Q&A Hero

Q: In the Upper South, a considerable number of slaveholders emancipated their slaves.

Q: The property qualification for voting was hotly debated during the 1770s and 1780s.

Q: In spite of the revolutionary rhetoric of freedom, indentured servitude was still widely practiced in the northern states by 1800.

Q: Until New Jersey added the word male to its constitutional definition of a voter in 1807, some of the states women enjoyed suffrage rights.

Q: Before the Revolution, indentured servants in the colonies occupied a place in society halfway between slave and free.

Q: Freedom and an individuals right to vote had become interchangeable by the wars end.

Q: Adam Smiths argument that the invisible hand of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention offered intellectual justification for those who believed that the economy should be left to regulate itself.

Q: The Revolutionary War weakened the deep tradition of American anti-Catholicism.

Q: Despite the rhetoric of religious freedom, many states had limitations on such freedom, such as reserving officeholding to Protestants.

Q: The men who served in the Revolution through militias were empowered and demanded certain rights, thereby establishing the tradition that service in the army enabled excluded groups to stake a claim to full citizenship.

Q: The principle of the separation of church in state in America developed out of the religious pluralism of the New England colonies.

Q: In Pennsylvania, nearly the entire pre-Revolutionary elite opposed the American independence movement.

Q: Because Americans were preoccupied with war, religious liberty was a rather peripheral issue in the 1770s and 1780s.

Q: In their Revolutionary-era constitutions, all states adopted John Adamss idea of a balanced government.

Q: The expansion of religious freedom diminished the influence of religion on American society.

Q: What was the most significant legal barrier to the political participation of women in the years following the Revolution? a. the fact that women were given greater social and political freedom so rapidly that society was not ready for it b. the continuation of coverture, a principle that meant woman were unable to own property and were prevented from voting c. the radical changes the Revolution brought in America with the elimination of the family law inherited from Britain d. Congresss insistence that women did not deserve to participate in the new nation because none had contributed to the war effort e. the reality that most white American women needed to become indentured servants after the war to repay war debts

Q: ___ 1. Thomas Jefferson ___ 2. Adam Smith ___ 3. Samuel Sewall ___ 4. Benjamin Rush ___ 5. Phillis Wheatley ___ 6. Abigail Adams ___ 7. James Otis ___ 8. John Adams ___ 9. Joseph Brant ___ 10. John Carroll a. was a black poet whose work was often printed with testimonials by prominent citizens b. was a Pennsylvania radical who warned that slavery was a national crime c. wrote Thoughts on Government, which insisted that the new constitutions should create balanced governments d. was Americas first Roman Catholic bishop e. wrote The Selling of Joseph, the first antislavery tract printed in America f. wrote about universal freedom, including for blacks, and posed the question What man is or ever was born free if every man is not? g. drafted Virginias Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom and sought to eliminate religious requirements for voting and officeholding h. famously called on the founding fathers in a letter to Remember the ladies i. wrote The Wealth of Nations and described the potential of the invisible hand of the free market directing economic life j. was a young Mohawk who sided with the British in hopes of creating an Indian confederacy lying between Canada and the United States

Q: The words to have and to hold appeared in both marriage vows and ________, which demonstrated how legal authority ________. a. indentured servant contracts; extended to all the hardest workers and caregivers b. freedom petitions; resulted in slaves commonly having the same property rights as poor whites c. abolition laws; was granted to slaves in the North through a rapid process d. the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom; resided first and foremost with the church e. deeds transferring land ownership; still rested with the husband over the wife

Q: ___ 1. virtue ___ 2. freedom petitions ___ 3. Loyalists ___ 4. Ladies Association ___ 5. republican motherhood ___ 6. suffrage ___ 7. free labor ___ 8. Patriots ___ 9. militia ___ 10. Moravian Brethren ___ 11. Sierra Leone ___ 12. popery a. raised funds to assist American soldiers b. entailed working for wages, or owning a farm or shop c. was an offensive term for the rituals of the Catholic Church d. was composed largely of members of the lower orders and became a school of political democracy e. were colonists who retained their allegiance to the crown f. were colonists fighting for the American cause and independence g. was a group that saw church authority undermined by the Revolution h. involved the responsibility of raising the next generation of leaders i. was another name for the right to vote j. were actions slaves took for their immediate release k. was another word for the ability to sacrifice self-interest for the public good l. was a settlement in Africa for freed slaves

