Q&A Hero

Q: With regard to Indians, the English were chiefly interested a. in intermarrying with Indians. b. in converting to Indian religions. c. in displacing Indians and settling on their land. d. in ruling over Indians as subjects of the English crown. e. in joining Indian tribes.

Q: Who received most of the profits from trade between Native Americans and colonists? a. Native Americans b. English soldiers c. colonial and European merchants d. the king e. Parliament

Q: As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a. there was an increase in the number of jobless peasants, whom the British government aided with an early form of welfare. b. efforts were made to persuade or even force those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis. c. mass numbers of peasants converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, because the Catholic Church took better care of the poor. d. there was a sharp reduction in the number of sheep and other livestock. e. the spread of the Black Plague decreased because of the elimination of cramped living quarters.

Q: What role did the enclosure movement play in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England? a. It created a crisis in which many people had no way to make a living. b. Queen Marys failure to address the problem helped lead to her overthrow. c. Spain reacted by launching an invasion of England. d Poverty rates were worse in New England than England. e. The problem was such a crisis that Henry VIII authorized judges to order the jobless to work.

Q: In England, the idea of working for wages a. was a completely foreign concept. b. was associated with servility and the loss of liberty. c. was romanticized in ballads and tales. d. was predominantly seen as preferable to controlling ones own labor. e. grew exceedingly popular among the poor during the sixteenth century.

Q: Poor and working-class English people generally hoped that emigrating to America would provide a. the opportunity to rely entirely on their employer. b. ways to escape their lives as masterless men. c. a place where they could once again be peasants on a feudal manor. d. opportunities to become independent landowners. e. a place to practice their Catholic faith without harassment.

Q: Which North American area received the most English settlers in the seventeenth century? a. Newfoundland b. Chesapeake region c. West Indies d. New England e. Middle Colonies

Q: Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England a. arrived with other members of their families. b. were single, middle-class men. c. were single, lower-class men. d. had been released from debtors prisons. e. sought to escape the Black Death then ravaging England.

Q: Which of the following was a significant factor in the greater number of English settlers in the New World, compared to French or Spanish settlers? a. Economic conditions were worse in England. b. The English population was by far larger. c. The English government forcibly deported all of its paupers and criminals. d. The English government funded the passage of anyone willing to settle the New World. e. The North American climate was identical to that of England.

Q: What was a key difference between indentured servants from England and slaves from Africa? a. Indentured servants never changed owners. b. After giving birth, indentured servant women had to give up the child to the owner. c. The indentured servants could freely choose their spouse. d. Three-quarters of indentured servants escaped and found permanent freedom. e. Most indentured servants voluntarily came to the colonies.

Q: Indentured servants a. made up only a small minority of seventeenth-century English emigrants. b. could be bought and sold, were subject to physical punishment, and often died before they finished their terms of service. c. all acquired land and achieved economic independence at the end of their terms of service. d. were famously diligent, with stellar work ethics. e. usually emigrated as married couples.

Q: During the seventeenth century, indentured servants a. made up less than one-third of English settlers in America. b. had to surrender their freedom for a minimum of ten years to come to the colonies. c. had a great deal of trouble acquiring land. d. had to pay half of the fare to get them to the New World. e. were almost entirely Irish.

Q: Which of the following statements exemplifies how freedom and lack of freedom characterized seventeenth-century America? a. The settlers success involved depriving Native Americans of their land and enslaving large numbers of Africans. b. The New England Puritans gained economic freedom but lost any sort of religious freedom in the New World. c. The northern colonists success depended on depriving the southern colonists of all agricultural success. d. Catholics became the immigrant group with the most freedomat the expense of Protestants, who lost their freedom. e. In Virginia, indentured servants took more and more of the wealthy landowners land, leaving them impoverished.

Q: Why did the English make use of the argument that Catholic Spain was uniquely murderous and tyrannical? a. to justify their efforts to overthrow the Spanish monarchy b. to disparage the practices of Puritans and other separatists c. to present their own imperial endeavors as being in support of the cause of freedom d. to present the Catholics living in Ireland as more civilized by comparison e. to prevent the English underclass from fleeing to the New World

Q: In late-sixteenth-century England, a. Catholicism was the dominant religion. b. anti-Catholicism was deeply ingrained in popular culture. c. Catholics and Protestants lived in harmony. d. Queen Elizabeth I executed more than 100 Protestant priests. e. Queen Elizabeth I converted to Catholicism.

