Q&A Hero

Q: During the secession winter of 18601861, who offered the most widely supported compromise plan in Congress, which allowed the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line? a. Abraham Lincoln b. John Crittenden c. Jefferson Davis d. Zachary Taylor e. Andrew Johnson

Q: Which statement is true about the Confederacy? a. The cornerstone of the Confederacy was the racist belief that whites were racially superior and blacks natural condition was to be enslaved. b. The majority of whites in the Confederate states were slaveholders in 1860. c. The majority of whites in the Confederate states believed in free labor ideology. d. All whites in the Confederate states had supported secession. e. Most poor whites in Confederate states believed they would achieve economic independence if slavery were abolished.

Q: Who is identified as an enemy in Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession? a. the federal government b. abolitionists c. northern politicians d. Abraham Lincoln e. slaves participating in rebellions

Q: Which statement is true about the Confederacy? a. The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was drafted to be different in all ways from the U.S. Constitution. b. The Constitution of the Confederate States of America explicitly guaranteed slave property in the states and in any newly acquired territories. c. Confederate leaders planned to return lands to Indian tribes within the Confederate states that had been seized by the United States. d. Confederate leaders opposed imperial expansion into Central America and the Caribbean. e. Stephen Douglas became president of the Confederacy.

Q: How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the federal Constitution? a. It contained only two branches of government, the executive and the judicial. b. It limited citizenship to those meeting property requirements. c. It explicitly guaranteed the right to own slaves. d. It did not allow for a presidential cabinet. e. It did not include the office of vice president.

Q: The American Civil War began in April 1861, when a. Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter. b. U.S. naval vessels bombarded the city of Wilmington, North Carolina. c. Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas. d. General William Sherman led Union soldiers on a devastating march through Georgia. e. Confederate infantry attacked Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Q: What key component of the 1860 Republican platform had never before been part of a major partys platform? a. There should be no national banking system. b. Slavery should be abolished in the Upper South. c. The government needed to protect industry with a tariff. d. Federal money should be used to improve and extend transportation. e. Slavery should not be extended into new states and territories.

Q: ___ 1. Dred Scott ___ 2. Abraham Lincoln ___ 3. John Fr mont ___ 4. Martin Van Buren ___ 5. John Brown ___ 6. William Walker ___ 7. Henry David Thoreau ___ 8. John Breckinridge ___ 9. Stephen Douglas ___ 10. Henry Clay ___ 11. Preston Brooks ___ 12. David Wilmot a. On Civil Disobedience b. 1848 Free Soil presidential candidate c. author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act d. tried to attach bill to ban slavery to war declaration e. author of the Compromise of 1850 f. caned Charles Sumner g. a slave who sued for his freedom h. led a raid on Harpers Ferry i. 1860 Republican presidential candidate j. 1860 southern Democratic presidential candidate k. 1856 Republican presidential candidate l. filibustering

Q: In the 1860 election, who was the presidential candidate to have significant support in all parts of the country? a. Abraham Lincoln b. John Breckinridge c. John Bell d. Stephen Douglas e. Will Seward

Q: Why did the southern states secede from the Union and form the Confederacy? a. They wanted to preserve slavery. b. The Fugitive Slave Act violated popular sovereignty. c. They wanted to protest the Dred Scott decision. d. They supported Stephen Douglas in the 1860 election. e. The majority of southern whites were slaveholders.

Q: ___ 1. manifest destiny ___ 2. Wilmot Proviso ___ 3. Kansas-Nebraska Act ___ 4. Fugitive Slave Act ___ 5. Ostend Manifesto ___ 6. Free Soil Party ___ 7. Compromise of 1850 ___ 8. Know-Nothing Party ___ 9. Tejanos ___ 10. Appeal of the Independent Democrats ___ 11. filibustering ___ 12. gold rush a. issued by antislavery congressmen b. suggested that the United States buy or seize Cuba c. returned runaway slaves to their masters d. Americas mission to settle the West e. Texas settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent f. sudden increase in Californias population g. voided the Missouri Compromise h. no slavery in land acquired by Mexico i. expedition to Central America j. opponents to the expansion of slavery k. anti-immigrant political party l. Californias entry into the Union as a free state

Q: Which was a result of the 1861 attack on Fort Sumter? a. Davis gained control of the most essential fort in the South. b. Support for the Confederacy collapsed in South Carolina. c. The Union army lost more than 3,000 soldiers. d. Lincoln succeeded in making the South fire the first shot. e. Virginia and North Carolina defected from the Confederacy.

