Q&A Hero

Q: The Regulators were concerned primarily with a. the secure possession of their land. b. protecting the privilege of the rich and powerful. c. helping the British to enforce new regulations. d. returning land to Native Americans. e. abolishing slavery.

Q: Crispus Attucks a. defended in court the British soldiers who participated in the Boston Massacre. b. organized the boycott of British imports following the Townshend Act. c. was the first person of mixed race to serve in the Continental Congress. d. has been called the first martyr of the American Revolution. e. died bravely at the Battle of Concord.

Q: What became of the Stamp Act? a. A year after it was passed, Parliament repealed it and passed the Declaratory Act. b. It officially remained in effect until America achieved independence. c. The less onerous Sugar Act officially replaced it in 1770. d. As the colonists had largely ignored it, more severe laws soon accompanied it. e. The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 immediately rendered it obsolete.

Q: What was one of the ways in which Paul Reveres engraving of the Boston Massacre was significant? a. It accidentally divulged secret information about the revolutionaries plans and gave the British the advantage during the first battle of the war. b. It helped encourage reconciliation efforts between the colonies and Great Britain for a time due to its portrayal of the event as two-sided. c. Its resurfacing as an artifact much later in history demonstrates how few colonists had heard of the event at the time. d. It distorted what had happened and stirred indignation in the colonies by depicting British soldiers firing into an unarmed crowd. e. It criticized how the British involved in the massacre went back to their daily lives immediately and remained under the protection of the crown.

Q: What was the aim of the Townshend Acts? a. raising revenue by taxing imported goods b. preventing the colonies from establishing their own courts c. declaring a formal boycott on Britain by colonial legislatures d. reducing the smuggling of sugar and rum e. securing lodging for British soldiers in the colonies

Q: Which one of the following statements accurately describes the results or duration of the nonimportation movement? a. It lasted through the outbreak of the Revolutionary War and was crucial in helping to establish a strong American manufacturing sector. b. It resulted in the creation of a powerful group of smugglers who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. c. American merchants largely abandoned it when Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts at the urging of British merchants. d. Soon after it began, colonial leaders urged the colonists to abandon it because they felt that it was too harmful to the local economy. e. It resulted in an economic recession in England that led many British citizens to reject the crown and openly support the colonists.

Q: Which is true of John Dickinsons Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania? a. It was a direct refutation of the ideas of the Enlightenment and showed that these ideas had not yet made it to America. b. It explicitly appealed to laborers and craftsmen and showed that they were the center of political debate. c. It was the first published document proposing independence from Great Britain. d. It argued that colonists should reconcile with Britain and focus on securing the same rights as Englishmen. e. It reflected many of the ideas later expressed in the Declaration of Independence.

Q: What primarily motivated the British to place a tax on tea by passing the Tea Act? a. a desire to reassert the British right to tax the colonies after having given up that right b. an overabundance of tea in British warehouses c. a desire to punish the colonists for the long-term boycott of British goods d. a need for revenue to fund the Revolutionary War, which had recently begun e. aiding the financially ailing East India Company, a giant trading monopoly

Q: The Daughters of Liberty was the name given to a. the female children of all the Founding Fathers. b. New England women who won voting rights in the 1770s. c. the brave women who cared for wounded soldiers during the early battles of the Revolution. d. women who spun and wove to create their own clothing rather than buy British goods. e. the first national womens patriotic organization raising money for the Continental army.

Q: Why did colonists object to the Tea Act? a. It would aid a different part of the empire rather than their own. b. By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britains right to tax the colonists. c. It granted a monopoly, and the colonists opposed all forms of monopoly. d. The British East India Company made inferior tea, and colonists preferred not to drink it. e. It raised the tax on tea so much as to make tea prohibitively expensive.

Q: Which of the following was a component of the Intolerable Acts? a. British authorities stationed soldiers in Boston for the first time and officially declared war, stating that the actions of the colonists were no longer tolerable. b. All American ports were closed off to trade of any kind until the tea destroyed by the Boston Tea Party was paid for in full. c. The Massachusetts governor was authorized to appoint council members instead of holding elections to fill the positions. d. It granted legal rights to Roman Catholics living in the American colonies, causing increased disunity among the American colonists. e. Colonists were forbidden from producing or using their own linen, wool, or paper, causing them to rely entirely on British imports.