Q: Which of the following ideas did Richard Hakluyt use to raise support for Englands colonization efforts in the New World? a. The creation of rich agricultural colonies could prevent mass famine as the English population grew. b. English colonization was part of a divine mission to save the New World from Spanish tyranny. c. The abundant gold in the New World would make England a prosperous nation. d. New World lumber would allow England to create an armada to rival the Spanish. e. Colonization would ease international tensions by encouraging interdependence between England and Spain.

Q: The 104 settlers who remained in Virginia after the ships that brought them from England returned home a. were all men, reflecting the Virginia Companys interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society. b. included women and children, because the Virginia Company realized that a stable society would improve the settlers chances of success, economic and otherwise. c. included representatives of several other countries, part of Englands effort to build a strong network of supporters in case of Spanish attack. d. built the second permanent English settlement in North America after Roanoke. e. were only half of those who originally set sail; the rest turned around and went back.

Q: Who provided funding for the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States? a. the English government b. the Anglican church c. a private business organization d. a wealthy individual e. the settlers themselves

Q: Many settlers came to America from England because they felt it could provide expanded opportunities. What was the primary reason aristocrats decided to immigrate? a. They wanted to earn money in the New World for a couple of years, and then move back to England. b. They wanted to start new lives as adventurers. c. They wanted to develop a more egalitarian society. d. They wanted to give their servants a better life. e. They wanted to re-create a vanished world of feudalism.

Q: Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church? a. He felt the Catholic Church was treating other Catholic nations such as Spain and Portugal unfairly. b. He wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and the pope refused to grant it. c. He recognized that England was at its peak as an international power and sought to take advantage. d. He wanted to be pope, and the College of Cardinals refused to elect an English Catholic. e. He felt the Catholic Church was not opposing the Protestant Reformation harshly enough.

Q: Which of the following statements is true of Queen Mary of England, who reigned from 1553 to 1558? a. She ascended to the throne immediately after a long period of civil war and successfully unified the nation. b. Her refusal to marry led to her designation as the Virgin Queen, after whom Virginia was named. c. When the pope refused to allow her to divorce her French royal husband, she founded an independent Church of England. d. She temporarily restored Catholicism as the state religion of England and executed a number of Protestants. e. Under her authority, colonists established the first permanent English settlement in North America.

Q: Approaches and policies used by the English in relation to Native American tribes in North America repeated patterns the English had established in ________ in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. a. Ireland b. India c. Spain d. Germany e. France

Q: During the reign of ________, the English government turned its attention to North America by granting charters to Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh for the establishment of colonies there. a. Henry VIII b. Mary I c. James I d. James II e. Elizabeth I

Q: English writers compared Native Americans to what other people, claiming that both peoples refusal to respect English authority and convert to English Protestantism was barbaric? a. the Dutch b. the French c. the Irish d. the Spanish e. the Portuguese

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes the colonization attempts made by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh? a. They received little or no economic support from the English government. b. They received substantial monetary incentives from the English crown. c. They laid claim to land already considered by the Spanish to be Spanish territory. d. They resulted in the loss of many settlers due to disease yet were the first permanent English settlements. e. They were the first settlements with the primary aim of establishing a society with freedom of religion.

Q: What was unique about the Roanoke colony? a. Its residents owned the colonys land entirely collectively. b. Its settlers disappeared and their fate was never discovered. c. It established a lasting positive relationship with the local Indians. d. It established the first elected assembly in colonial America. e. It was intended to be a refuge for persecuted Catholics.

Q: Why did England consider Spain its enemy by the late 1500s? a. because of religious differences: England had officially broken with the Roman Catholic Church, while Spain was devoutly Catholic. b. because of the Spanish Armadas successful invasion of Great Britain in 1588 c. because Spain had allied with France to invade English colonies in the New World d. because one of Henry VIIIs beheaded wives was a Spanish princess, and the Spanish government announced it would be at war with England until Henry apologized e. because both the English and Spanish royal families laid claim to the Irish throne

Q: What was an important impetus for English empire building in North America? a. England was determined to spread Catholicism to Native Americans. b. The Protestant Reformation heightened Englands sense of mission to spread Protestantism and liberate the Americas from Spanish popery. c. England wanted to create a trading relationship with Spain in the New World. d. Englands rival, Ireland, had already established a colony in North America. e. England believed that, as a great empire, it had a duty to share its wealth and knowledge with Native Americans.

Q: How had the concept of English freedom developed through the centuries before 1700? What had defined freedom, and to whom were liberties granted? How and why had those definitions changed over the centuries? How did the English Civil War help to change those definitions?

Q: In 1607, the colonists who sailed to Jamestown on three small ships a. were funded entirely by the queens government. b. chose an inland site partly to avoid the possibility of attack by Spanish warships. c. were officers and sailors in the British Royal Navy. d. built a colony at Cape Henry in the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. e. were members of Puritan congregations in search of religious freedom.

