. Lincolns party hoped to build a Republican base in the South. e. Tennessee was Lincolns favorite southern state because he was born there.

Q: What was ironic about the election of Andrew Johnson? a. He was the first slaveholder to become president. b. A man from a state that had seceded was now president. c. An illiterate man was president. d. A Ku Klux Klan leader ascended to the presidency. e. Abraham Lincoln now regretted choosing Andrew Johnson as his vice president.

Q: According to the petitions that freedmen sent to President Andrew Johnson, what had the government promised them? a. voting rights b. education c. equality between men and women d. medicine e. homesteads

Q: Because President Johnson ended land reform and no land distribution took place, a. most white yeoman farmers were able to become plantation owners. b. the South industrialized and most African-Americans got jobs in factories. c. the task system became the dominant labor system in the cotton-producing regions. d. the vast majority of rural African-Americans remained poor and without property. e. plantation owners no longer wielded economic and political power.

Q: Sharecropping a. meant that African-Americans were paid a daily wage for doing specific tasks. b. was a compromise between African-Americans desire for discipline and planters desire to learn to do physical labor. c. was most popular in the old rice plantation areas of South Carolina and Georgia. d. became more popular because of rising farm prices that brought increased prosperity. e. was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision.

Q: The crop-lien system a. applied only to African-American farmers, as white farmers rarely grew cotton after the war. b. grew more desirable and attracted more workers as farm prices increased in the 1870s. c. enabled yeoman farmers to continue to function under the same system as before the Civil War. d. annoyed bankers and merchants who resented how it made them dependent on farmers. e. kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

Q: White farmers in the late nineteenth-century South a. by and large owned their own land. b. included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system. c. refused to grow cotton because it had been a slave crop. d. were all enormously prosperous following the end of the Civil War. e. saw their debts decrease as crop prices went up from 1870 to 1900.

Q: In which way did the black church change during Reconstruction? a. It started to play a central role as blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions. b. It no longer played a central role because blacks walked away from religion in large numbers. c. It became cut off from the African-American community because it was deemed too radical. d. It stopped playing a fundamental part in blacks lives as they started to create more brotherhoods. e. Its rise coincided with a decreased interest in education on the part of African-Americans.

Q: How did Reconstruction leave an enduring legacy? a. In the twentieth century, former slaves became the majority owners of big plantations. b. By the turn of the twentieth century, a higher percentage of African-Americans voted than whites. c. By 1900 in the South, whites were focused on creating harmony between the races. d. The nations first African-American colleges were established. e. Within fifty years of Reconstruction, a majority of African-American families owned land.

Q: What was one of the ways in which black education evolved during Reconstruction? a. The first black colleges were established. b. Only white organizations ran black schools. c. It was mandatory that all black children attend school. d. Religion and black education were entirely separate by law. e. Only black schools supported by the federal government were permitted.

Q: For most former slaves, freedom first and foremost meant a. voting rights. b. landownership. c. political freedom. d. education. e. immediate relocation to the North.

Q: Which of the following was true according to Frederick Douglass? a. The United States should reestablish itself as a monarchical government rather than a democracy. b. Slavery had been abolished in all ways possible when the Civil War ended. c. Southern blacks needed to move to the North and create their own separate communities. d. Slavery was not going to be truly abolished until black men held the ballot. e. Political participation for blacks was of little importance now that they were free from bondage.

Q: Anything less than ________ for African-Americans would betray the Civil Wars meaning, black spokesmen insisted. a. new southern railroads b. full citizenship c. woman suffrage d. farming jobs e. due process

Q: In terms of employment, blacks most avidly searched for a. their old jobs in the plantations. b. higher wages than whites. c. factory jobs in the North. d. the possibility to work their own land. e. work one could only attain through professional school.

Q: How did the Civil War affect planter families? a. For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor. b. They lost their slaves but were otherwise unaffected. c. Few lost loved ones because they were able to avoid military service. d. They endured immediate problems, but their economic revival was quick. e. Because they defined freedom broadly, they got along well with their ex-slaves.