Q: How did the discussion of womens rights in the revolutionary era compare to discussion of mens rights? a. Whereas womens rights were viewed as grounded in duty, mens rights were viewed as based on individual liberty. b. Womens rights and mens rights tended to be viewed as equal based on the Lockean concept of natural rights. c. Both womens rights and mens rights were viewed as central to the definition of the republican citizen. d. Whereas men had long had the right to vote regardless of whether they owned property, only wealthy women were seen as having the right to vote. e. Whereas the subordination of women was, like the subordination of slaves, a major source of public debate, mens rights were rarely publicly discussed.

Q: Abigail Adams advocated for economic independence for women so that they were not reliant on their husbands.

Q: Which of the following court rulings does the case of Mrs. Martin, mother of James Martin in Massachusetts, illustrate? a. Having limited independent judgment, wives could not be held legally responsible for choices made in obedience to their husbands wishes. b. A wife impacted most of her husbands decisions and, thus, bore full culpability should he do anything wrong. c. Whereas a woman was considered the property of her husband, her children were her own property. d. A woman who legally owned property and met other requirements set by the state constitution could exercise the right to vote. e. A woman who broke social norms by petitioning Congress could be charged with contempt.

Q: Part of the philosophy of the Revolution was embracing the principle of hereditary aristocracy.

Q: Republican motherhood encouraged a. greater educational opportunities for women. b. a radical change in the patriarchal structure of the family. c. women to become public speakers for various social causes in the 1780s. d. widespread resentment among women. e. a significant increase in womens direct involvement in politics in the 1780s.

Q: The men who led the Revolution from start to finish were, by and large, members of the American elite.

Q: Which of the following women best represented the feminine ideal in late eighteenth-century America? a. an unmarried schoolteacher b. an educated mother c. a farmers widow d. a seamstress e. an accomplished painter

Q: Which argument in the petitions of slaves to the Massachusetts legislature employed the principles of the American Revolution? a. Slaves could be productive soldiers. b. Taxing the poor created an economic burden. c. British soldiers did not belong in the homes of Bostonians. d. One of the people killed during the Boston Massacre was of African heritage. e. Natural rights were universal.

Q: How did the definition of the household change in the North following the Revolution? a. It shifted from denoting both home and farmland to referring to the home only, reflecting a rapid surge in the urban population. b. It expanded from referring to just a couple and their children to including extended family even if they lived independently. c. It shifted from encompassing hired and indentured workers to consisting of just the parents and their children. d. It evolved from being a synonym for a slaves quarters to a legal term denoting the entirety of a mans property. e. It expanded from strictly including just males in a family of legal age to include all personsmale, female, free, or enslavedliving in a home.

Q: Which of the following messages do the excerpts from the Petitions of Slaves to the Massachusetts Legislature (17731777) suggest? a. that, if not granted freedom, slaves would immediately rebel and violently fight for their ability to form their own nation b. that the horrors of the Revolution led slaves to reject all the ideas that the new nation represented c. that owning slaves and professing the ideas of Christianity and the Revolution are contradictory d. that, because slaves were not citizens, they lacked any natural or unalienable rights in common with whites e. that the persistence of slavery was inexorably leading the new nation toward a civil war between North and South

Q: Republican motherhood was an ideology that held that a. women should be granted suffrage rights. b. women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens. c. Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party represented maternal interests better than its opponents did. d. education was wasted on women, who should worry only about having many children to populate the republic. e. political equality of the sexes fit a republican society.

