Q&A Hero

Q: Compare the economic policies of the American System with those of Alexander Hamilton. What was similar? What was different? How do you think Hamilton would have rated presidents such as John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson?

Q: Andrew Johnson of Tennessee and Joseph Brown of Georgia rose to political power a. because of their membership in and identification with the planter class. b. in the 1850s, as members of the small but influential southern Republican Party. c. as self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against the great planters. d. as proponents of gradual emancipation plans in order to destroy the slavocracy. e. after gaining popularity for creating public education systems in their states.

Q: Which of the following is a true statement relative to the Upper South and the Lower South? a. Committed to slavery, all states in both the Upper South and Lower South seceded from the Union. b. The Upper South was less economically diversified than the Lower South. c. The Upper South did not initially join the Lower South in seceding from the Union. d. Neither the Upper South nor the Lower South had major industrial centers. e. Richmond, Virginia, is considered to be the heart of the Lower South.

Q: Which statement is true about the attitudes of most poor southern white farmers toward the southern elite planter class? a. Most poor southern whites identified with planters based on their shared whiteness and rights to political participation. b. Most poor southern whites resented planters because the planters alone could vote. c. Most poor southern whites identified with the planter class because most southern whites owned slaves. d. Most poor southern whites agreed with northern criticisms of slavery. e. Most poor southern whites agreed with Andrew Johnsons criticism of the planter slavocracy.

Q: Which is true of the South in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. It was increasingly urban, with half of the nations ten largest cities. b. It produced about half of the nations manufactured goods. c. It had far fewer European immigrants than the North did. d. It benefited from a boom in railroad development, which eventually connected even small towns with one another. e. Its banks, most with home offices in the North, refused to lend money to plantation owners.

Q: What was the significance of the planter class in antebellum Southern society? a. They constituted a majority of the population. b. They were often Europeans who operated their plantations from abroad. c. They invested their profits in industrial endeavors and began to transform the southern economy. d. They were the only social group in the South to openly discuss abolition as a potential good. e. Their values and goals dominated Southern life.

Q: Which was the only significantly large city in the Cotton Kingdom in 1860? a. New Orleans b. Natchez c. Memphis d. Dallas e. Charleston

Q: In 1850, a majority of southern slaveholders owned how many slaves? a. 1 to 5 b. 6 to 10 c. 15 to 20 d. 25 to 30 e. at least 35

Q: In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slave-owning class? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 55 percent e. 75 percent

Q: To qualify as a member of the planter class, a person had to be engaged in southern agriculture and a. own at least ten slaves. b. grow specifically cotton or sugarcane. c. own at least twenty slaves. d. live in a large mansion. e. own at least fifty slaves.

Q: Southern farmers in the backcountry a. generally worked the land using family labor. b. were all directly involved in the market economy from the start of the nineteenth century. c. owned a substantial number of slaves. d. were highly self-sufficient but still bought most of their supplies from stores. e. were fortunate that their land was far better for farming than that owned by planters.

Q: Analyze the arguments that were presented during the nullification crisis. Be sure to comment on how Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun interpreted the Constitution differently and how each defined the rights of states. Finally, speak to how the crisis illustrated the growing sectional differences in America.

Q: Most white southern farmers were a. wealthy. b. slaveholders. c. literate. d. self-sufficient. e. dependent on manufactured goods.

Q: The Independent Treasury completely separated the federal government from the nations banking system.

Q: John Tylers presidency proved very popular with Whigs.

Q: The party battles of the Jacksonian era reflected the clash between public and private definitions of American freedom and their relationship to government power.

Q: A delegate to the 1837 Pennsylvania constitutional convention remarked that the political community was based on white persons. In this age of expanding political participation, analyze how and why some segments of the population were able to achieve greater liberties while others were excluded. What arguments did each group make for a greater political voice?

Q: Describe John Quincy Adamss dream for the United States when he was secretary of state and when he was president. What role did he want the federal government to play? How did his vision for America expand liberties or freedom? How did it restrict liberties or freedom?

Q: Whigs believed that the federal government was responsible for promoting the welfare of the people and securing liberty.

Q: The admittance of Missouri to the Union sparked a national crisis. Describe the debates that led up to the final compromise. How does the Missouri Compromise illustrate that sectional issues would surely arise again?

Q: Supporters of nullification claimed that the federal government was overstepping its rights and infringing on states rights.

Q: Andrew Jackson, one historian has written, was the symbol for an age. How might Jackson be considered symbolic of certain ideas and trends in the early nineteenth century? Can you think of other appropriate symbolic figures for that period?