Q: What was the northern vision for the Reconstruction-era southern economy? a. to give free blacks the same employment opportunities as northern workers b. to reduce northern investments in the South and bring all freedmen into northern cities c. to abolish the Freedmens Bureau and ban all migrants d. to use sharecropping as the main labor system in both the North and the South e. to help make the Souths economy surpass the Norths in productivity and profit

Q: In the Republican free labor vision of a reconstructed South, a. the southern economy would revive without the need for northern capital or migrants. b. plantation owners would re-create a labor system as close to slavery as possible. c. black and white farmers would be tied to plantations through a continuous cycle of debt. d. Southern black and northern white workers would enjoy the same opportunities, and the South would become more like the North. e. the Deep South states would grow wheat and raise cattle instead of cotton.

Q: How did southern leaders tend to react to black freedom after the Civil War? a. They tended to believe it was a right fairly earned. b. They tended to accept that they could no longer control blacks. c. They tended to ignore it, as they enjoyed greater wealth than ever before. d. They tended to view it as a privilege and not a right. e. They tended to avidly promote racial equality.

Q: The Freedmens Bureaus greatest accomplishments were in a. legal representation and employment. b. land redistribution and law enforcement. c. prosecuting Confederates and rebuilding southern infrastructure. d. education and health care. e. suffrage and citizenship for African-Americans.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes the Freedmens Bureau? a. It was overstaffed, especially in the South. b. It assisted northern societies committed to black education. c. It lasted as an organization until the New Deal of the 1930s. d. It focused on distributing land among black families. e. It presented few new ideas or approaches and focused too much on the past.

Q: During Reconstruction, the majority of southern African-Americans a. remained poor and without property. b. had the opportunity to purchase land. c. managed to climb the social scale. d. felt satisfied with their work. e. believed the government was fulfilling its promises.

Q: What did the ex-slaves see as key to significantly improving their condition? a. getting paid pages for field work on plantations b. receiving help from white northerners c. getting access to higher education d. leasing land in return for a share of their crops e. receiving free land as their own property

Q: What did Andrew Johnson do with the land of plantation owners seized during the Civil War? a. He ordered it disbursed among the ex-slaves. b. He returned it to the original owners. c. The federal government retained control of most of the land. d. He suggested that communes be started so that all southerners had access to the land. e. The first national parks were established on the seized property.

Q: Who were the Redeemers, what did they want, and what were their methods? How did the Redeemers feel that their freedom was being threatened by Radical Reconstruction? Conclude your essay with a comment on how you think the federal government should have responded to the Redeemers.

Q: Do you think the permanent distribution of land to former slaves would have made a difference in the outcome of Reconstruction? Why or why not?

Q: Was Reconstruction a success or a failure? Or was it something in between? In your response, consider land policy, key legislation during Presidential and Radical Reconstruction, southern politics, racial and political violence, and northern fatigue with Reconstruction. Be sure to make clear what you mean by success and failure.

Q: The debate surrounding the creation and ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment divided one-time political allies over the matter of womens suffrage. What were the arguments for and against including a womans right to vote in the Fifteenth Amendment? What did this debate say about the boundaries of freedom defined by Reconstruction?

Q: One of the most divisive issues during the Reconstruction period was the meaning of freedom and citizenship. Did this debate reach some closure during the Reconstruction period? Why or why not? Be sure to summarize the opinions of different social and political groups that dominated the national agenda during this period.

Q: As in earlier periods of American history, Reconstruction saw political debates over the meaning of federalism and the balance of power between the national government and the states. Keeping this in mind, discuss how laws and regulations such as the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 and the Reconstruction amendments factored into this debate. Please consider how the positions of Republicans and Democrats differed in terms of this debate.