Q: Which group was initially reluctant to boycott British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts? a. the wives of farmers and craftsmen b. Chesapeake planters c. the Committee of Correspondence d. Philadelphia and New York City merchants e. urban artisans

Q: The Boston Massacre occurred when British soldiers a. killed Indians who were raiding frontier towns. b. fired into a mob and killed a number of Boston residents. c. captured members of the Sons of Liberty involved in the Boston Tea Party. d. fired on local minutemen guarding an arsenal. e. tried to defend Thomas Hutchinson from an angry mob.

Q: Who was most directly harmed by the Boston Tea Party? a. the Massachusetts governor b. Boston artisans c. Boston merchants d. the British navy e. the East India Company

Q: Which armed group was defeated by the colonys militia at the 1771 Battle of Alamance? a. the Sons of Liberty b. the Regulators c. the Paxton Boys d. the Association e. the Rangers

Q: The underlying tension that escalated into the Boston Massacre was between a. supporters and opponents of the boycott of British cloth. b. British troops stationed in Boston and the citys laborers competing for jobs. c. two factions of British troops from Liverpool and London, who disagreed over military strategy. d. British troops and local farmers.

Q: What role did the Committees of Correspondence play in the years preceding the revolution? a. They opened up effective channels of communication between the colonists and their Indian allies. b. They allowed the British to enforce taxes and regulations more efficiently. c. They exacerbated tensions between Protestants and Catholics in the colonies. d. They helped colonial leaders to share ideas on resisting taxation. e. They created an irreparable rift between northern and southern states.

Q: Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes resistance to the Stamp Act? a. sporadic and almost nonexistent b. rowdy, vocal, and widespread c. divisive and harmful to any sense of colonial unity d. limited to coastal merchants e. disorganized and ineffective

Q: The Stamp Act created such a stir in the colonies because a. it was established by the King without Parliaments approval. b. lawyers were offended that they could be jailed for not using the correct stamp on legal documents. c. it was the first direct tax Parliament imposed on the colonies. d. none of the revenue raised would be spent within the colonies themselves. e. Benjamin Franklin went public with his opposition to it.

Q: What idea did both the Regulators and Stamp Act Congress share? a. There should be no taxes under any circumstances. b. Colonists wanted to be represented in the government. c. Colonial governors should make decisions unilaterally. d. Boycotts did not work as a means of protest. e. Native Americans should remain in control of land west of the Appalachians.

Q: How did the Stamp Act differ from the Sugar Act? a. Whereas the Stamp Act was still in place at the time of the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, the Sugar Act was quickly repealed. b. Whereas the Stamp Act affected, and therefore offended, a large portion of the colonial population, the Sugar Act mainly affected residents of colonial ports. c. Whereas the Stamp Act was predominantly opposed by northern merchants, the Sugar Act was mainly opposed by southern planters. d. Whereas the Stamp Act was passed in close collaboration with colonial leaders, the Sugar Act was a total surprise to the colonists. e. Whereas the Stamp Act focused on the regulation of trade, the Sugar Act was a direct tax on the colonists.

Q: The Sons of Liberty a. enjoyed support from New York craftsmen and laborers. b. won widespread support from New Yorks upper classes. c. opposed any violent response to the Stamp Act. d. never found support among the lower classes of colonists. e. immediately came to dominate colonial legislative bodies.

Q: How did the British government predominantly view the American colonies prior to the Revolution? a. as an expensive and troublesome responsibility that many in Parliament were eager to be free from b. as an economic possession, the inhabitants of which were merely employees of the empire and had no political rights whatsoever c. as a sister nation, destined for independence, but as of yet too immature and economically undeveloped to rule itself d. as a confederation of equals with British citizens, highly involved in creating British laws and thus obligated to respect them e. as unequal parts in a larger political and economic system, strictly subject to the rulings of Parliament

Q: The Sons of Liberty a. were celebrated by prominent New York families such as the Livingstons. b. took the lead in enforcing the boycott of British imports in New York City. c. were opposed by craftsmen, laborers, and sailors. d. helped to enforce the Stamp Act. e. opposed public protests.