Q: Daniel Webster insisted that the national government had been created by an agreement between sovereign states, each of which retained the right to prevent the enforcement within its borders of acts of Congress that exceeded the powers specifically spelled out in the document.

Q: Explain how Democrats and Whigs viewed liberty and the role of government in securing liberty.

Q: The Trail of Tears refers specifically to the removal of the Seminole Indians from Florida to present-day Oklahoma.

Q: The Panic of 1837 led to a depression that lasted until 1843.

Q: In todays United States, the Federal Reserve determines the amount of paper money to be issued.

Q: Andrew Jacksons vision of democracy excluded blacks but included Indians.

Q: Public support for the Bank of the United States increased significantly following its careful handling of the Panic of 1819.

Q: Andrew Jackson was Harvard educated but was able to portray himself to the American people as a common man.

Q: The Missouri Compromise debate illustrated that northern politicians did not want slavery to expand for primarily moral reasons.

Q: Some of the new Latin American nations allowed Indians and free blacks to vote.

Q: The Monroe Doctrine was a formal statement of Americas belief that it had a manifest destiny to expand across the North American continent.

Q: Women enjoyed an expansion of democracy for themselves during the 1830s and 1840s, as they were welcomed into the public sphere.

Q: Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal.

Q: A law passed in 1819 made it illegal for states to have different voting requirements for blacks and whites.

Q: John C. Calhouns corrupt bargain gave John Quincy Adams the White House in 1824.

Q: The Twelfth Amendment provided the federal government with the legal authority to finance national roads and canals.

Q: The Second Bank of the United States was a private, profit-making corporation.

Q: Martin Van Buren believed that party politics was an important component in ensuring liberty for the American people.

Q: What was the significance of the publication A Son of the Forest? a. It was the first political biography designed to rally support for a presidential candidate. b. It was responsible for creating Jacksons image as a common man. c. It was the first significant autobiography written by a Native American. d. It was the first significant work of American environmental literature. e. Its glorification of the West revived lagging sales of federal land.

Q: The Panic of 1837 a. inspired a more vigorous labor movement in the decade that followed. b. led to a relatively mild economic downturn that resolved itself by 1839. c. was exclusively the product of Andrew Jacksons war on the national bank. d. was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton. e. helped farmers, because the cost of transporting goods to markets fell.

Q: ___ 1. Missouri Compromise ___ 2. corrupt bargain ___ 3. McCulloch v. Maryland ___ 4. minstrels ___ 5. Whig Party ___ 6. American System ___ 7. Monroe Doctrine ___ 8. nonfreeholder ___ 9. penny press ___ 10. spoils system ___ 11. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ___ 12. Trail of Tears a. held that the Bank of the United States was constitutional b. Americas diplomatic declaration of independence c. opposed Andrew Jackson d. election of 1824 e. performers in racist theatrical shows f. inexpensive newspapers g. getting a job based on party loyalty, not on merit h. called Indians wards of the federal government i. political program for economic development j. men who did not own enough property to vote k. Cherokee trek to Oklahoma l. maintained the balance of power between slave and free states

Q: By 1840, as a result of Indian removal, a. Indians had become a familiar presence to whites who lived east of the Mississippi. b. Indians disappeared from the trans-Mississippi West. c. the institution of slavery contracted. d. the racial definition of American nationhood and freedom was reinforced. e. cotton cultivation in the Deep South declined.

Q: What was President Martin Van Burens new solution to the problem of what to do about the federal governments relationship to banking? a. He called for federal money to be deposited in state-chartered banks known as pets. b. He proposed the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank, with branches in key cities. c. He created the Third Bank of the United States, but this time headed by a reliable Democrat. d. He set up a program of federal insurance on individual bank accounts to protect them in times of panic. e. He proposed that federal funds be controlled by government officials rather than by bankers.

Q: Most states that entered the Union after the original thirteen required ownership of property to vote.

Q: Who was the president of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. Langdon Cheves b. Paul Volcker c. Henry Clay d. Nicholas Biddle e. Charles Winchester

Q: In the presidential election of 1840 a. the Whigs employed political tactics pioneered by Democrats. b. voter turnout dropped dramatically because no popular candidate like Jackson ran. c. the Democrats nominated three regional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. d. the Democrats and Whigs both produced platforms that clearly laid out the parties positions on major public issues. e. the Whigs again nominated Henry Clay.

Q: The French writer Alexis de Tocqueville identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom.