Q: Eric Foner argues, The Reconstruction amendments transformed the Constitution from a document primarily concerned with federal-state relations and the rights of property into a vehicle through which members of vulnerable minorities could stake a claim. Please explain in your own words how the Constitution changed due to the amendments. Who were the main actors involved?

Q: How did Garrison Frazier define freedom for African-Americans during his January 1865 conversation with General Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton? a. having and owning their own land b. maintaining a state of mind that was untethered from material circumstances c. working for wages for an employer d. leaving the United States for Canada e. renting land on the plantations on which they had been formerly enslaved

Q: Which statement is true about Sherman land? a. General Sherman established a wage labor system on the Sea Islands. b. Sherman set aside lands for settlement of black families on forty-acre plots. c. President Andrew Johnson supported and expanded the Sherman land reform. d. The Freedmans Bureau distributed hundreds of thousands of forty-acre plots of Sherman land in every southern state. e. The Sherman lands replaced the sharecropping system.

Q: General William T. Shermans Special Field Order 15 a. offered black soldiers widows survivors pensions. b. allowed emancipated slaves to roam freely across U.S. territory. c. gave freed slaves the right to settle in New York. d. set aside land to distribute among black families. e. conferred honors on the soldiers who had fought beside him.

Q: Which of the following best describes the black response to the ending of the Civil War and the coming of freedom? a. Sensing the continued hatred of whites toward them, most blacks wished to move back to Africa. b. Most blacks stayed with their old masters because they were not familiar with any other opportunities. c. Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior. d. Desiring better wages, most blacks moved to the northern cities to seek factory work. e. Most blacks were content working for wages and not owning their own land because they believed that they had not yet earned that right.

Q: What effect did emancipation have on the structure of the black family? a. Black couples managed to maintain equality within the household because black men tended to enjoy being able to stay at home. b. Black families increasingly adopted the nineteenth-century idea that men and women held different responsibilities. c. Although gender roles between men and women stayed the same, black men needed to engage in more intensive labor than ever before. d. Black families became increasingly matrilineal as black women started to enter the workforce and earn wages. e. Black families enjoyed a good, stable quality of life because most black women tended to embrace the opportunity to enter field labor.

Q: Which denominations had the largest followings among blacks after the Civil War? a. Anglican and Catholic b. Congregational and Presbyterian c. Methodist and Baptist d. Lutheran and Methodist e. Episcopal and Baptist

Q: Howard University is well known as a. the first medical school to admit women. b. the first black university in Mississippi. c. the oldest university in New England. d. a black university in Washington, D.C. e. the law school where Abraham Lincoln earned his degree.

Q: Which of the following is true of the Confederacy and Native Americans? a. Indians were united in their opposition to the Confederacy because of its white supremacist policies. b. The Davis administration ordered the Navajo to leave their ancestral territory. c. Slave-owning Indians generally supported the Confederacy. d. Treating Indian tribes as fully independent nations, the Confederacy sent ambassadors to the Five Civilized Tribes. e. Confederate troops massacred Indians on several occasions, most notably at Sand Creek, Texas.

Q: Which describes the relationship between the Civil War and the campaign for womens suffrage? a. Many women publicly refused to perform volunteer work to serve the war effort of a nation that did not grant them the right to vote. b. With the southern states temporarily out of the legislature, womens demands for suffrage gained significant traction during the war. c. The suffrage movement lost public support when it was accused of distracting women from volunteer work to support the war effort. d. Women who held positions of responsibility during the war became increasingly committed to achieving suffrage when the war ended. e. Women gained a first taste for the experience of voting when they were granted a temporary right to vote on behalf of husbands who were away fighting the war.

Q: Which characterizes the non-war-related legislation passed by the federal government during the Civil War? a. It created an expansion of the powers of the federal government that had typically been opposed by legislators from the southern states. b. It marked the beginning of a shift toward progressive legislation intended to improve human welfare. c. It deliberately limited states rights to prevent a civil war from ever occurring again. d. It recognized the legal rights of Native Americans for the first time in American history. e. It largely addressed urban issues, such as overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.