Q: Which settlement in Africa did the British establish for former slaves from the United States? a. Liberia b. Sierra Leone c. Monrovia d. Ghana e. Benin

Q: In the early republic, free black men could vote a. under no circumstances unless authorized by Congress. b. if they met tax and property requirements, in all states except Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia c. only in New York and New Jersey, if they met tax and property requirements. d. only if they had fought in the Continental army. e. only if they were Anglican Protestants.

Q: What caused the largest geographic movement of slaves from plantations in the South before the Civil War? a. Slaves voluntarily deserted their owners to flee to British lines during the Revolutionary War. b. The Americans forced slaves to relocate to Britain as part of the treaty after the Revolutionary War. c. Slaves escaped to northern states, which had all passed emancipation laws. d. A prolonged drought in the South caused most planters and slaves to move to the North. e. Slaves moved West to work in the mines since there was no longer much demand for tobacco.

Q: In Samuel Jenningss painting Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, what was one of the symbols of freedom he used? a. the American flag b. a cage with broken bars c. a smiling black family d. an overgrown cotton field e. a slaves broken chain

Q: Who was Harry Washington? a. the son of George Washington who freed the family slaves following his fathers death b. the author of the first freedom petition presented to a New England court c. a young Mohawk in upstate New York who hoped to create an Indian confederacy d. a former slave of George Washington who became a British corporal e. the economist who wrote a great treatise known as The Wealth of Nations

Q: Why did the number of slaves in America increase from 1776 to 1790? a. America successfully repatriated nearly all slaves freed by the British during the war. b. Christian sects such as the Quakers promoted a God-given duty to own and Christianize slaves. c. Slavery survived the War of Independence, and the slave population naturally increased. d. Increased wealth in the North enabled more people to buy slaves there than in the South. e. There was not yet a sizeable free black population in the United States.

Q: After the Revolution, African-Americans in the North a. sometimes saw their children end up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude. b. began fleeing to the South when they saw that the new states would not approve emancipation. c. benefited greatly from the popularity of manumission (or voluntary emancipation of slaves by whites). d. were guaranteed to be free during their lifetimes. e. were unable to establish their own communities or institutions because their numbers were too low.

Q: Who was Deborah Sampson? a. a woman who disguised herself as a man to fight in the Continental army b. the leader of the Ladies Association that raised funds for soldiers c. a poet who promoted the revolutionary cause d. an activist who was outspoken against the practice of coverture e. a former slave who ended up owning her own land

Q: Abolition laws in the North a. ended slavery north of Maryland altogether by 1830. b. immediately freed enslaved children under the age of eighteen. c. freed all enslaved people in New England as of 1804. d. ended slavery in the northern states in a drawn-out process that took decades. e. freed only enslaved women.

Q: What was the significance of the Ladies Association founded by Esther Reed and Sarah Franklin Bache? a. It demonstrated how women in the colonies had tended to support the British and failed to aid the Patriots in any notable way. b. It was the first womens organization led entirely by former slaves and had the joint causes of abolition and womens rights. c. It was an example of women taking an active role in the public sphere in response to the Revolution. d. It was a womens group that focused on providing a support network for disadvantaged mothers. e. It was a small regiment of the Patriot army that was composed entirely of women who trained and fought as soldiers on the battlefield.

Q: Which of the following is true of abolition laws between 1777 and 1804? a. They focused exclusively on freeing living slaves. b. By 1810, they resulted in there being no slave population north of Maryland. c. They soon freed all slaves north of South Carolina. d. They reflected the importance of property rights by freeing only the future children of slaves. e. They officially ended the continuation of any form of indentured servitude.

Q: What argument did Abigail Adams make in her letter to her husband, John, written on March 31, 1776? a. She used the language of Adam Smith to make the case for the economic value of women and the importance of free trade in the new nation. b. She urged her husband to take women into account when working on the code of laws for the new nation, noting mens tendencies to be tyrannical when given the chance. c. She cautioned against the separation of church and state and held that Christianity must be at the center of the new nation, especially the principle of treating others as one wishes to be treated. d. She was careful to reassure her husband that she deferred to him in terms of all important questions and claimed that she had little loyalty to other women. e. She tried to convince her husband to rethink his decision to turn away from the king and referred to the greater opportunities for their family available in Britain.