Q: American settlement of Oregon began well before the United States and Great Britain divided the territory at the forty-ninth parallel.

Q: In 1860, which state became the first to pass an ordinance of secession and declare itself separated from the Union? a. Virginia b. Kentucky c. Georgia d. South Carolina e. Tennessee

Q: Actions taken by the Mexican government were significant factors in the creation of the Texas independence movement.

Q: What economic trend occurred in the South in the 1850s? a. Many poor whites lost their land and were forced to serve as tenant farmers alongside slaves. b. The high price of slaves and the deep debt incurred by many planters undermined the profitability of plantations. c. Owners of northern textile factories became increasingly indebted to the planters they bought their cotton from. d. More people became slave owners, while the average number of slaves owned by a single master decreased. e. Manufacturing became a significant source of employment for free blacks.

Q: Which statement is true regarding the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858? a. Lincoln disagreed with Douglass view that whites were a superior race. b. Douglas argued that there should be a national popular vote on the morality of slavery. c. Lincoln believed that blacks as well as whites were entitled to the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence. d. Lincoln argued for free western territories mainly so that free black people could find new homes and better conditions of life. e. Lincoln argued that the Constitution would have to be amended to restrict slavery from the territories.

Q: Which states did the Constitutional Unionist candidate John Bell win in the 1860 election? a. all of the New England states b. four states of the Lower South c. Texas and Louisiana d. three states of the Upper South e. only Missouri

Q: Which 1854 document called for the United States to seize Cuba? a. the Monroe Doctrine b. the Ostend Manifesto c. the Wilmot Proviso d. the Webster-Ashburton Treaty e. the Fr mont Manifesto

Q: The famous Lincoln-Douglas debates took place during the campaign for a. U.S. president in 1856. b. U.S. president in 1860. c. governor of Illinois in 1858. d. a congressional seat from Illinois in 1856. e. U.S. senator from Illinois in 1858.

Q: What do the authors of the 1850 Letter to the Middletown Sentinel and Witness claim to be more important than the Union? a. the political rights of states b. economic freedom and prosperity c. individuals freedom to act according to their consciences d. Gods will e. local rights and local cultural values

Q: Who led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859? a. Frederick Douglass b. Joseph Lane c. Robert E. Lee d. Henry Ward Beecher e. John Brown

Q: How do the authors of the 1850 Letter to the Middletown Sentinel and Witness accord their opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act with their claim that they reverence law? a. by portraying the Fugitive Slave Act as so unjust that it cannot be a real law b. by placing Gods law above the laws of mankind c. by claiming that the Fugitive Slave Act was passed illegally d. by placing their First Amendment rights to free expression above a law of the moment e. by pointing out that the Fugitive Slave Act contradicts existing laws

Q: How did John Brown differ from other abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison? a. He opposed slavery on a purely secular (nonreligious) basis. b. He was married to an ex-slave. c. He was willing to take violent action to end slavery. d. He deliberately modeled his speech and behavior on Jesus Christ. e. He was the son of a prominent southern planter.

Q: In the 1850s, Tennessee-born William Walker became famous for a. creating a utopian community in Northern California. b. his proslavery novels that heightened sectionalism. c. breeding the Tennessee Walker, a horse prominent in westward expansion. d. seeking to establish himself as ruler of a slaveholding Nicaragua. e. defying fellow whites in his native region and becoming a prominent abolitionist.

Q: During his debate with Abraham Lincoln in Freeport, Illinois, Stephen Douglas a. called for the free-soil principle to determine the status of slavery in the West. b. denounced popular sovereignty as a fraud. c. praised the temperance movement and other key social reforms. d. insisted that popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred Scott decision. e. argued that slaveholders had a constitutional right to take their slaves anywhere.

