Q&A Hero

Q: Three distinct types of slavery developed in the thirteen colonies.

Q: ___ 1. Olaudah Equiano ___ 2. James Oglethorpe ___ 3. Pontiac ___ 4. Benjamin Franklin ___ 5. William Pitt ___ 6. Jonathan Edwards ___ 7. Jun pero Serra ___ 8. John Peter Zenger ___ 9. George Whitefield ___ 10. John Locke ___ 11. William Cosby ___ 12. Trenchard and Gordon a. was a German-born printer of a colonial weekly journal b. was a Great Awakening preacher c. survived the Middle Passage d. founded the first mission in San Diego e. founded the colony of Georgia f. served as the British prime minister g. was an Ottawa war leader h. wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God i. was an English Enlightenment political philosopher j. founded the Junto, a club for mutual improvement k. wrote Catos Letters l. was a victim of Zengers pen

Q: In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, race took on greater importance over time, and whites increasingly considered free blacks dangerous and undesirable.

Q: What was a consequence of the Seven Years War on native cultures? a. It bolstered support for and interest among some Indians in a pan-Indian identity. b. It inspired large-scale conversions to Christianity among native tribes. c. It strengthened the alliance between the Indians of the Ohio Valley and the British. d. It led to two decades of near-constant fighting among the tribes of the Ohio Valley. e. It caused groups like the Iroquois to experience more autonomy than ever before.

Q: What right does Pontiac claim for Indians in his 1762 and 1763 speeches? a. the right to vote alongside British colonists b. the right to take scalps while waging war c. the right to buy and sell land freely for a large profit d. the right to purchase weapons from white men e. the right to occupy the land of their traditional territories

Q: What did Neolin tell his people they must reject? a. a pan-Indian identity b. European technology and material goods c. the enslavement of Africans d. an alliance with the French e. the use of English in trade negotiations

Q: In his 1762 and 1763 speeches, what does Pontiac portray as the wishes of the Great Spirit and the Master of Life, as told to the prophet Neolin? a. the military defeat of the white man b. peaceful coexistence of the Indians and white men c. the adoption of white customs as a means of encouraging Indian prosperity d. the reliance of the Indians on bread, pork, and beef e. an epidemic that will decimate white populations

Q: Why was the Proclamation of 1763 difficult to enforce? a. Most Native American tribes did not agree with the policy. b. The colonial assemblies wanted to avoid wars with Native Americans. c. It involved such a large geographical area. d. The French refused to leave forts in the Ohio Valley. e. It involved taxes the colonists refused to pay.

Q: During the French and Indian War, how did the Quakers uphold their principles? a. They asked for a holiday to honor William Penn. b. They declared war due to aggressive French incursions into Pennsylvania. c. They urged that all Native Americans be removed from Pennsylvania. d. They praised the middle ground because it brought wealth to Pennsylvanians. e. They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats.

Q: What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? a. to end the slave trade b. to protect the Indians c. to open more land for settlement d. to bring stability to the colonial frontier e. to prohibit Catholicism in the territory newly acquired from France

Q: What did the Paxton Boys demand? a. that liquor not be banned in Georgia b. that slave codes be tightened in New York c. that the Indians be removed from Pennsylvania d. that the French be hanged in Quebec e. that John Peter Zenger be tried for treason

Q: Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union? a. George Washington b. Benjamin Franklin c. William Pitt d. John Peter Zenger e. Thomas Jefferson

Q: The revolt against British rule by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, known as Pontiacs Rebellion, a. reflected a disintegration of a long-standing pan-Indian identity. b. was opposed by the Delaware prophet Neolin. c. led Britain to issue the Proclamation of 1763. d. led Britain to accelerate colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. e. ended conflict between Native Americans and English colonists.

Q: Why were colonial assemblies critical of the Albany Plan of Union? a. They felt it went against Enlightenment ideas on free trade. b. They feared repercussions from the French. c. They wanted to work as individual colonies to establish better relations with the Native Americans. d. They felt their respective colonial assemblies would lose power. e. They believed it would slow the influence of the Great Awakening.

