Q&A Hero

Q: The market revolution resulted in economic leveling, with a significant decline in economic inequality occurring between 1800 and 1840 in the Northeast.

Q: What do historians mean when they assert that the Second Great Awakening democratized American Christianity? What are the strengths and weaknesses of that assertion?

Q: Despite the fact that the first Workingmans Parties had been established by the 1820s, strikes were still very uncommon in the 1830s.

Q: As the market revolution took on steam, some critics described wage labor as the very essence of slavery.

Q: The Marquis de Lafayette, who fought for American independence and revisited the United States fifty years later, wrote, I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of slavery. What might Lafayette have seen in 1824 America that would impel him to make such a statement? How had slavery evolved? Was it expanding? How entrenched in American life was it at this time?

Q: Explain how improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation. Discuss the internal borderlands within the West.

Q: Discuss the impact of the market revolution on women and African-Americans (both free and slave).

Q: For middle-class women in the nineteenth century, not working was viewed as a badge of freedom.

Q: Explain the shift from artisan to factory worker, and discuss the factory system. What were the advantages and disadvantages? Who was left out? Who benefited? What were some ways in which workers responded?

Q: There was a significant increase in the American birthrate during the nineteenth century.

Q: By the 1850s, Massachusetts had become the second most industrialized region of the world, after Great Britain.

Q: Joseph Smith never made it to Utah with his Mormon followers.

Q: Even though the days were long at New England textile factories, the girls were still allowed significant autonomy as to when they took their breaks and how long they took for lunch and dinner.

Q: John Jacob Astor was seen as an example of the self-made man.

Q: 4 In 1825, the Erie Canal was more than ten times longer than any other existing canal in America.

Q: Irish immigrants tended to be more skilled than the German immigrants arriving around the same time.

Q: The market revolution produced a new middle class.

Q: In 1860, approximately 1,000 miles of telegraph wire were operational in the United States, almost all of it in New York City.

Q: Irish immigrants were particularly troubling to some Americans in the 1840s because of their religion.

Q: The African Methodist Episcopal Church was founded as a place of worship for white slave traders while in Africa.

Q: During the period from 1810 to 1840, national boundaries prevented Americans from settling in Texas or Florida.

Q: John OSullivan coined the term manifest destiny to describe Americas divinely appointed mission to settle all of North America.

Q: Women and blacks fully enjoyed the fruits of the market revolution.

Q: To satisfy the need for slave labor in the Cotton Kingdom, an estimated 1 million slaves were relocated to the Deep South from the older slave states between 1800 and 1860.

Q: Henry David Thoreau celebrated the innovations of the market revolution.

Q: One significant way that blacks were able to enjoy economic independence was by settling in the West on federally provided public land.

Q: The religious revivals of the early nineteenth century were originally organized by established religious leaders alarmed by the low levels of church attendance in the young republic.

Q: Cincinnati and St. Louis grew rapidly due to interregional trade.

Q: Because an English law forbade the export of machinery blueprints, Samuel Slater memorized the plans for the power-driven spinning jenny before immigrating to America.

Q: The Second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses.

Q: The Workingmens Parties of the late 1820s attempted to mobilize support for candidates who would a. press for free public education. b. create legislation limiting the workday to eight hours. c. end the existence of unions. d. support a five-dollar hourly minimum wage. e. create rehabilitation programs in debtors prisons.

Q: ___ 1. Second Great Awakening ___ 2. cult of domesticity ___ 3. corporation ___ 4. transcendentalism ___ 5. slave coffles ___ 6. Commonwealth v. Hunt ___ 7. cotton gin ___ 8. American System ___ 9. manifest destiny ___ 10. virtue ___ 11. Erie Canal ___ 12. nativism a. a celebration of the home b. revolutionized American slavery c. mass production of interchangeable parts d. a personal moral quality associated with women e. a belief that American expansion was divinely appointed f. religious revival g. a decree that labor organization was legal h. a literary and philosophical movement i. groups chained together while migrating to the Deep South j. a chartered entity that has rights and liabilities distinct from those of its members k. prejudice against immigrants l. waterway linking New York City to the Great Lakes

Q: What modern example fulfills the goals of the Workingmens Parties? a. Machinery being used to handle boring and repetitive jobs in a factory. b. The president intervening in a strike in order to keep the transportation system running. c. Congress raising the federal minimum wage. d. A company downsizing to increase its profits and its payments to shareholders. e. Nurses working three twelve-hour shifts per week, with four days off.