Q: Americans were not represented in the House of Commons, and therefore felt they were being taxed without their consent. What rallying cry did this lead to? a. Give me liberty, or give me death! b. We are freemennot born slaves! c. All men are created equal. d. We have it in our power to begin the world over again. e. No taxation without representation!

Q: The Declaratory Act a. imposed a boycott on all manufactured goods produced in the colonies. b. declared that colonists had to house British soldiers in their homes. c. closed the Port of Boston on account of the Boston Tea Party. d. rejected American claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes. e. proclaimed the colonies independence from Great Britain.

Q: What was one of the outcomes of the Stamp Act? a. Lower-class riots in response to the act began to worry elite rulers and landholders. b. The Stamp Act Congress insisted that the right to consent to taxation was essential to peoples freedom. c. The Stamp Act Congress adopted the Declaratory Act, which formally defined American liberties. d. Thomas Jefferson publicly stated that revolting against Great Britain had become necessary. e. Disagreements about the best response to the act split colonial governments into opposing factions.

Q: Violent social turmoil in rural areas during the 1760s a. was due entirely to Great Britains Proclamation of 1763, which banned western settlement. b. ended when the British army drove Native Americans beyond the line of settlement. c. flourished because the British army had no interest in going beyond coastal cities. d. led to the creation of the Sons of Liberty. e. involved events in both northern and southern colonies.

Q: Which was an aim of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765? a. to secure support from colonial governments for declaring independence from England b. to end all boycotts of British goods c. to empower colonies to act independently of one another when dealing with the British d. to punish those loyal to the British by seizing their property e. to assert that colonies should not be taxed without consent

Q: 2. Discuss the debates that occurred over virtual representation. How did the leaders in London and the leaders in America view participation in governing the empire differently?

Q: Which of the following statements best explains colonial resistance to the Sugar Act? a. It made rum much more expensive to produce and thus to purchase. b. It doubled the price on sugar, making it too expensive for middle-class consumers. c. It allowed smugglers to pay a fine rather than being tried in a court with a jury. d. It outlawed the admiralty courts and forced smugglers to stand trial in London. e. It was expected to worsen an existing economic recession.

Q: Describe how Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, Common Sense, An Alarm to the Legislature of the Province in New-York, and the Declaration of Independence dealt with the concept of liberty.

Q: With the Sugar Act, Britain a. attempted to force the North American colonies to import more sugar from the British West Indies. b. abolished slavery on all colonial sugar plantations. c. required colonists to work for wages on Barbadian sugar plantations. d. cracked down on smuggling by prosecuting accused smugglers without the benefit of a jury trial. e. required South Carolina and Virginia to shift their main crops to sugar.

Q: Which one of the following statements accurately characterizes the British approach to governing the American colonies prior to 1763? a. The British were entirely hands-off in their supervision of the colonies, granting them complete freedom to issue their own currency and create their own rules and policies. b. The British refused to involve the colonies in major conflicts such as the Seven Years War because they were too far away and the colonies were too poor, thereby causing the colonists to feel excluded. c. The British emphasized giving the colonists complete economic freedom, on the one hand, but requiring that colonists follow British rules regarding religion and social codes on the other. d. The British only occasionally intervened in the internal affairs of the colonies, instead remaining focused on protecting the economic interests of the mother country, especially through trade. e. The British devoted their attention to appointing all positions in colonial government, requiring strict adherence to British rule and mandates, and covering the funding of all military ventures in North America.

Q: After what major event did the British government make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire? a. the Declaration of Independence b. King Philips War c. the Seven Years War d. the Boston Tea Party e. the appointment of William Pitt as British prime minister

Q: Britain intervened in the colonies in new ways in the 1760s a. because the colonial leaders asked it to. b. because the colonial economies were in chaos. c. because it sought to abolish slavery. d. to raise funds to pay for the debts incurred by the Seven Years War. e. to redistribute wealth from the elite planter class to the working class.