Q: What was one outcome of the Seven Years War in Pennsylvania? a. Relationships between colonists and Indians improved. b. Indians took over the government for five years. c. The Quaker elite lost power. d. Colonists promised to treat Indians less severely. e. Indian enemies were persecuted, but Indian allies were rewarded.

Q: What was the purpose of Scarouyadys 1765 Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council? a. to negotiate a treaty to establish Oneida territory in northwest Pennsylvania b. to pledge the assistance of the Oneida in fighting the French c. to distinguish the Oneida as the friend of white men, unlike other hostile tribes d. to claim compensation for the seizure of Oneida land by white settlers e. to oppose the construction of the fort at Shamokin because it would be on sacred Oneida ground

Q: Which one of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years War? a. strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire b. the founding of the new colony of Ohio in territory acquired from France c. a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America d. the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union e. increased popularity of the Anglican Church among ordinary colonists

Q: In his 1765 Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council, what does Scarouyady urge the Pennsylvania colonists to do in regard to the Delaware Indians and the Six Nations? a. to convert these groups to Christianity so that they will achieve salvation b. to defeat these groups militarily in order to establish the dominance of the colonists c. to treat these groups with respect because they were sure to defeat the colonists d. to put down their weapons and abandon their colonies by fleeing to the West e. to reject their own way of life and officially join these tribes by adopting their practices

Q: The English finally succeeded in defeating the French in the Seven Years War thanks to the leadership of a. George Washington. b. Edward Braddock. c. Robert Carter. d. John Locke. e. William Pitt.

Q: Which of these steps was/were most important to the Spanish when establishing their presence in California? a. the displacement of Native American populations b. roads between California and their other colonies c. the creation of missions and presidios d. agriculture through forced labor e. keeping the British from settling on their territory

Q: The most famous Great Awakening revivalist minister was a. John Locke. b. George Whitefield. c. Cotton Mather. d. John Peter Zenger. e. James Oglethorpe.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the Spanish missions in California in the eighteenth century such as that of Father Junipero Serra? a. Native practices such as traditional dancing and healing became major offenses punishable by death. b. Native populations declined by more than a third due to exposure to disease and environmental changes. c. The Spanish missionaries forged a partnership with newly arrived Russian settlers in California based on trade. d. The Catholic Church rejected the harsh treatment of Native Americans by mission leaders such as Serra and excommunicated them. e. Spanish priests developed a close relationship with nearby Native Americans such that they were equal partners.

Q: What aspects of the Great Awakening did its critics tend to focus on? a. They rejected its calls to eliminate religion as part of daily life in the colonies. b. They rejected its embrace of predestination and claim that God was both male and female. c. They disapproved of the resulting cohesiveness of the church and thought it should have numerous offshoots. d. They disapproved of its references to Catholic saints and embrace of the popes teachings. e. They disapproved of its lack of respect for established churches and disorderly emotionalism.

Q: In the eighteenth century, Texas and California were a. peripheral to the Spanish empire when compared to possessions in Central and South America and the Caribbean. b. ceded by the Spanish to the British in the 1763 Peace of Paris Agreement. c. the economic centers of the Spanish empire in North America. d. not part of any European empire. e. the only remaining French colonies in North America after 1763.

Q: Which aspect of the Great Awakening had significant political influence? a. its widespread condemnation of slavery b. its focus on science over religious emotionalism c. its view of wealth above all as evidence of Gods favor d. its condemnation of alcohol e. its focus on the individuals independent judgment

Q: The French in North America a. had a rapidly expanding empire due to Frances widespread encouragement of migration. b. refused to compete with the British due to strong alliances. c. won control of the Ohio Valley in the Seven Years War. d. were greatly outnumbered by the British on the continent. e. were notorious for their poor relations with Native Americans.

Q: How did Enlightenment thinking influence the Spanish treatment of Indians? a. Reformers recommended moving the Comanche out of Texas. b. There was a call for more humane treatment of Indians. c. It was strongly suggested that the Spanish leave New Spain. d. Reformers pushed for an increase in missions. e. It led to a much larger military presence in Texas.