Q: The catalyst for the market revolution was a series of innovations in transportation and communication.

Q: In his essay The Laboring Classes, Orestes Brownson argued that a. wealth and labor were at war. b. each workers problems had to be understood individually. c. government was the cause of workers problems. d. workers were lazy and easily tempted by alcohol. e. workers had achieved true freedom thanks to free enterprise.

Q: The women who protested during the Shoemakers Strike in Lynn compared their condition to that of a. indentured servants. b. slaves. c. Irish immigrants. d. religious dissenters. e. Indians.

Q: Which is evidence of womens power over family affairs during the nineteenth century? a. the practice of women signing contracts with domestic servants without consulting their husbands b. a rise in the popularity of books and magazines written for a female audience c. an increase in church attendance d. declining birth rates e. the idea that women should contribute to the family wage

Q: Which is true of the popular book The Frugal Housewife? a. It promised economic success to women who took in piecework at home. b. It was actually written by a man, using a pen name. c. It depicted the household as a prison that women needed to escape. d. It was written by the wife of Charles Grandison Finney.

Q: How did Langdon Byllesby, a labor spokesman from Philadelphia, describe wage labor? a. as a dying institution b. as a complicated and divisive system, from which we may never recover c. as the cornerstone of economic prosperity d. as essential to American freedom e. as the very essence of slavery

Q: What was culturally expected of a white middle-class woman in the period from 1800 to 1840? a. She would pursue a college education before marriage. b. Once her children were in school, she would take a job outside the home to supplement the familys disposable income. c. She would give birth to 610 children, in order to increase the population. d. She would find fulfillment by focusing her energies on her family and home. e. She would be responsible for producing the daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required.

Q: What did Noah Websters American Dictionary define as a state of exemption from the power or control of another? a. masculinity b. individualism c. artisanship d. freedom e. weakness

Q: What choice best describes the concept of a family wage? a. All members of the family over the age of twelve should contribute to the family income. b. The male head of household should earn enough to support his wife and children. c. Husband and wife should contribute equally to the family income. d. Domestic servants should be paid decently because they are essentially members of the family. e. Women should retain control over family bookkeeping so that men can maximize their working hours.

Q: The idea of leveling the playing field between worker and management was best personified in the writings of which American? a. Karl Marx b. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. Orestes Brownson d. Henry David Thoreau e. Joseph Smith

Q: In Northeast cities during the market revolution, a. neighborhoods became more ethnically mixed. b. the wealth gap between the rich and poor significantly widened. c. population declined. d. wealth inequality declined. e. political corruption declined.

Q: ___ 1. Robert Fulton ___ 2. Richard Allen ___ 3. Lydia Maria Child ___ 4. Roger Taney ___ 5. John OSullivan ___ 6. Charles Grandison Finney ___ 7. John Jacob Astor ___ 8. Cyrus McCormick ___ 9. Ralph Waldo Emerson ___ 10. Samuel Slater ___ 11. Orestes Brownson ___ 12. John Deere a. Supreme Court chief justice b. transcendentalist c. coined the term manifest destiny d. established Americas first factory e. steamboat innovator f. African Methodist Episcopal Church g. steel plow h. self-made millionaire i. preacher in New York j. reaper k. The Frugal Housewife l. called for a radical change in the wage labor system

Q: Why was Joseph Smith driven from New York State? a. his claims of having communicated with an angel b. his embrace of polygamy c. his role in a riot that destroyed an anti-Mormon newspaper d. the Mormon practice of posthumous baptism e. the Mormon practice of admitting African-Americans to the church

Q: Which statement is true about the mid-nineteenth-century phenomenon known as the cult of domesticity? a. The household gained prominence as the center of economic production, and women, as a result, exercised more economic power than ever before. b. The ideal middle-class home became a porous, semi-public sphere, merged with the competitive tensions of the market economy. c. Birth rates increased among middle-class women, who embraced their new role as rulers of the household. d. Women were no longer expected to embody submission, frailty, or sexual innocence. e. While men moved freely between public and private spheres, women were expected to remain within the private domestic realm.