Q: Where did most free blacks live in 1810? a. Georgia and South Carolina b. Massachusetts c. Maryland and Virginia d. New York e. Connecticut and New Jersey

Q: The free black population after the Revolution in most states a. declined in number as newly freed slaves left the country whenever possible. b. often enjoyed the right to vote if its male members met taxpaying or property qualifications. c. all took the last names of their former masters. d. refused to provide havens for fugitive slaves and jeopardize their own emancipation. e. never joined in supporting the abolitionist cause.

Q: Which statement is true about the founding fathers and slavery? a. Only the northern founding fathers owned enslaved people. b. All the founding fathers supported the abolition of slavery. c. Thomas Paine was a founding father who did not own slaves, unlike many others. d. Thomas Jefferson freed all his slaves before he wrote the Declaration of Independence. e. Only the southern founding fathers owned enslaved people.

Q: After the American Revolution, who held the balance of power between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River? a. Iroquois b. Shawnee c. British d. French e. Americans

Q: Who publicly referred to slavery as a national crime that would one day bring national punishment? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Joseph Brant c. Lord Dunmore d. George Washington e. Benjamin Rush

Q: Who said, What man is or ever was born free if every man is not? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Abigail Adams c. James Otis d. Dr. Samuel Johnson e. James Madison

Q: What effect did the American Revolution have on the practice of slavery? a. On the whole, slaves rejected any form of patriotic ideology and were resigned to their fate. b. Slaves began using the language of liberty in their arguments against slavery. c. The Revolution inspired the British to immediately outlaw slavery throughout their empire. d. It resulted in more Indians being enslaved in the United States than people of African heritage. e. In some states, indentured servants started to outnumber slaves.

Q: In a famous speech to Parliament, the British statesman Edmund Burke said what regarding a link between slavery and liberty for American colonists? a. He argued that the colonists were sensitive to threats to their liberties because they were so familiar with slavery. b. He said the colonists were hypocrites for claiming to be pro-liberty while they themselves owned slaves. c. He said John Lockes ideas about property rights meant colonists were justified in claiming that their liberty included slave ownership rights. d. He praised liberty-loving Pennsylvanians for organizing the worlds first antislavery society. e. He stated that a threat to liberty anywhere is a threat to liberty everywhere, so American slavery threatened British freedom.

Q: What was the first concrete step taken toward ending slavery in New England? a. the authorization of financial compensation for those who voluntarily freed their slaves b. the banning of the slave trade c. the successful uprising of most of New Englands slaves d. the confiscation of slaveholders lands e. the presentation of freedom petitions

Q: What were freedom petitions? a. legally binding agreements that allowed slaves to earn their freedom after thirty years of service b. protests in the streets of southern towns, where slaves demanded freedom c. newspaper articles that called out slaves who had illegally gained their freedom d. documents signed by free white men in an attempt to liberate slaves e. arguments for liberty presented to New Englands courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans

Q: Virtually every founding father owned at least one slave at some point in his life. Who was a notable exception? a. George Washington b. John Adams c. Thomas Jefferson d. Benjamin Franklin e. James Madison

Q: What did South Carolina and Georgia promise every white volunteer at the wars end? a. a musket of his own b. two acres of land c. the right to vote d. one hundred shillings e. a slave

Q: Who was Lemuel Haynes? a. a New York Deist prominent in arguing for the separation of church and state b. a wealthy Virginian who emancipated the hundreds of slaves he owned c. a black minister in Massachusetts who spoke out against slavery d. a Scots-Irish Presbyterian farmer in South Carolina who led a tax revolt e. a free black man elected to the legislature in Pennsylvania

Q: Who was Phillis Wheatley? a. a poet who wrote about how African-Americans felt about freedom b. a fund-raiser for the Ladies Association, whose efforts fed starving men at Valley Forge c. a pamphleteer whose ringing protests reminded Bostonians that women, too, cared about liberty d. a woman who, disguised as a man, died while fighting during the Yorktown campaign e. a slave who helped dozens of other slaves escape to freedom behind British lines

Q: How did the ideas of John Locke influence the question of abolition? a. Protecting property in the form of slaves was invoked as a natural right. b. His belief that all people possessed a divine inner light was used to condemn slavery. c. The economic rights of slave holders over others were discussed as sacred and inalienable. d. The conversion of slaves to Christianity was presented as Gods plan for the world. e. His publicized freeing of his own slaves inspired others to do the same.