Q: Which of these factors contributed to a lower number of French immigrants to North America? a. fewer ships with which to sail to the Americas b. lower chance of survival c. the inability of most of the French to hunt and farm d. a restriction of access to the New World by the French monarchy e. the feeling that the Americas were meant for exile

Q: Why did Spain find it difficult to establish effective control over New Mexico and Texas? a. rivalry with the Franciscan missions b. the strength and hostility of the Pueblo Indians c. the combination of too many settlers migrating there and limited resources d. because France controlled most of Texas e. the small number of Spanish citizens living in these locations

Q: What was the significance of the Ohio Valley during the eighteenth century? a. Large numbers of escaped slaves from the Middle Colonies treated it as a haven and established a lasting settlement there. b. Both the British and the French respected it as Cherokee territory, creating a precedent for Native American land ownership. c. The discovery of precious metals elsewhere led to a drastic decline in the population of this area and a decrease of interest in the frontier. d. Caught in imperial rivalries, it was viewed as a lush and promising location for future white settlement. e. It was the preferred area of settlement for crypto-Jews in North America and attracted many Spaniards.

Q: What was Spains Sacred Experiment in California? a. It was a new strategy for converting Indians. b. It was an attempt to halt Russian incursions. c. It was mining for gold and silver. d. It involved a military strategy to weaken the Indians. e. It called for Enlightenment ideas to be implemented.

Q: The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that a. the Indians along the frontier finally had to be subdued. b. France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company. c. they had to aid the English, who were fighting Napoleon in Europe. d. taxes were too high, so they solicited help from both the French and the Indians. e. French Jesuits were converting too many Indians to Catholicism.

Q: For his missionary work Jun pero Serra was a. rewarded by the Lutheran church. b. condemned by the Spanish government. c. made an honorary chief among Native Americans. d. eventually made a saint by the Catholic Church. e. attacked by the French.

Q: The Enlightenment thinkers who influenced many educated Americans in the eighteenth century a. faced their fiercest critic in Benjamin Franklin, who didnt believe in the validity of the scientific method. b. taught that the scientific method should only be applied to the natural world, and not society or politics. c. believed that reason was useless because people were predestined for salvation or damnation. d. taught that reason should be the basis for judging every human institution, authority, and tradition. e. believed that men and women could achieve spiritual salvation by repenting for their sins.

Q: Who pioneered an extremely emotional style of preaching? a. Jonathan Edwards b. George Whitefield c. John Locke d. John Winthrop e. John Peter Zenger

Q: John Peter Zengers libel trial a. resulted from his publication of news stories questioning the intelligence of the king. b. probably would not have ended in his acquittal if he had attacked the assembly rather than the governor. c. set back freedom of the press when it ended in his conviction and imprisonment for printing the truth. d. showed that the public was not yet ready to accept the idea of freedom of speech. e. led to the overturning of the Licentiousness Act of 1694.

Q: What would be a good representation of Enlightenment principles? a. a minister who used emotion in his sermons b. a merchant opposing free trade c. a botanist who studied nature to uncover why a certain plant kept dying d. a newspaper publisher who distorted the truth to attack a corrupt politician e. an educated king who believed he knew best how to rule his country

Q: Eighteenth-century colonial government officeholders a. were usually members of elite families with large landholdings. b. kept in close touch with their constituents between elections. c. were mostly skilled artisans. d. did not have to own property to hold office. e. generally encouraged freedom of the press.

Q: What was one result of the Great Awakening? a. The revivals encouraged colonists to trust the views of established elites. b. The revivals reduced the range of religious alternatives in the colonies. c. The revivals inspired a renewed sense of national unity. d. The revivals helped to expand the circulation of newspapers and pamphlets in the colonies. e. The revivals inspired slaves to cling more closely to their African religions.

Q: What was salutary neglect? a. the aspect of the task system that involved little oversight of slaves b. the requirement that colonial legislatures only meet when absolutely necessary c. the failure to salute British officers as a punishable offense for colonists d. the same thing that child neglect means today e. the British governments policy of leaving the colonies largely to govern themselves

Q: Which eighteenth-century figure was considered the embodiment of Enlightenment ideals? a. Benjamin Franklin b. George Whitefield c. Jonathan Edwards d. Father Jun pero Serra e. Olaudah Equiano

Q: During the eighteenth century, colonial assemblies a. lost political power to colonial governors. b. remained purely advisory bodies to the royal governor. c. became more assertive. d. concentrated on the patronage system. e. rejected the theories of the English Country Party.