Q: Which of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dates they were founded, from the earliest to the latest? a. Plymouth, Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island b. Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Jamestown c. Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island d. Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Jamestown e. Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

Q: In British America, unlike other New World empires, Indians performed most of the labor in the colonies.

Q: After the English Civil War, it was generally believed that freedom was the common heritage of all Englishmen.

Q: The English Civil War was a bloodless war that restored Catholicism to England.

Q: Jewish people enjoyed religious freedom under Marylands Act Concerning Religion.

Q: Oliver Cromwells Parliament passed the first Navigation Act, aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch.

Q: The English colonies in America in the seventeenth century developed remarkably similar economic, political, and social structures to one another.

Q: What key political, social, and religious ideas and institutions defined the English nation around 1600?

Q: Once England decided to create an overseas empire, it did so with impressive speed. Explain the motives behind English expansion to the North American continent, including the Great Migration.

Q: Many degrees of freedom coexisted in seventeenth-century North America. Discuss the various definitions of freedom. Be sure to include slaves, indentured servants, women, Indians, property owners, and Puritans in your discussion. Identify any similarities and differences among these different versions of freedom.

Q: Explain the reasons behind the various conflicts between the English and the Indians. How do differing perceptions of land and liberty fit into the story? How do trade and religion play a part?

Q: John Winthrop distinguished between natural and moral liberty. What was the difference? How did moral liberty work, and how did Puritans define liberty and freedom? Discuss the restrictions of moral liberty and the consequences as illustrated by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Be sure to address Winthrops speech in the Voices of Freedom box.

Q: Compare the Chesapeake and New England colonies. Explore the various reasons for the colonists emigrating to the New World, their economies, gender roles, demographics, religion, and relations with the Indians. How did land ownership compare from one region to the other? Which pattern of settlement is more representative of American development after the seventeenth century?

Q: Both religious freedom and the separation of church and state are taken for granted today. In seventeenth-century colonial America, freedom and religion did not necessarily go hand in hand, for many believed that the church ought to influence the state. Describe the varying degrees of religious freedom practiced in the colonies as well as differing attitudes about the relationship between church and state. Be sure to consider the following colonies, at least: Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Maryland.

Q: To the Puritan leaders, Indians were savages and immoral.

Q: One of the first priorities of the Puritans upon arriving in North America was converting the Indians to Christianity.

Q: The headright system led to fewer people from England coming to Virginia.

Q: Treatment of the Indians by members of the Virginia colony was influenced in part by Las Casass condemnation of Spanish behavior.

Q: The romance between Pocahontas and John Smith led to their marrying in England, where she then died.

Q: The Virginia Company accomplished its goals for the shareholders and for its settlers.

Q: Believing that tobacco was harmful to ones health, King James I warned against its use.

Q: Women in the early Virginia colony comprised about half the white population.

Q: Virginia women who were feme sole were more likely to have the opportunity to conduct business.

Q: Puritans believed that the Church of England was not in need of reform.

Q: Self-denial was an important element of the Puritan understanding of freedom.

Q: The Pilgrims intended to set sail for Cape Cod in 1620.

Q: The first settlers to Massachusetts were nearly identical in makeup to the first Jamestown settlers.

Q: The family structure in Puritan colonies in America differed significantly from the typical family structure in England.

Q: Religious toleration violated the Puritan understanding of moral liberty.

Q: Roger Williams imagined Rhode Island as a feudal domain.

Q: Early settlers of Jamestown preferred seeking gold to farming.

Q: The ideals of which group or individual are most closely aligned with modern Americas ideal of equal rights for all? a. Puritans b. Levellers c. Stuart kings d. John Winthrop e. John Smith

Q: Which of the following is true of the Puritans dealings with Quakers? a. Their officials in Massachusetts severely punished Quakers, even hanging several of them. b. They welcomed the Quakers and thus were happy to help them set up the Pennsylvania colony. c. They fought Charles IIs efforts to oppress and suppress Quakers. d. They passed a law ordering all Quakers to leave Massachusetts or face imminent death. e. They resented the Quakers for their shrewd business practices.

Q: The Diggers a. were a Protestant sect that the Puritans banished from Massachusetts. b. were a group of Scottish immigrants to Maryland who sought to form a union of fellow laborers. c. were an English group that advocated for common ownership of land and declared that all English people, including the poor, were entitled to a comfortable livelihood. d. was another name for tobacco laborers in Maryland. e. was a derogatory name that the English used to describe Irish-Catholic laborers.