Q: The Democratic Party split in 1860 over the question of whether to a. renominate President James Buchanan for a second term. b. protect slavery in the territories or allow popular sovereignty in them. c. impeach Chief Justice Roger Taney for the Dred Scott decision. d. endorse the acquisition of Cuba by the United States, thus increasing slave territory. e. immediately bring Kansas and Nebraska into the Union as slave states.

Q: The caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks a. showed the extreme violence of which northern abolitionists were capable. b. actually helped the new Republican Party. c. was denounced by most southerners as barbaric. d. occurred because Sumner praised the attack on Lawrence, Kansas. e. was unusual because both men were proslavery Democrats.

Q: Which position was taken by Stephen Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas debates? a. Local self-government was essential in order for American to truly be a free county. b. Only the national government had the right to decide whether slavery was legal. c. Blacks would eventually achieve the same rights as whites, but the time was not yet right. d. Slavery was a moral wrong, but the government had no right to outlaw it. e. Slavery needed to be extended to the West Coast to ensure the freedom of southerners.

Q: On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that a. free African-Americans could vote. b. anyone that a state considered to be a citizen was a U.S. citizen. c. freeborn blacks were U.S. citizens, but those born into slavery and later freed could not be citizens. d. citizenship was limited to males. e. only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

Q: The Lecompton Constitution was the a. antislavery constitution adopted in Nebraska. b. proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas. c. pro-secession constitution of North Carolina. d. Missouri constitution preferred by Abraham Lincoln. e. compromise offered in 1861 to end the secession crisis.

Q: In the Dred Scott decision, what was the primary reason given by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney for refusing to consider blacks American citizens? a. Blacks had been considered inferior in America for more than a century, including by the founding fathers. b. Blacks had been granted an inferior role in society by God. c. Blacks were a dangerous class of people, lacking the moral restraint necessary for full political freedom. d. Blacks lacked the intelligence necessary to vote and engage in politics. e. Blacks did not hold a meaningful economic stake in the success of the American project.

Q: Which event sparked Abraham Lincolns reentry into politics? a. Compromise of 1850 b. Mexican-American War c. Dred Scott decision d. raid on Harpers Ferry e. Kansas-Nebraska Act

Q: What do Taneys arguments regarding citizenship in the Dred Scott decision imply about the nature of citizenship? a. It is an ancient ideal that can be traced back to the Roman Empire. b. It is a God-given privilege afforded only to those who have demonstrated that they are worthy of it. c. It can be both granted to and taken away from a person through legislative acts. d. It is an evolving entity, destined to include a larger number of people as society changes. e. It is a social construct defined by those whom it pertains to.

Q: The Republican presidential candidate in 1856 was a. John Breckinridge. b. Abraham Lincoln. c. Charles Sumner. d. John Fr mont. e. James Buchanan.

Q: What argument was made by critics of the Dred Scott decision such as James McCune Smith and John McLean? a. The Supreme Court could not be considered an impartial judge in this case because most of the justices were southerners. b. Citizenship implied the right to keep and carry arms. c. All free persons born on American soil were automatically citizens. d. The Republican platform of restricting slaverys expansion was unconstitutional. e. The nations founders had never intended for black people to have the rights of citizens.

Q: Which represents Abraham Lincolns views on race in the 1850s? a. Blacks and whites were intellectual equals. b. Black men should have economic opportunities to better themselves. c. Black men should be given the right to vote in Illinois. d. Blacks should be given the same legal rights as whites. e. Free blacks should be viewed as fundamentally different from slaves.

Q: Republicans a. were mostly abolitionists. b. opposed the expansion of slavery. c. opposed immigration. d. opposed free labor ideology. e. opposed industrialization.

Q: The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court a. declared that Congress could not ban slavery from territories. b. endorsed the free-soil policy of the Republicans. c. backed the idea of popular sovereignty. d. freed Dred and Harriet Scott. e. extended the Missouri Compromise line to California.