Q: Which human capability did Enlightenment thinkers consider to be of the greatest importance? a. religious enthusiasm b. respect for authority c. human reason d. sacrifice for the greater good e. bravery in battle

Q: Which of the following made knowledge and ideas increasingly available in eighteenth-century colonial cities? a. the advent of the telegraph b. circulating libraries c. taxpayer-funded public schools d. visiting lecturers from Europe e. the radio

Q: Which idea was shared by Deists and eighteenth-century European Enlightenment thinkers? a. Obedience to the authority of the church was necessary for an ordered society. b. Humanity was innately sinful. c. Scientific laws governed the natural order d. There was no God. e. Only divine revelation could lead humanity to truth.

Q: How was freedom of the press viewed in the eighteenth century? a. Leaders saw it as a natural right. b. Governments praised it as helping democracy. c. After 1695 the British government required a license for printing. d. Newspapers did not feel it was necessary. e. Governments in both England and the colonies viewed it as dangerous.

Q: What was the Great Awakening at least in part a response to? a. the growth of rationalism and lack of individual engagement in church services b. the highly emotional nature of the services of nearly all existing Christian churches c. the refusal of established churches to levy taxes despite declining funds d. the focus on the torments of hell in the sermons of establishment preachers e. the dominance of the New Lights in religious circles for most of colonial history

Q: Which of the following individuals embodies the colonial understanding of republican virtue? a. a silversmith who is successful enough to open his own shop b. a lower-class farmer struggling to survive c. a planter who serves on his town council d. a slave who resists working because he or she wants to be free e. a housewife who raises a large family of respectful children

Q: In the eighteenth century, how did the number of men eligible to vote in Britain compare to the number of men eligible to vote in the American colonies? a. It was approximately equal because Britain controlled the American colonies. b. It was more than ten times greater in America due to the wide distribution of property. c. It was vastly different because the practice of voting did not yet exist in Britain. d. It was only slightly higher in Britain because British governmental systems had been in existence longer. e. It was more than ten times greater in Britain because more men there had an economic stake in society.

Q: Which of the following is an example of the eighteenth-century understanding of liberalism? a. a slave legally challenging his or her bondage b. a government founded on a system of checks and balances c. a person choosing what church he or she will attend d. a government creating a fund to help feed the poor e. a woman being given the right to vote in an American colony

Q: Property qualifications for holding office a. were the same in every colony as they were for voting. b. meant that women served regularly in colonial legislatures. c. meant that the landed gentry wielded considerable power in colonial legislatures. d. existed for legislators but not for judges, who were esteemed for their legal ability. e. disappeared from Parliament before they were eliminated by colonial legislatures.

Q: The idea of liberalism in eighteenth-century British politics a. had the same meaning as liberalism in twenty-first-century American politics. b. had mainly a public and social quality. c. brought great wealth and power to its main voice, John Locke. d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being. e. dismissed the existence of natural rights.

Q: Who would be most likely to hold the position of legislator in South Carolina in 1750? a. a tailor b. a planter c. a carpenter d. a minister e. a yeoman farmer

Q: Which of the following was a key difference between republicanism and liberalism? a. Republicanism viewed social inequality as innate to society, while liberalism considered inequality as solely evidence of poor governance. b. Republicanism stressed active participation in public life, while liberalism focused on individual rights that were essentially private. c. Republicanism emphasized the equality of property owners and nonproperty owners, while liberalism rejected the idea of the social contract and the existence of natural rights. d. Republicanism embraced a limited role for government, while liberalism saw the government as having a role in enforcing public morality. e. Republicanism was the first political school of thought to oppose slavery, while liberalism considered slavery essential to the liberty of white men.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes the British concept of liberty in the eighteenth century? a. It allowed for unrestrained government authority, since restraints would contradict the very idea of liberty. b. It argued that liberty and power would always be compatible. c. It celebrated the idea of absolutism and prized the role of the monarch above all else. d. It had the fewest freedoms compared to other European countries. e. It included both formal restraints on authority and a collection of specific rights.