Q: John Jacob Astor, who seemed to exemplify the self-made man, a. turned out to be a fraud, for it was discovered he counterfeited much of his fortune. b. used his great wealth to finance the North during the Civil War. c. made huge profits from distributing the machines built by Thomas Rodgers. d. began his economic ascent through the purchase of Philadelphia real estate. e. became wealthy by trading goods between the United States and China.

Q: What came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women? a. freedom b. liberty c. virtue d. family e. temperance

Q: The market revolution led to the rise of a new middle class. By the early 1820s, approximately how many physicians lived in the United States? a. 50 b. 600 c. 2,000 d. 5,500 e. 10,000

Q: How did the ideals represented by the cult of domesticity differ from feminine ideals of the eighteenth century? a. They acknowledged that women had a role to play in the market economy as the holders of the purse strings in the family. b. They focused on the dangers that might befall womensuch as falling into prostitutionwho gave into their passions. c. They encouraged women to be emotionally distant from their husbands, so that men would be more free to participate in the market economy. d. They represented a shift into a purely private world, dominated by the family and emotion. e. They lifted the burden of household work from married women and shifted it to young, unmarried women, many of them immigrants.

Q: Which event led to the establishment of the African Methodist Episcopal Church? a. Richard Allen was refused admission to Princeton Seminary because of his color b. Richard Allen was forcibly removed from praying at the altar rail at his former place of worship. c. The Methodist and Episcopal denominations merged following a conference in Philadelphia in 1829. d. Frederick Douglass committed a generous grant for the establishment of a black northern church. e. Charles Grandison Finney delivered a series of lectures calling for a black American church.

Q: Which statement describes the status of free people of color during the market revolution? a. They were embraced by northern craft guilds. b. White employers only employed black workers in menial positions. c. They sought opportunities available in the West. d. They suffered economically and thus emigrated to Canadian cities. e. They were increasingly employed as skilled laborers and artisans.

Q: During the first half of the nineteenth century, free black Americans a. could not, under federal law, obtain public land. b. found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement. c. rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites. d. joined with white artisans in biracial unions that successfully struck for higher wages. e. formed predominantly upper-middle-class communities in the North.

Q: What is the role of Joseph Smith in the Mormon religion? a. head of a family who, with Gods guidance, traveled from the ancient Middle East to the Americas b. prophet who predicted that the Second Coming of Christ, and the end of the world, would occur in 1841 c. leader of an exodus of people seeking religious freedom to the shores of the Great Salt Lake d. translator of the Bible into three dozen known Native American languages e. prophet who, though divine intervention, received the Book of Mormon

Q: Which represents the experience of free blacks in the North during the period of the market revolution? a. Even skilled workers faced limited economic opportunities. b. An economically successful, but politically weak, middle class of black doctors and lawyers developed. c. The return of the practice of apprenticeships made many free blacks effective slaves to their employers. d. Free blacks comprised the majority of factory workers in Philadelphia and Baltimore. e. Populations of free blacks in the East plummeted as many migrated west to secure free government land.

Q: How did Mormonism challenge societal norms? a. The Mormon leadership wanted to allow women in leadership positions. b. The Mormons came to endorse the doctrine of polygamy. c. The Mormons believed that Jesus Christ never existed. d. The Mormons believed the Native Americans came from East Asia and brought Buddhism. e. The Mormons used alcohol in religious services.

Q: Which of the following meets the ideals embodied by the cult of domesticity? a. two widows living together to help support one another b. an unmarried female factory worker c. an independent woman writer d. a female minister e. a wife who was submissive to her husband in all important decisions

Q: Women were increasingly coming to believe that they too had the right to knowledge, education, public discourse, and employment. Discuss the various arguments being made in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by women regarding their changing roles in the new republic.