Q: The Republican free labor ideology a. convinced northerners that Catholic immigrants posed a more significant threat than the southern slave power. b. won Republicans significant support from non-slaveholders in the South in 1856. c. owed its origins to Abraham Lincolns reemergence in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. d. accepted southerners point that slavery protected their liberty, but explained that the economic benefits of free labor would outweigh the damage abolition would do to southern liberty. e. suggested that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

Q: Which statement is true about the effects and aftermath of the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford? a. The decision in effect declared the Republican plan to restrict slaverys expansion unconstitutional. b. President Buchanan declared that slavery was banned in all the territories. c. Stephen Douglas praised the Courts affirmation of the doctrine of popular sovereignty. d. Dred Scott remained enslaved until his death. e. All people born in the United States were declared citizens, regardless of race.

Q: Which was a component of the Know-Nothing Party? a. support for universal white male suffrage b. opposition to temperance c. opposition to the public school system d. support for slavery e. anti-Catholicism

Q: Irish immigrant men in the 1850s a. were not legally white. b. pushed free black workers out of low-wage jobs. c. could not vote. d. were mostly Protestant. e. faced no discrimination in employment, housing, and education.

Q: Stephen Douglass motivation for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to a. boost efforts to build a transcontinental railroad. b. spread slavery to as many regions as possible. c. win the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives. d. pacify southerners who strongly supported the idea of popular sovereignty. e. help Franklin Pierce win a second term as president.

Q: Why were the Know-Nothings unable to curb the political influence of Irish immigrants? a. The pope interceded on behalf of Catholics in America. b. Southern slaveholders protected the rights of immigrants. c. The Irish used their economic clout to gain political influence. d. After arriving in the United States, most of the Irish converted to Protestant faiths. e. Voting rights were being determined by race.

Q: What was ironic about the Fugitive Slave Act? a. Only ten slaves were returned to the South. b. Abolitionists endorsed this federal legislation. c. Ex-slaves who gained their freedom before 1850 resented the law. d. The South promoted states rights, but with this law agreed to strong federal action. e. It resulted in the North and South gaining more respect for each others way of life.

Q: Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? a. A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. b. Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. c. The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. d. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. e. The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.

Q: In the late 1850s, a white slaveholder living in Mississippi most likely voted for candidates from which political party? a. Free Soil b. Democratic c. American d. Whig e. Republican

Q: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 a. required that runaway slaves have a trial by jury. b. allowed individual citizens to refuse to assist federal agents in capturing runaway slaves. c. allowed local authorities to protect runaway slaves from capture by federal agents. d. allowed federal commissioners to determine the fate of fugitives without a jury trial. e. was a betrayal of the Compromise of 1850.

Q: The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ________ had begun advocating in 1846. a. David Wilmot b. Stephen Douglas c. John C. Calhoun d. Roger Taney e. Henry Clay

Q: In the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a. the Whig Party became a southern party. b. the North became solidly Democratic. c. the unity of the Democratic Party was shattered. d. the Democratic Party became more united than ever. e. Stephen A. Douglas retired from politics.

Q: What became a key component of the Underground Railroad in the 1850s? a. Abolitionists finally agreed to participate in hiding and moving slaves to freedom. b. Slave catchers also employed the Underground Railroad to return slaves to the South. c. The Erie Canal became the primary means to get slaves to freedom in Canada. d. Ships bound for Africa were added to allow slaves to return to their homelands. e. Trains were used more frequently to take slaves to Canada and freedom.

Q: The controversy over the arrest of escaped slaves in the North shows a. the problematic nature of the Dred Scott decision. b. that abolitionists were definitely declining in influence. c. the unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act in parts of the North. d. the popularity of the Whig Party in the South. e. that the gag rule had serious consequences well into the 1850s.

Q: Which statement is true regarding free labor ideology? a. Free labor ideology glorified the South as the home of progress, opportunity, and freedom. b. According to free labor ideology, economic independence was of limited importance to freedom. c. Free labor ideology was most popular among poor southern whites. d. Free labor and slavery could coexist peacefully for an unlimited amount of time. e. According to free labor ideology, slavery must be kept out of the territories so that free laborers could move up to the status of landowning farmers and independent craftsmen.