Q: What did the British acquire from the Netherlands in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713? a. sufficient gold to pay off the British national debt b. the right to trade at Dutch outposts in what is now South Africa c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spains New World colonies d. New Netherland, which was then renamed New York e. New Holland, which later became known as Australia

Q: What was an important political origin of the American Revolution? a. The Sugar Act financially hurt merchants living outside colonial ports. b. The Stamp Act was a tax that very few colonists had to pay. c. The colonists wanted a physical westward barrier to settlements. d. The colonists criticized their lack of representation in Parliament. e. The colonists wanted the writs of assistance to be actively enforced.

Q: What area was the major producer of revenue for the British crown in the eighteenth century? a. New England b. the Middle Colonies c. the Caribbean d. Benin e. North Africa

Q: Virtual representation was the idea a. that only those who were elected by a given population could represent that population in a legislative body. b. about representation that most politically active American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s championed. c. that Parliament had always had complete sovereignty over the king. d. that each member of Britains House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district. e. that the king should appoint delegates to represent the colonies in the British House of Commons.

Q: What was the significance of sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco in the eighteenth century? a. The ease of growing these crops meant that fewer slaves needed to be imported from Africa. b. These products were the first mass consumer goods in international trade, and they were all produced by slaves. c. They were imported to the New World in massive quantities due to the regions failure to produce such goods. d. They were staples whose importance paled in comparison to fish, rum, and indigo in the world market. e. They could only be grown in the West Indies, allowing the traders in that area to become massively wealthy.

Q: Writs of assistance alarmed colonists because they a. required colonists to assist British officials in administering the Stamp Act. b. were general search warrants that allowed customs officials to search anywhere they chose for smuggled goods. c. required stamps for all kinds of printed material. d. required colonists to retrieve the tea thrown into Boston Harbor. e. imposed new taxes on goods imported from the Caribbean.

Q: Explain what one historian meant by this statement: The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of a free colonial British America . . . were achieved as a result of slave labor.

Q: Discuss the ways in which the colonists became increasingly integrated into the British empire from roughly 1700 to 1763.

Q: The slave experience was diverse in British America. Describe how slavery evolved in the various regions of British America. What role did African religions play? What liberties, if any, were extended to slaves in the northern colonies, the Chesapeake region, and the rice kingdom of South Carolina and Georgia? What was the impact of the Stono Rebellion?

Q: As Europeans continued to settle the North American continent during the 1700s, Indians constantly struggled to maintain their independence and identities. Illustrate the common obstacles the Indian communities faced and the ways they tried to unite to overcome their hardships during the eighteenth century. Consider the Indians in California during the Spanish missionary period, the Creeks during the early settlement of Carolina, the Indians in Pennsylvania, and the Indians during and after the French and Indian War (including Pontiacs Rebellion).

Q: While slavery was expanding in British America, so too was freedom. Compare the simultaneous expansion of freedom and slavery. How was the concept of race increasingly important in this process?

Q: Olaudah Equiano a. wrote the eighteenth centurys most widely read autobiographical account of a slaves own experiences. b. was popular with Europeans for telling them that their culture was far superior to that of Africans like himself. c. demonstrated in his writings that he perfectly fit the stereotype that blacks were savages incapable of becoming civilized. d. led several Central American slave insurrections before his death that prevented the plantation system from entering the region. e. was one of the few children of African-American and Native American descent ever to be the chief of his Indian tribe.

Q: Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together. Explain why they believed that those three things went hand in hand. Do you agree with this statement? What evidence is there that proves the statements validity?

Q: What made Olaudah Equiano an atypical slave? a. He was fortunate enough to escape. b. He went directly from West Africa to Virginia. c. He survived the Middle Passage voyage. d. He led a rebellion. e. He was able to purchase his freedom.

Q: The eighteenth century witnessed a considerable expansion of the public sphere. Define what is meant by public sphere, and describe the various ways in which the colonists participated in it. Be sure to include in your discussion not only who was participating but also who was excluded.

Q: Olaudah Equianos life underscored what eighteenth-century theme? a. Slavery was going to continue to grow without the possibility of ending. b. It was ironic that some men in the British colonies were slaves while others had their rights expanded. c. The British and French empires were on a collision course in North America. d. Most Christian ministers opposed the enslavement of Africans. e. Slaves accepted their condition of bondage with little to no resistance.