Q: When Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a. he had not owned any slaves for several years. b. he was inspired to set all his slaves free. c. he was one of just two founding fathers who had never owned slaves. d. he owned just one household slave. e. he owned more than 100 slaves.

Q: A volume of Phillis Wheatleys poems was published with a testimonial from prominent citizens certifying that she was, indeed, the author. What does this illustrate about the status of African-Americans at the time? a. African-Americans were highly revered. b. African-Americans were subject to the same standards as white authors, who also had to go through this verification process. c. African-Americans were trusted only to write novels. d. African-Americans were not allowed to publish anything without the explicit permission of a white person. e. Many whites found it difficult to accept the idea of blacks intellectual ability.

Q: In 1776, when the colonists declared their independence and formed the United States, a. 500,000 enslaved people lived in the new nation, comprising one-fifth of the total population of the United States. b. the enslaved population was at its peak in American history and would decline rapidly in the decades ahead. c. 10,000 of the new nations inhabitants were enslaved people, which was 4 percent of the total population. d. all enslaved people became free. e. slavery only existed in the southern colonies.

Q: Approximately how many free Americans remained loyal to the British during the war? a. 5 to 10 percent b. 10 to 15 percent c. 20 to 25 percent d. 30 to 35 percent e. 45 to 50 percent

Q: Which of the following individuals would have been most likely to be loyal to the British during the American Revolution? a. a coastal South Carolina planter who was dependent on slave labor b. a Boston craftsman who was also a militia member c. a Massachusetts merchant who was losing business because of the British East India monopoly on tea d. an Anglican minister in New York seeking to expand his congregation e. a Virginia landowner hoping to increase his holdings west of the Appalachian Mountains

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the treatment of those who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution? a. Patriots welcomed Loyalists back as a key part of the new nation, emphatically establishing forgiveness as the foundation of the country. b. There had been so few Loyalists in the Revolution in the first place that the presence of Loyalists largely went unnoticed after the war. c. Loyalists always kept their property but sometimes had to share a percentage of their earnings as part of their repentance. d. A number of captured Loyalists were sold into slavery in Canada because the number of African-American slaves had hit an all-time low. e. Many Loyalists were physically assaulted for expressing their views, as the war was, in many ways, a civil war.

Q: What key role did Loyalist exiles serve in Canada? a. They helped inspire future rebellions in Canada. b. Most wanted to ban slavery in Canada. c. They hoped to mount an attack on the United States in order to restore it as a British colony. d. They pushed for an alliance with France. e. They refused to trade goods with the United States.

Q: Which of the following economic developments occurred in the years immediately following the American Revolution? a. The nation experienced record levels of deflation. b. Agriculture and trade were thriving, with the number of goods on the market at an all-time high. c. Some merchants hoarded goods, hoping to profit from shortages. d. Congress kept the states from fixing wages and prices under any circumstances. e. The concept of free trade was rejected under the new government, essentially without any debate.

Q: The Loyalists exile had a profound impact on a. Spain. b. France. c. Canada. d. Mexico. e. Brazil.

Q: Which of the following contributed to the success of free trade advocates during the Revolutionary War? a. the publication of Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations b. Isaac Newtons explanation of the law of gravity as applied to economics c. the failure of wartime tariffs to solve the problem of the national debt d. riots over inflation in the streets of Boston e. memories of the despised Intolerable Acts

Q: What approach did the new American government take toward Native Americans in the years following the Revolution? a. forcing them to convert to Christianity or face mass extermination b. attempting to Americanize their children in special private schools c. moving them to reservations on vastly reduced portions of their traditional territories d. dispossessing them of their land and forcing them west of the Mississippi River e. relocating nearly all of them to British colonies in the West Indies

Q: The British Navigation Acts contradicted the ideas a. of Abigail Adams in her letter to her husband about womens rights. b. in The Wealth of Nations. c. in Circle of the Social and Benevolent Affections. d. of the freedom petitions by slaves. e. in Thomas Jeffersons Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom.