Q: As a result of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a. sectional divisions eased. b. Ralph Waldo Emerson counseled northerners to cooperate with federal authorities regardless of what their consciences told them. c. the thousands of black refugees that sought safety in Canada challenged the image of the United States as an asylum for freedom. d. only border states like Virginia and Kentucky were affected. e. the Underground Railroad shut down for the next decade.

Q: From 1848 to 1860, most of the railroad construction was in which region? a. Northeast b. Southeast c. Southwest d. Midwest e. West Coast

Q: Which was a factor in the rise of the Republican Party? a. a decline in immigration from Europe b. a shift of the northern population to large cities. c. the opening of the major ports in San Diego and San Francisco d. integration of the northern economy following the completion of the railroad network e. a decline in coal mining and iron manufacturing

Q: In 1854, the Know-Nothings won all the congressional races as well as the governorship in a. Louisiana. b. South Carolina. c. Ohio. d. Massachusetts. e. Georgia.

Q: What effect did the establishment of an extensive railway system have on the American economy? a. It encouraged rapid urbanization, so that by 1850 the majority of Americans in the North lived in cities. b. It made Chicago Americas financial and commercial center during the nineteenth century. c. It created an economic bubble that led to a depression beginning in 1843. d. It created economic connections between the Northwest and the Northeast. e. It significantly increased the costs paid by farmers to transport their goods to market.

Q: The Know-Nothing Party a. opposed the temperance movement. b. supported slavery. c. prevented foreign-born people from voting after 1860. d. supported equal political rights for all religious groups. e. was dedicated to reserving political office for native-born Americans.

Q: The Wilmot Proviso, admission of California into the Union, and the Missouri Compromise revealed what? a. The slaves should be freed immediately. b. Popular sovereignty needed to be used. c. Ex-slaves should be sent to another part of the world. d. A slave should be counted as three-fifths of a person. e. The extension of slavery was a volatile issue.

Q: The northern opponents of the Compromise of 1850 a. included key Whig leaders Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. b. received a boost from President Zachary Taylor. c. were surprised when John C. Calhoun spoke in favor of the Compromise. d. argued that California must become a free state, which the Compromise did not allow. e. were thrilled to have the support of influential Vice President Millard Fillmore.

Q: Why did Democratic and Whig Party lines crumble in 1846? a. Democrats and Whigs agreed that the United States shouldnt invade Mexico. b. The Methodist and Baptist churches divided into northern and southern branches. c. Northerners, regardless of party, supported the Wilmot Proviso, while southerners opposed it. d. They disagreed over U.S. policy toward Japan. e. Neither party could settle internal disputes over immigration policy, prompted by the gold rush.

Q: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 a. won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. b. gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. c. was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. d. angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. e. convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.

Q: In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to a. prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. b. allow voters to decide the status of slavery in new territories. c. divide the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States. d. annex Cuba to avoid southern secession. e. allow slavery to expand into California and New Mexico.

Q: Which is true of the Wilmot Proviso? a. Its passage into law nullified the Missouri Compromise. b. Democrats opposed it and Whigs supported it. c. Opponents of the measure organized the Free Soil Party. d. It was declared illegal by the Supreme Courts decision in the Dred Scott case. e. Response to the measure was determined by geography, with the North supporting it and the South opposing it.

Q: The Free Soil Party a. demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond the abolitionist ranks. b. cost Henry Clay the presidency by siphoning votes from him in New York. c. was powerful enough to convince James Polk not to seek reelection. d. strongly opposed the Wilmot Proviso but agreed to let it pass as part of a compromise. e. nominated Zachary Taylor for president.