Q: Henry David Thoreau believed that a. economic independence was essential for freedom. b. genuine freedom lay within the individual. c. the market revolution brought freedom to many. d. true freedom was not obtainable. e. government was the ultimate expression of freedom.

Q: The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty. Defend this statement. Be sure to include in your response a discussion of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.

Q: Which is true of the Second Great Awakening? a. Popular transcendentalist speakers revived interest in Deism. b. The movement was largely confined to the northeastern states. c. Its religious ideals complemented the secular focus on self-reliance and self-improvement. d. It consolidated religious leadership into the hands of a few powerful ministers in each region. e. Its focus on self-restraint and simple living counteracted the force of the market revolution.

Q: In what ways can Thomas Jeffersons presidency be considered a revolution? Did his presidency deliver an Empire of Liberty as he envisioned? Why or why not?

Q: Which was typical of the preaching of Charles Grandison Finney? a. triumphant celebration of the economic success of the American nation b. warnings of the torments of hell and a call to repent c. references to figures and stories from classical Greek literature d. military analogies that characterized each soul as locked in a war with the devil e. a focus on the moral imperative of abolishing slavery

Q: What liberties and freedoms of Americans were being violated by European powers prior to the War of 1812? How did Jefferson and Madison view liberty in terms of British and French behavior on the seas? How did the War Hawks view liberty? Was war the only answer by 1812?

Q: Which denomination enjoyed the largest membership in the United States by the 1840s? a. Methodist b. Roman Catholic c. Quaker d. Presbyterian e. Episcopal

Q: Did the United States really win the War of 1812? Examine the terms of the peace settlement. What happened to the Canadian borderland? What was gained? What was the greater victory for America?

Q: The Second Great Awakening a. promoted the belief that individuals were free to shape their own spiritual destinies. b. conflicted with the communal ethos of the market revolution. c. only appealed to elite Americans. d. reduced the importance of Christianity in American culture. e. refers to the ascendance of Catholicism as the dominant religion in the United States.

Q: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two prominent members of a. the American Methodist Church. b. the Massachusetts state legislature. c. the transcendentalist movement. d. the early labor movement. e. the nativist movement.

Q: The Book of Mormon states that a. Joseph Smith was divine. b. the second coming of Christ would occur in Europe. c. Native Americans were descended from people from the Middle East. d. Joseph Smiths visions were untrue. e. the market revolution needed more infrastructure to be successful.

Q: Which of the following was a focus of the transcendentalist movement? a. freeing the individual from social constraints b. reforming the American character through education c. organizing factory workers to improve pay and working conditions d. providing safe havens for escaped slaves e. encouraging settlement west of the Mississippi

Q: The men who wrote the Constitution did not envision the active and continuing involvement of ordinary citizens in affairs of state. Describe the various ways in which ordinary citizens became involved in political concerns. Be sure to include how the concepts of liberty and freedom were used (refer to Voices of Freedom) and explain who was excluded from political discourse in the period from 1790 to 1815.

Q: Which of the following was a theme of Henry David Thoreaus Walden? a. the ways in which the market revolution had damaged the natural environment b. a celebration of the American West as a bastion of freedom c. the responsibility each person had to choose between a sinful life and a righteous one d. a condemnation of the selfishness of the wealthy e. the need for legislation to protect workers rights

Q: Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa tried to revive a pan-Indian movement and unite against the white man.

Q: Free trade and sailors rights were two issues that drew the United States into the War of 1812.

Q: The usefulness of the Lewis and Clark expedition was hampered by their failure to keep written records of what they had seen.

Q: The War of 1812 was a military success for the United States.

Q: Most of the Indians Lewis and Clark encountered on their expedition had never met white people before.

Q: The aftermath of the War of 1812 confirmed the ability of a republican government to conduct a war without surrendering its institutions.

Q: Much of Louisianas population was either slaves or free people of color at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.