Q: Which is true of the first transcontinental railroad? a. Its completion helped bring about the end of the Civil War. b. Various Indian tribes sabotaged it by destroying key railroad junctions. c. Utilizing its rails, Lincoln became the first president to travel across the country. d. It ran from Omaha to San Francisco. e. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies utilized slave labor.

Q: Which statement is true about civil liberties during the Civil War? a. Lincoln was careful to protect all forms of civil liberties. b. The courts prevented the Lincoln administration from restricting civil liberties. c. Lincoln allowed those accused of disloyal activities to be held without charge. d. Dissenting newspaper editors, ordinary citizens, and Democratic politicians were free to criticize the war effort without penalty. e. In Ex parte Milligan, the Supreme Court required that all civilians be tried in military tribunals during the war.

Q: With regard to civil liberties during the Civil War, President Lincoln a. always let courts and judges have the final say. b. suspended the writ of habeas corpus. c. ordered most Democratic newspapers shut down. d. urged the impeachment of federal judges who opposed him. e. strictly followed the Ex parte Milligan decision rendered in 1866.

Q: In the Ex parte Milligan case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that a. Milligan should be hanged for writing pro-Confederate editorials during the Civil War. b. secession was unconstitutional. c. accused persons must be tried before civil courts where there were open, rather than military, tribunals. d. a president could order the jailing of civilians for any reason whatsoever during wartime. e. Congress, not the president, has the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.

Q: Clement Vallandigham was a. hanged for treason on the orders of President Lincoln. b. the Confederate general who won the Battle of Chancellorsville against great odds. c. the Union general who turned back a Confederate invasion at Gettysburg. d. Lincolns first vice president. e. a northern politician banished to the Confederacy.

Q: Industrial capitalism a. grew and developed significantly as a result of the Civil War. b. was nearly destroyed by the Civil War. c. stagnated during the Civil War for lack of government contracts. d. stagnated during the Civil War for lack of labor. e. stagnated during the war because mechanization stopped advancing.

Q: Economically, the Civil War led to a. a decline in prosperity for the North and South alike. b. the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development. c. a tariff reduction to attract foreign goods to make up for the decline in domestic production. d. the creation of the Third Bank of the United States, despite opposition from old Jacksonian Democrats. e. the building of a transcontinental railroad, completely through private financing.

Q: Which is the largest official execution in American history? a. The shooting of 63 Union army deserters in Washington, D.C., in March 1863. b. The hanging of 42 Confederate generals following the end of the war. c. The hanging of John Wilkes Booth and his ten accomplices for the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. d. The death of 13,000 Union soldiers in the prisoner-of-war camp at Andersonville, Georgia. e. The hanging of 38 Sioux Dakotas at Mankato, Minnesota, in December 1862.

Q: During the Civil War, Congress enacted economic policies long advocated by many northerners; for example, Congress a. cut funding for internal improvements. b. slashed tariffs. c. enacted subsidies for cotton farmers. d. returned western lands to Indian tribes. e. granted millions of acres of land to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroad.

Q: The U.S. Homestead Act of 1862 a. offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the west. b. granted homesteads to Native American families displaced by the Trail of Tears. c. granted 40 acres of free land to each emancipated person. d. was opposed by the labor movement. e. failed to have much of an effect on western settlement.

Q: What financial policy did the federal government follow during the Civil War? a. It removed tariffs in order to encourage exports. b. It reduced the income tax. c. It clung to the gold standard. d. It sold interest-bearing bonds. e. It removed taxes on the production and consumption of goods.

Q: Lincoln spoke of a new birth of freedom for the nation in his a. first inaugural address. b. second inaugural address. c. Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. d. Sanitary Commission speech. e. Gettysburg Address.

Q: Besides preserving the Union, how else has Lincolns legacy lived on in todays America? a. Through an executive order, he gave ex-slaves the right to vote. b. He brought harmony between the races. c. He created the blueprint that rebuilt the South economically. d. He encouraged African-Americans to convert to Christianity. e. He overcame regional differences to build a new nation-state.