Q: What two meanings did the term free soil have, in regard to the Free Soil Party? a. freedom from the existence of slavery in the new territories and government-provided free homesteads for white settlers in these territories b. freedom from actual slavery for blacks living in the South and freedom from wage slavery for whites living in the North c. freedom from the gag rule and from the Fugitive Slave Act d. freedom from government intervention in the economy, both in the form of tariffs and through attempts to limit slavery e. freedom for all southerners to own slaves and freedom for all northerners to hire low-paid immigrant labor

Q: The Free Soil Party a. only appealed to radical abolitionists and free blacks. b. appealed to opponents of protective tariffs and government aid for internal improvements. c. was concerned with ending racism throughout the western states and territories. d. appealed to Americans who resented the northern domination of the federal government. e. appealed to northern working-class Americans who saw access to homesteads on western lands as the only possibility for economic independence.

Q: What was the significance of the argument concerning the extension of slavery into territory acquired following the Mexican War? a. It became a public debate over the question of outlawing slavery throughout the entire United States. b. It represented a struggle between the North and South for control of the federal government. c. It inspired a series of political compromises that resulted in the United States gaining more territory in the Caribbean. d. It created an opportunity for the Democrats to consolidate their power. e. It undermined membership in Protestant churches throughout the North.

Q: What occurred in 1848 in Europe? a. There were revolutions against monarchies. b. Germany was united. c. Italian kingdoms reunified. d. Napoleon escaped, created an army, and attacked England. e. The Chartist movement renounced democracy.

Q: Which American naval officer negotiated a treaty that opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships in 1854? a. Oliver H. Perry b. John Paul Jones c. Alfred Mahan d. Chester Nimitz e. Matthew Perry

Q: What was a key provision of the Compromise of 1850? a. California would enter the Union as a slave state. b. Slavery would be abolished in Washington, D.C. c. The Oregon Territory would be created. d. The Fugitive Slave Act gave runaway slaves more protection and guaranteed them a lawyer in court. e. The New Mexico and Utah Territories would use popular sovereignty to decide on slavery.

Q: The opening of Japan to U.S. trade led to what? a. Japan creating its own minstrel shows. b. Other nations wanting to carve up Japanese territory. c. Japan becoming a modernized military power. d. The United States becoming much less interested in China. e. Japan attacking Russia.

Q: What was the purpose of the Appeal of the Independent Democrats? a. convince residents of Kansas to vote in favor of allowing slavery in the state b. rally opposition to the bill that became the Kansas-Nebraska Act c. portray Abraham Lincoln as a threat to the rights of southern states d. protest the Fugitive Slave Act as an example of executive overreach e. argue that popular sovereignty was the only constitutional way to decide whether new states should be slave or free

Q: What role did attitudes toward race have in the territory acquired from the Mexican War? a. White superiority was challenged by the accomplishments of Tejano residents. b. Only people classified as whites gained full rights. c. The Texas Constitution adopted the Mexican practice of considering people of all backgrounds equal before the law. d. Free blacks were offered free land in hopes of boosting the American-born population. e. An underclass of destitute whites came to be viewed as a separate racial category.

Q: According to John L. OSullivans Democratic Review, what was the key to the history of nations and the rise and fall of empires? a. race b. democracy c. economic freedom d. slavery e. printing

Q: Which was true of the constitution of independent Texas? a. It imposed a five-year ban of the importation of slaves. b. It denied rights to people of color that they had enjoyed when Mexico controlled Texas. c. It offered voting rights to free blacks who met property qualifications. d. It included provisions for an independent Comanche tribal government. e. Land sales by private sellers were prohibited.

Q: Which statement is true about the concept of race in the United States in the nineteenth century? a. Race was a vague notion; for example, the Anglo-Saxon race was defined largely as the opposite of being black, Hispanic, Indian, or Catholic. b. U.S. aggression against Mexico, a sovereign republic, led most Americans to reject the idea that Anglo-Saxon Protestants were an innately liberty-loving race. c. The concept of manifest destiny held that all races and cultures are equal. d. The concept of race did not yet exist in the nineteenth century. e. The concept of race had largely been discredited as merely a social construct.

Q: One aspect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for what? a. the transfer of Montana to the United States b. payment of $15 million to the Mexican citizenry in the United States c. Mexicans to still govern themselves in Texas and New Mexico d. U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country e. protection of large Mexican landowners in California