Q: In Catos Letters, the authors declare that Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech. To what extent did freedom of thought and freedom of speech exist in eighteenth-century British America?

Q: Pontiacs Rebellion was an Indian revolt against British rule.

Q: Compare and contrast the impact of the Enlightenment with the Great Awakening. How do both contribute to the thinking behind the American Revolution?

Q: Due to the influence of its original Quaker settlers, Pennsylvania maintained peaceful relations with its Native inhabitants throughout the eighteenth century.

Q: Explain the impact of the Seven Years War on colonial society. Pay particular attention to how the war and its outcome shaped colonial identities and the relationship between colonists and Indians.

Q: Religious fundamentalism was on the rise throughout the world in the eighteenth century.

Q: Most Britons believed that the king was above the law.

Q: The religious emotionalism of the Great Awakening was confined to the American colonies in the mid-eighteenth century.

Q: John Locke believed that slaves could not be considered part of civil society.

Q: Father Jun pero Serra is recognized as a humane leader who negotiated treaties that recognized the rights of Indian tribes.

Q: Compared with the seventeenth century, colonial politics in the eighteenth century saw far more crises, scandals, and violent struggles for power.

Q: Native Americans retained more power in the territory of British North America than they did in either Spanish or French North America.

Q: The middle ground was an area shared by Indians and European traders.

Q: A higher percentage of the population in Britain enjoyed suffrage as compared to the American colonies.

Q: In the northern colonies the law did not prohibit blacks from voting but local custom did.

Q: Warfare in the eighteenth century resulted in financial strains on its participants that lingered for decades.

Q: Colonial governors, more than colonial assemblies, curbed freedom of the press.

Q: Deists pioneered an emotional form of Christian worship focused on a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.

Q: On the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia, the birthrate of slaves was high.

Q: Northern colonial ports in New York and Massachusetts actively participated in the slave trade.

Q: The majority of slaves during the Middle Passage died on the ship transporting them across the Atlantic.

Q: Three distinct types of slavery developed in the thirteen colonies.

Q: ___ 1. Olaudah Equiano ___ 2. James Oglethorpe ___ 3. Pontiac ___ 4. Benjamin Franklin ___ 5. William Pitt ___ 6. Jonathan Edwards ___ 7. Jun pero Serra ___ 8. John Peter Zenger ___ 9. George Whitefield ___ 10. John Locke ___ 11. William Cosby ___ 12. Trenchard and Gordon a. was a German-born printer of a colonial weekly journal b. was a Great Awakening preacher c. survived the Middle Passage d. founded the first mission in San Diego e. founded the colony of Georgia f. served as the British prime minister g. was an Ottawa war leader h. wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God i. was an English Enlightenment political philosopher j. founded the Junto, a club for mutual improvement k. wrote Catos Letters l. was a victim of Zengers pen

Q: In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, race took on greater importance over time, and whites increasingly considered free blacks dangerous and undesirable.

Q: ___ 1. Middle Passage ___ 2. Gullah ___ 3. Evangelists ___ 4. Maroons ___ 5. deference ___ 6. Proclamation of 1763 ___ 7. asiento ___ 8. Republicanism ___ 9. Deism ___ 10. Old Lights ___ 11. Stono Rebellion ___ 12. Comanche a. ran away as slaves and waged warfare against British authorities in Jamaica b. traveled to preach religious revivalism c. was a language that mixed various African roots d. prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachians e. was the ship voyage for slaves from Africa to the New World f. was an agreement subcontracting to a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America g. as religious traditionalists, did not support revivalism h. was the assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office i. was a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws j. celebrated virtuous elite giving themselves to public service k. was one of the nomadic tribes that controlled much of the land claimed by Spain l. was an incident that involved conflict between slaves and whites in South Carolina and led to new legislation

Q: Africans had experience cultivating rice in Africa and helped the English settlers grow it in the South.

Q: Recent scholarship has suggested that Olaudah Equiano may have been born in the New World rather than in Africa.

Q: In the early eighteenth century, only one-quarter of the northern urban elite owned at least one slave.