Q: Both republican and liberal systems of thought felt the foundation of freedom was a. public debate. b. monarchical rule. c. education. d. slavery. e. security of property.

Q: Republicanism in the eighteenth-century Anglo-American political world emphasized the importance of ________ as the essence of liberty. a. protecting the natural rights of all humans b. active participation in public life by property-owning citizens c. a strong central state d. supporting royal authority as opposed to parliamentary authority e. voting rights for all adult men

Q: It is estimated that between ________ percent of adult white men could vote in eighteenth-century colonial British America. a. 5 and 10 b. 25 and 40 c. 33 and 50 d. 50 and 80 e. 75 and 90

Q: The set of political ideas that scholars refer to as republicanism a. celebrated active participation in public life by all people regardless of economic status. b. held that only property-owning, economically independent citizens should participate in public life. c. had little influence on the political culture of the American colonies. d. called for the abolition of slavery. e. called for the abolition of colonialism.

Q: How did American colonial politics compare with British politics? a. British politics were more democratic in all ways, as a higher percentage of the population had voting rights. b. Colonists tended to agree with the British that voting rights were tied to property ownership. c. Most American colonies, unlike Britain, at least allowed propertied women to vote. d. Elections in American colonies involved a broader range of issues because most Native Americans could vote. e. Colonial politics proved far more corrupt until the Licentiousness Act of 1694.

Q: What was the significance of the Country Party? a. Their support for absolute monarchies inspired those who would remain Loyalists during the American Revolution. b. Their criticism of Puritans resulted in Britain rescinding the original Massachusetts charter. c. Their writings warned against the tendency of political power to threaten liberty and were popular in the American colonies. d. Their promotion of British mercantilism influenced British economic policy throughout the eighteenth century. e. Their attempts to seize the property of the landed gentry in England resulted in stricter rules of free assembly in the American colonies.

Q: What statement is true of suffrage in the eighteenth-century American colonies? a. Property ownership was the most important qualification in colonial voting laws. b. All thirteen colonies held the same voting requirements, indicating their sense of nationalism. c. A far smaller portion of the population was eligible to vote when compared with the Old World. d. Women were forbidden from voting in all colonies. e. American birth was a voting requirement in most colonies.

Q: The 1741 panic in New York City that led to thirty-four executions was sparked by a. a declaration of war by the Spanish empire. b. the seizing of the New York armory by the British. c. a rally of boisterous Irish. d. the imprisonment of twenty free blacks. e. a series of fires breaking out throughout the city.

Q: What is one result of the expanding British patriotic sentiment in the eighteenth century? a. Common citizens became increasingly outspoken regarding their hatred of slavery. b. As many as twenty different languages flourished in London thanks to Britains commitment to linguistic diversity. c. The economy slid rapidly into decline. d. Britain saw itself as the ultimate Catholic power. e. Modern rules for cricket, the national sport, were created.

Q: In the eighteenth century, British freedom a. centered on the belief that all people of the world have equal rights. b. was closely identified with Protestantism and identified nearly every other nation as a slave to Catholicism, tyranny, or barbarism. c. was a secular view of liberty that required that religion and politics be completely separate. d. was based on the idea that all men should vote regardless of class status. e. fueled a successful abolitionist movement in England.

Q: What led to slavery decreasing in Philadelphia after 1750? a. Quakers pushed to outlaw slavery. b. There were no cash crops in Philadelphia. c. Many slaves escaped to New England. d. A smallpox epidemic killed thousands of slaves. e. Artisans and merchants turned more to wage laborers.

Q: As the eighteenth century progressed, how did Britain view itself in contrast to France? a. as a humble nation that shied away from patriotism in all ways b. as a staunch defender of Catholicism c. as a land with a lower standard of living than the colonies d. as a state that lacked foreign foes e. as a realm of widespread prosperity and individual liberty

Q: What was the most significant bonding factor for the diverse groups of Africans brought to the mainland colonies? a. religion b. race c. language d. slavery e. culture

Q: Which of the following statements about slaves in the New World and religion is accurate? a. West Africanborn slaves, like their families back home, rejected the concept of a single Creator of all things. b. Because West African societies had no native religions, slaves were very open to the message of Christianity. c. As time went on, many slaves adopted elements of Christianity while maintaining aspects of traditional African beliefs. d. The majority of North American slaves came to the colonies already practicing Christianity. e. Early slaves in the Americas tended to do away with traditional African religions due to the traumas of slavery.