Q: What was the primary reason Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank of the United States? a. He believed that the bank was a great equalizer, and therefore would anger his wealthy supporters. b. The bank was firmly behind using gold and silver, but Jackson believed the economy needed paper money to survive. c. He believed that no institution should possess such concentrated power and economic privilege, unaccountable to the people. d. The bank disproportionally benefited small farmers and laborers, a social class Andrew Jackson despised. e. The bank was pressuring him to run for another term in office, while Jackson wished to return to a simple life.

Q: Whose 1840 presidential campaign portrayed him as a common man who was born in a log cabin? a. Andrew Jackson b. William Henry Harrison c. Martin Van Buren d. John Quincy Adams e. Henry Clay

Q: By the early nineteenth century, the term citizen had become synonymous with the right to vote.

Q: Which of the following represents Andrew Jacksons position on the Second Bank of the United States? a. It was dangerous to the nation because it refused to permit the issuance of enough paper money to meet national demand. b. It was a necessary evil in order to maintain the stability of the economy. c. It was ineffective because it had not been given adequate power over local and state banks. d. It was an unacceptable concentration of power and economic privilege. e. It was being poorly run by Nicholas Biddle and should instead be run by the president himself.

Q: In what way was the 1840 Whig campaign for president similar to recent presidential campaigns? a. Both had an extremely high percentage of voters (80 percent) turning out to cast ballots. b. Both had record numbers of African-Americans voting. c. Both stressed that the presidential candidate can relate to the average citizen. d. Both had two candidates with no platforms. e. Both dealt with immigration issues.

Q: What is the significance of Andrew Jacksons actions during the Bank War? a. It marked the first time a president vetoed a bill passed by Congress. b. His refusal to respect the wishes of Congress resulted in the first impeachment hearing in American history. c. His strong stance cemented his reputation as the symbolic representative of the common people. d. He established a precedent of the president providing strong leadership during times of economic crisis. e. The economic panic that followed the Bank War resulted in Jackson losing his bid for a second term.

Q: Which is true of the presidency of William Henry Harrison? a. He was accused by his critics of being a tyrant. b. He was a strong supporter of the American System. c. He died a month after taking office. d. Many blamed him for the Panic of 1837. e. His cool intellectualism was a sharp contrast to Andrew Jackson.

Q: Hard money in the 1830s referred to a. gold and silver, also called specie. b. wages paid to manual laborers. c. money backed by government guarantees. d. any money issued by a bank. e. highly inflated currency after the Panic of 1837.

Q: As president, John Tyler a. worked hard to enact the Whig economic program. b. proved so popular that he easily won the 1844 presidential election. c. vetoed a bill to create a new national bank, thus angering Whigs. d. engaged in a public feud with his vice president that led to the latters resignation. e. appointed Roger Taney to the office of chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Q: What triggered the Panic of 1837? a. the removal of Native Americans from the Southeast b. Martin Van Burens victory in the election of 1836 c. the protective tariff d. the Seminole War e. Jacksons war on the national bank

Q: ___ 1. Thomas Dorr ___ 2. Henry Clay ___ 3. John Calhoun ___ 4. Albert Gallatin ___ 5. James Tallmadge ___ 6. John Ross ___ 7. Daniel Webster ___ 8. John Quincy Adams ___ 9. Martin Van Buren ___ 10. Nicholas Biddle ___ 11. William Apess ___ 12. William Henry Harrison a. his proposal sparked the Missouri controversy b. Second Bank of the United States c. A Son of the Forest d. temporary Rhode Island governor e. log cabin candidate f. theorist behind nullification g. advocated a powerful federal government as president h. Jeffersons treasury secretary i. accused of making a corrupt bargain j. founder of the Democratic Party k. senator who denounced nullification as treasonous l. Cherokee resistance leader

Q: Which was the last tribe to put up resistance on the battlefield in the Old Northwest? a. Sauk b. Cherokee c. Sioux d. Choctaw e. Seminole

Q: Which statement is true about Indian removal in the 1820s and 1830s? a. The increasing profitability of cotton motivated the United States to intensify efforts to seize Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, and Choctaw lands in order to expand cotton cultivation. b. Two Supreme Court decisions in favor of Indian property rights led President Andrew Jackson to stop the removal. c. President Andrew Jackson opposed the removal of the Cherokee, because they had assimilated into American society. d. During the armys forced removal of 18,000 members of the Cherokee tribe via the Trail of Tears, no one died. e. The Trail of Tears stretched from Georgia to Florida.