Q: During the Civil War, northern Protestant ministers a. usually preached sermons that emphasized the needlessness of the war. b. organized a major pacifist campaign to end the war by Christmas 1862. c. helped create a civic religion combining Christianity and patriotism. d. were generally opposed to the goals of the Lincoln administration. e. raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to assist Confederates to show that they loved their enemies.

Q: What was the purpose of the Morrill Land Grant College Act? a. It provided funding to the states to establish colleges. b. It provided war veterans with free college educations. c. It reformed the Electoral College after the abolishment of the three-fifths clause. d. It made it legal for any woman who owned property to apply to college. e. It seized several large plantations in the South and turned them into schools for ex-slaves.

Q: Lincolns issuance of an emancipation proclamation a. was delayed on the advice of General George McClellan. b. won universal support throughout the North. c. led to a strong Republican showing in the congressional and state elections of 1862. d. followed the narrow Union victory in the Battle of Antietam. e. led Great Britain to recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America.

Q: Which is true of the Emancipation Proclamation? a. It legally freed all slaves, although Confederate states did not comply with order. b. It provided compensation for slaveowners in states that stayed in the Union. c. News of it was censored in the South, so that slaves had no knowledge of it. d. It committed the federal government to enlist black soldiers. e. Its legal basis was the presidents power to negotiate international treaties.

Q: Which is true of the service of African-American soldiers during the Civil War? a. Their experiences as soldiers gave them their first taste of treatment as social equals to whites. b. While many exhibited great bravery, none received military awards in recognition of their deeds. c. Only a small percentage volunteered to serve; most were drafted into service. d. Escaped slaves were sent to prisoner-of-war camps and not allowed to fight for the Union army. e. Before they were allowed to fill combat positions, many performed menial labor such as doing laundry and cooking for the troops.

Q: The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, a. was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court later that year. b. did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded. c. freed slaves throughout the United States. d. was very popular with voters associated with the Democratic Party. e. was cited by Tennessee as the reason it rejoined the Union in 1864.

Q: Which is true of black soldiers fighting for the Union army during the Civil War? a. They developed a reputation for being vicious and ruthless warriors. b. Most were drafted into service. c. They performed the same duties as white soldiers from the outset, but at lower pay. d. Their accomplishments contributed to the evolution of Lincolns ideas concerning equal rights before the law. e. They enjoyed more equality with whites in the army than in the navy.

Q: What reason did Frederick Douglass give when urging African-Americans to enlist in the Union army? a. Military service would force whites to acknowledge blacks as fellow citizens. b. They owed service to the nation that had given them a home. c. It was one of the few well-paying jobs available to blacks. d. They were obligated to fight for the freedom of their brothers and sisters in slavery. e. They could work well as spies, infiltrating large plantations.

Q: What was the significance of the fighting that occurred at Fort Pillow, Tennessee? a. It was the Confederate armys last victory of the war. b. It was the first step of Shermans March to the Sea. c. It was evidence of brutal treatment of black Union soldiers by the Confederate army. d. It was Grants first use of a war-of-attrition strategy. e. It gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi Valley.

Q: The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment is best known as a. a regiment of free blacks who charged Fort Wagner, South Carolina. b. the Irish Brigade, because its members were born in Ireland. c. the regiment that forced Richmonds surrender. d. a regiment that was fully integrated, with noncommissioned black and white soldiers fighting side by side. e. the first regiment to see battle in the war.

Q: Which statement is true about black soldiers in the Civil War? a. At the beginning of the war, the Union army encouraged northern blacks to enlist. b. About 2,000 African-American men served in the army and navy by the end of the war. c. Frederick Douglass tried to discourage black men from enlisting to fight in the war. d. Black soldiers in the army received equal pay and equal treatment during the war. e. The wartime service of black soldiers inspired Abraham Lincoln to advocate for partial enfranchisement of blacks.