Q: Who were yeoman farmers in the mid-eighteenth century? a. freed African-American slaves who owned their own farms b. white farmers in the North who owned slaves to help work the fields c. young farmhands who worked with older farmhands, much like apprentices d. small landowners who usually farmed their own land and did not own slaves e. slaves who worked on large cotton plantations in the South

Q: The development of African-American cultures that synthesized diverse African cultures with European elements and the conditions of enslaved peoples lives in America a. happened uniformly throughout the North American colonies. b. only happened in the northern colonies. c. only happened in the southern colonies. d. developed differently in each of the three North American slave systems. e. never happened in North America.

Q: What religion did the majority of enslaved African people in North America practice in the eighteenth century? a. Catholicism b. Islam c. Judaism d. traditional African religions e. Protestantism

Q: Which of the following statements is true of eighteenth-century slavery in South Carolina and Georgia? a. The laws in those colonies created a very static institution with few differences among plantations, small farms, and cities. b. Plantation slaves enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to maintain more of their African culture. c. Because of the high death rates of Africans due to malaria, slave populations declined by 5 to 10 percent per decade during the 1700s. d. Because the governments of South Carolina and Georgia strictly enforced laws preventing sexual contact between whites and blacks, a significant population of racially mixed individuals never developed. e. Colonial law gave freedom to any slave who successfully escaped to Charleston or Savannah.

Q: Which of the following factors was significant in creating three distinct African-American cultures in British North America by the mid-eighteenth century? a. identification with one of three distinct African nations depending on the colony b. the outlawing of slavery throughout the northern colonies c. a lack of any religious beliefs and practices among American slaves d. the fact that, for most of the eighteenth century, most American slaves were born in the Americas e. a range in American slaves proximity to white culture depending on the region

Q: How did the enslaved tend to pursue freedom in the American colonies in the 1700s? a. running away to places where they could pass as free b. presenting petitions to colonial governments c. telling their stories to the congregations of Protestant churches d. suing for freedom in courts of law e. forming alliances with Native American tribes

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes South Carolinas Stono Rebellion? a. The Native Americans who participated in the rebellion were granted large tracts of land along the frontier as a result. b. Historians agree that the rebellion never actually occurred and is one of the most successful known hoaxes in American history. c. The rebellion sparked fears among whites and led to a severe tightening of the South Carolina slave code. d. The rebellion resulted in legislation that made the importation of slaves easier than ever and vastly increased the number of slaves in the South. e. Casualties were greater among whites than slaves, leading half of the slaves in South Carolina to be banished to South America.

Q: Why did the English government support the establishment of the Georgia colony? a. It wanted to ban slavery. b. The English feared a French invasion of the South. c. The English wanted a buffer between South Carolina and Spains Florida. d. It wanted a colony to grow rice. e. It wanted another colony that would focus on tobacco as a cash crop.

Q: Which of the following statements was true of Georgia? a. Colonists sought self-government to gain the right to introduce slavery. b. It was the only colony to maintain a ban on liquor until independence. c. The philanthropists who founded it wanted to exclude lower-class Englishmen. d. Its residents invaded Florida and took it from Spain in the War of Jenkins Ear. e. It was named for the most important British queen of the eighteenth century.

Q: Why was slavery less prevalent in the northern colonies? a. Northern whites were not as racist as southern whites. b. It was too expensive to transport slaves to the North. c. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves. d. More reformers lived in the North. e. The northern colonies used Indian labor instead.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes slavery in the North in the eighteenth century? a. Slaves in the New England colonies were afforded significant rights, including the ability to testify against whites in court. b. Most upper-class families in New England owned five to ten slaves because they were vital to the economy. c. Slaves were forbidden from taking jobs in artisan shops, which were reserved for white apprentices. d. The slave population in New York City was never more than one percent of the white population. e. In urban areas, owning slaves was viewed as more economical than hiring wage labor and indentured servants.