Q: Which statement is accurate regarding the impact of American independence on Native Americans? a. Indian tribes were given formal recognition by the Treaty of Paris, which established them as an independent nation. b. Indians stood firm in their support of the British, who reciprocated by creating an Indian confederacy between Canada and the United States. c. Independence resulted in efforts to complete the process of dispossessing Indians of their lands in the new nation. d. Native Americans were largely unaffected by American independence, because they had already fled to Canada during the Seven Years War. e. The Declaration of Independence asserted that Native Americans property rights must be respected in the United States.

Q: What did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations? a. Regulation of trade was the cornerstone of government. b. The invisible hand of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention. c. Sacrificing for the public good was necessary for a thriving economy. d. Unregulated economic freedom would lead to the destruction of social harmony. e. A free market would concentrate wealth in the hands of very few elites.

Q: Joseph Brant, a young Mohawk, a. wanted to create an Indian confederacy between Canada and the United States. b. allied with the Continental Congress and led troops against the British in the Great Lakes region. c. represented Indian interests at the negotiations of the Treaty of Paris. d. urged all Indians to move west of the Mississippi River to preserve their cultures from contamination by whites. e. was appointed first governor-general of Upper Canada in 1781.

Q: As a result of the religious freedom created by the Revolution, a. organized religion became less important in American life over the next thirty years. b. upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches. c. the number of religious denominations in the United States declined. d. violent struggles between religious groups were not uncommon in the backcountry. e. tax-supported churches flourished in every state in the new nation.

Q: Why did John Adams believe that land ownership was vital to society? a. He opposed slavery and felt that if small farmers owned land, they would have the power to outvote slaveowners. b. If more people owned land, it would be less likely that fixed and unequal social classes would emerge. c. Land ownership would make people more conservative, and that would counteract any democratic impulses. d. Government would have to encourage it, and Adams believed in an activist federal government. e. Adams had lost his land when he took the unpopular position of representing British soldiers who participated in the Boston Massacre, and he knew how important the issue was.

Q: As a result of greater religious freedom, the number of religious denominations in the early republic a. decreased dramatically. b. decreased somewhat. c. increased dramatically. d. stayed about the same. e. is not known.

Q: By 1800, which type of labor had all but disappeared from the United States? a. indentured servitude b. wage labor c. slavery d. paid domestic service e. child labor

Q: Which of the following describes what Samuel Adams meant when he described America as a Christian Sparta? a. a nation focused mainly on spreading Christianity to Native Americans and slaves now that the war was over b. a nation in which Christian morality and personal self-discipline created an exemplary citizenry c. a nation committed to the separation of church and state such that religious values were absent from the conversation d. a nation that had the moral obligation of all Christians to dedicate themselves to abolishing slavery e. a nation that required all Christians to commit their lives to political service in the new republic

Q: What condition did both Noah Webster and John Adams identify as being vital for social equality? a. the freeing of the slaves b. effective wage and price controls c. the absence of religion from public morality d. womens suffrage e. widespread land ownership

Q: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Rush, and John Adams advocated for the creation of free, state-supported schools primarily because a. they believed the schools should train Americans in trades and farmwork. b. they believed all citizens should have military training in case another war broke out with Britain. c. they believed the schools should teach citizens about the Puritan faith. d. they believed educating citizens was necessary if a government based on liberty and the will of the people was to survive. e. they believed the best way to get citizens to comply with the laws of the land was to have students memorize laws from an early age.

Q: Most free Americans in the early republic believed that equality required a. equal opportunity. b. limits to the amount of land an individual could own. c. communal landownership. d. returning Indian lands to the tribes. e. abolishing slavery.