Q: Which tribes were targeted by the Indian Removal Act of 1830? a. the Apache, Pueblo, and Navajo b. the Lenape and Powhatan c. the Iroquois Confederacy d. the Five Civilized Tribes e. the Sioux, Pawnee, and Comanche

Q: In justifying nullification, Exposition and Protest drew on what precedent? a. the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 b. the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom c. the Articles of Confederation d. the Alien and Sedition Acts e. the Embargo Act

Q: In his Cherokee Nation v. Georgia opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that a. Georgia had to respect Indian title to their lands. b. Indians were wards of the federal government. c. the Cherokee had to move to the Indian Territory. d. President Jackson had full authority over Indian affairs. e. Indians were U.S. citizens, with all attendant rights and responsibilities.

Q: What issue was argued during the Webster-Hayne debate? a. temperance legislation b. the role of the federal government in funding infrastructure improvements c. the role of Indians in the United States d. the future of slavery in the western territories e. a states right to nullify a federal law

Q: What was the role of the Supreme Court in the protection of Native American lands? a. The Supreme Court prevented Native Americans from losing access to land in Georgia. b. The Supreme Court believed the Native Americans deserved no protection. c. The Supreme Court ruled that the Seminole War was illegal. d. The Supreme Court was unable to enforce any form of protection. e. The Supreme Court urged legislation to be passed that created reservations.

Q: The Force Act of 1833 a. created a standing federal army to deal with threats to national security. b. provided for a police force for the District of Columbia. c. was nullified by South Carolina. d. became law at the insistence of nullification supporters. e. was declared unconstitutional by Chief Justice Roger Taney in 1838.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Courts 1832 Worcester v. Georgia decision a. supported the right of the Cherokee people to maintain a separate political identity. b. approved Georgias plans to confiscate Cherokee land and move the people to reservations. c. struck down Georgias anti-tariff Nullification Ordinance. d. was fully supported by President Andrew Jackson. e. was strongly opposed by Whigs.

Q: What position did Andrew Jackson take during the nullification crisis? a. States did not have the right to secede and threaten the rest of the union. b. States were legally free to secede, as the United States was a free association. c. Only the Supreme Court could determine if secession was constitutional. d. States should have a legal right to veto federal laws they disagreed with. e. Protective tariffs were not as important as national unity.

Q: Which Indian nation fought a war with the U.S. Army from 1835 to 1842 to resist removal to the West? a. Cherokee b. Chickasaw c. Creek d. Seminole e. Choctaw

Q: The nullification crisis ended a. in the so-called Dorr War. b. with North Carolinas threat to secede in 1832. c. with the Supreme Courts opinion in Hamilton v. Jackson. d. with a compromise tariff. e. with Daniel Websters powerful pro-nullification speech to the Senate.

Q: Which statement is true about the Second Seminole War of 18351842? a. The war took place in Georgia. b. Seminoles and African-Americans fought together. c. All Seminoles were ultimately ousted from Florida. d. Osceola fought with Andrew Jackson against the Seminoles. e. The Seminoles won the war.

Q: In the Age of Jackson, Democrats typically believed that a. economic inequality was good for the economy. b. the government should stay out of economic affairs. c. the government should fund road and canal construction. d. the government should abolish slavery. e. bankers, merchants, and speculators produced most of the nations wealth.

Q: Who wrote Exposition and Protest and emerged by the early 1830s as the most prominent spokesman for the right of nullification? a. John C. Calhoun b. Henry Clay c. Andrew Jackson d. John Quincy Adams e. Daniel Webster

Q: The claim that a splendid government was always built upon the ruins of popular rights is typical of which group in the 1830s? a. Irish immigrants b. the Democratic Party c. the Whig Party d. John Marshalls Supreme Court e. Evangelical Protestants

Q: What was the significance of the controversy over Peggy Eaton? a. Andrew Jackson felt that the stress it created led to his wifes early death. b. It marked a shifting role for women in the public sphere. c. It solidified Martin Van Burens position as Jacksons closest adviser. d. It demonstrated that the public did not consider politicians private lives when deciding how to vote. e. It became a rallying cry for the common man during Andrew Jacksons 1828 campaign.

Q: Which statement is a correct assessment of the Whigs? a. The Whig leadership criticized the American System. b. Their programs connected best with voters in isolated rural areas. c. They hoped to derail the market economy. d. They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of its people. e. The Whigs believed that active state governments were essential to increasing freedom.

Q: Who argued in a famous debate with South Carolinas Robert Hayne that the people, not the states, created the Constitution? a. John C. Calhoun b. John Quincy Adams c. Henry Clay d. Daniel Webster e. Martin Van Buren

Q: Which statement is true about the Whigs? a. Whigs generally opposed the American System. b. Whigs generally were poorer than Democrats. c. No farmers supported the Whigs. d. Whigs opposed slavery. e. Whigs were strongest in the Northeast.