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the impact on Maryland of seventeenth-century Englands Protestant-Catholic conflict? a. The conflict had no effect on far-off Maryland. b. To win the favor of Protestant kings, Maryland gave all authority to Protestants. c. The English government temporarily repealed Calverts ownership of Maryland and the colonys policies of religious toleration. d. Marylands Catholic leaders banned Protestant worship in 1671. e. The conflict eventually led to the Puritan government of the 1640s taking refuge in Maryland.

Q: Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration? a. Virginia b. Maryland c. Massachusetts d. Rhode Island e. Connecticut

Q: The Crisis in Maryland in the 1640s centered mainly on a. conflict between socialists and capitalists. b. conflict between supporters of Parliament and those loyal to King Charles I. c. conflict between tobacco and cotton farmers. d. conflict between indentured servants and plantation owners. e. conflict between Quakers and Baptists.

Q: In the 1650s, who pushed England toward a policy of expanding territory and commercialism? a. Oliver Cromwell b. John Smith c. Charles I d. Charles II e. James I

Q: ___ 1. Squanto ___ 2. John Smith ___ 3. Anne Hutchinson ___ 4. Powhatan ___ 5. John Calvin ___ 6. Roger Williams ___ 7. Cecilius Calvert ___ 8. John Winthrop ___ 9. William Bradford ___ 10. Pocahontas ___ 11. Walter Raleigh ___ 12. Richard Hakluyt a. served as proprietor of Maryland b. was the wife of John Rolfe c. was a Pilgrim leader d. was a leader of Indians near Jamestown e. served as governor of Massachusetts f. led a settlement at Roanoke Island that failed g. was denounced for Antinomianism h. was an Indian who helped the Pilgrims i. was a French-born theologian who influenced the Puritans j. established Rhode Island k. wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting l. was an early leader of Jamestown

Q: ___ 1. Virginia Company ___ 2. An Act Concerning Religion ___ 3. Puritans ___ 4. tobacco ___ 5. Mayflower Compact ___ 6. headright system ___ 7. Quakers ___ 8. indentured servants ___ 9. House of Burgesses ___ 10. Half-Way Covenant ___ 11. Magna Carta ___ 12. Levellers a. institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from Marylands beginnings b. believed the spirit of God dwelled in all persons c. gave five to seven years of service for passage to America and were subject to punishment d. was the first elected assembly in colonial America e. was the charter company that established Jamestown f. was the first written frame of government in British America g. was a religious compromise for the descendants of the Great Migration h. was the primary crop of the Chesapeake colonies i. argued that the Church of England was still too Catholic j. granted fifty acres to anyone who paid his own passage k. formed a political movement favoring expanded liberties l. was a 1215 document that was said to embody English freedom

Q: Jamestown was originally settled only by men.

Q: A Discourse Concerning Western Planting argued that English settlement of North America would strike a blow against Spain.

Q: As enclosure of land resulted in fewer farmers, many of these people moved to English cities, becoming jobless and causing vagrancy.

Q: The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain independence.

Q: Indians mostly traded furs and animal skins for European goods.

Q: Growing connections with Europeans lessened warfare between Indian tribes.

Q: How does Henry Care differentiate France and England in his text English Liberties or The Free-Born Subjects Inheritance? a. He describes the French people as subject to the Catholic Church, while the English are free to follow their own consciences and forgo religion. b. He describes the French king as having unlimited power, while the English king is said to be constrained by laws and the rights of the people. c. He describes the French people as simple and poor, while the English are prosperous and sophisticated in every respect. d. He describes the French people as enjoying true liberties, while English subjects struggle with liberties that exist only in name. e. He describes the French people as appropriately respectful of their kings decisions, while the English consistently create problems by challenging their monarchy.

Q: A central element in the definition of English liberty was a. the right to a trial by jury. b. the right to self-incrimination. c. that each English citizen owned a copy of the English Constitution. d. freedom of expression. e. the idea that the king was above the rule of law.

Q: What was one of the elements of English liberty that came to be embodied in English common law in the wake of the 1215 Magna Carta? a. the right to speak out against the Crown b. the right of all peoples to self-determination and freedom from colonial control c. the right of habeas corpus d. the right to pursue justice without waiting for permission from an authority figure e. the right to pay a fee to avoid imprisonment

Q: How did the meaning of the Magna Carta change with time? a. It began as a religious document but soon gained a secular understanding. b. It grew more and more at odds with the idea of English liberty. c. As serfdom disappeared, its rights applied to a greater percentage of the population. d. After the English Civil War, its ideas were completely rejected. e. Following the Protestant Reformation, it specified the right to religious freedom.