Q: Which describes the effect of the Civil War on American religious practices and beliefs? a. Northern and Southern churches that had split over the issue of slavery reunited in opposition to the war. b. Talk about heaven became more common and more concrete. c. In the North, membership in the Methodist churches exploded, as this was the church Lincoln attended. d. Spiritualism came to be associated with heresy and the devil. e. The religious press increasingly withdrew from discussion of military and political development.

Q: Lincolns vision during the Civil War a. was to build a nation-state similar to what Otto von Bismarck was building in Germany and to what Giuseppe Mazzini was building in Italy. b. was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom. c. was essentially that of the Democratic Party: an activist federal government promoting American industry. d. allowed for African-Americans to achieve freedom because they already lived in the United States but did not extend to immigrants. e. was best expressed in his words, As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free.

Q: Which was a facet of Abraham Lincolns approach toward slavery during the first two years of his presidency? a. He freed slaves in Union-controlled Confederate territory. b. He promoted colonization of freed slaves outside of the United States. c. He referred to the Civil War as a freedom war in public speeches. d. He refused to approve compensation for slaveowners in Union states like Missouri. e. He urged slaves to refuse to work unless paid fair wages.

Q: During the early days of the war, the U.S. Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky that a. drafted men into the Union army, the first such draft in U.S. history. b. called for the gradual emancipation of slaves throughout the nation. c. criticized the civil liberties policies of the Lincoln administration. d. affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery. e. extended the Missouri Compromise line to the eastern border of California.

Q: Which statement is true about the coming of emancipation? a. President Lincoln declared total emancipation a necessity immediately after the Confederacy fired the first shots of the war in April 1861. b. Enslaved people helped to propel the United States toward emancipation by escaping to Union lines. c. The Radical Republicans opposed emancipation. d. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation even though he thought it was politically and militarily unnecessary. e. Most Democrats supported emancipation.

Q: During the Civil War, the term contraband camps referred to a. camps in which materials such as rifles and gunpowder were kept. b. camps of southern slaves who had escaped from their masters and entered Union lines. c. training grounds for the youthful musicians who played to raise the morale of the troops. d. holding areas for items seized by customs agents for failure to pay tariffs. e. places near battlefields where the Union army temporarily kept Confederate prisoners.

Q: Which is evidence of the northern response to the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation? a. Free blacks began enlisting in the Union army in large numbers in 1862. b. A group of Democratic senators challenged the Proclamations legality through the Supreme Court. c. Lincoln expanded the scope of the Proclamations reach before signing the final version. d. The Democrats made support for abolition an official part of their platform. e. The Republicans lost key elections in 1862.

Q: Approximately how many slaves gained their freedom in the Western Hemisphere between 1831 and 1888? a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 600,000 d. 1 million e. 6 million

Q: At Antietam, a. General Lee was successful and pushed north into Pennsylvania. b. General McClellan surrendered his troops. c. the nation suffered more casualties than on any other day in its history. d. the Unions river fleet proved crucial to the outcome. e. Lincoln announced the Thirteenth Amendment.

Q: During the first two years of the war, Union forces were generally a. more successful in the West than in the East. b. ill-trained, which changed when General McClellan took over in 1863. c. successful in all regions in which the war took place. d. unable to take any territory held by the Confederates. e. more successful in the East than in the West.

Q: When did Great Britain abolish slavery in its empire? a. 1790s b. 1810s c. 1830s d. 1850s e. 1870s

Q: The last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery was a. the United States. b. Cuba. c. Brazil. d. Haiti. e. Jamaica.

Q: Of the enslaved people who gained their freedom in the Western Hemisphere between 1831 and 1888, a. two-thirds lived in Brazil. b. two-thirds lived in the British Caribbean. c. two-thirds lived in the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico. d. two-thirds lived in the southern United States. e. two-thirds lived in the French Caribbean.