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History & Theory
Q:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the English understanding during the seventeenth century of the concept of freedom?
a. It was understood purely in religious terms, referring to freedom from Catholic interference.
b. It was a political term referring strictly to who should have the right to vote.
c. It remained a vital and much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded.
d. It evolved primarily as part of the first western push for womens rights.
e. It emerged at a time when English rulers had already officially declared the country a democracy.
Q:
In the 1640s, leaders of the House of Commons
a. accused the king of imposing taxes without parliamentary consent.
b. supported efforts to move England back to Catholicism.
c. aided Charles I in overthrowing his father, James I.
d. opposed Oliver Cromwells Commonwealth government.
e. refused to allow new colonists to emigrate to America.
Q:
During the English political upheaval between 1640 and 1660,
a. new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church.
b. groups began calling for the elimination of a written English constitution on the grounds that kings merely abused its privileges.
c. writer John Milton called for an end to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, because it caused too much controversy.
d. the execution of King Charles II led to new debates about crime and punishment.
e. the majority of American colonists returned to England to participate in the Civil War.
Q:
What was one of the guiding principles of the Levellers?
a. They pushed for the common ownership of land.
b. They called for greatly expanded voting rights.
c. They opposed a written constitution on the grounds that it institutionalized social inequality.
d. They proposed to abolish Parliament entirely.
e. They sought to maintain the status quo through the establishment of social classes.
Q:
Religious dissension in England during the first half of the seventeenth century resulted in
a. a civil war.
b. war with Spain.
c. a papal visit to London.
d. England not focusing on the monarchy.
e. Henry VIII restoring Catholicism.
Q:
What was the context in which groups such as the Levellers and Diggers arose?
a. religious changes brought about by Henry VIII breaking with the Catholic Church
b. political unrest to the point of a civil war
c. economic prosperity spurred by immense colonial wealth
d. economic stability created by the enclosure movement
e. cultural changes resulting from a great influx of immigrants from Ireland
Q:
The English Civil War was significant in American history because
a. the debates over the meaning of freedom that emerged from the war elevated the idea of English liberty to a central place in the political culture of the Anglo-American colonies.
b. Oliver Cromwells pro-Parliament forces rejected imperial expansion and freed Ireland and Jamaica, and thus threatened the continued existence of the American colonies.
c. Oliver Cromwells government refused to trade with the colonies.
d. Oliver Cromwells government abolished slavery.
e. When the monarchy was restored, Charles II sought to tax the colonies to pay for the war.
Q:
What type of government does Henry Care describe as ideal in his text English Liberties or The Free-Born Subjects Inheritance?
a. democracy
b. oligarchy
c. monarchy
d. anarchy
e. tyranny
Q:
A central element in the definition of English liberty was
a. the right to a trial by jury.
b. the right to self-incrimination.
c. that each English citizen owned a copy of the English Constitution.
d. freedom of expression.
e. the idea that the king was above the rule of law.
Q:
What did Mary Rowlandsons book demonstrate?
a. The brutality of New England Indians.
b. The strong pull of being part of the Puritan society.
c. The importance of questioning the church elders.
d. The significance of the separation of church and state.
e. The appeal of joining an Indian community.
Q:
Who spoke in Anne Hutchinsons defense during her 1637 trial?
a. court-appointed lawyer
b. Roger Williams
c. John Winthrop
d. her husband
e. Anne Hutchinson herself
Q:
Which of the following claims did Anne Hutchinson make during her 1637 trial?
a. The Bible was to be understood metaphorically only.
b. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was becoming too materialistic.
c. Women had no right to speak in public regarding religious matters.
d. Religious freedom should be extended to Jews and Native Americans.
e. God spoke to her directly, much as God had spoken to Abraham.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of what John Winthrop calls civil, federal, or moral liberty in his 1645 Speech to the Massachusetts General Court?
a. a wifes obedience to her husband as a form of honor
b. an animal caring for its young
c. a mans ability to give in to animalistic impulses
d. a group of people forming a dissenting church
e. a person crying out ecstatically during a church service
Q:
What does John Winthrop say about civil or federal liberty in his 1645 Speech to the Massachusetts General Court?
a. It is maintained through proper subjection to authority.
b. It is the enemy of truth and peace.
c. It is completely unavailable to women.
d. It relies exclusively on an individuals understanding of right and wrong.
e. It defies mans proper relationship to God.
Q:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Pequot War of 1637?
a. The Pequots were forced to pay reparations for the damage they caused New England settlers.
b. The Narragansetts joined the Pequots to fight the Puritans.
c. The Pequots won and relocated to what would became New York State.
d. The colonists victory resulted in the effective destruction of the Pequot tribe.
e. The Pequots temporarily drove the Massachusetts Bay settlers into Plymouth Colony.
Q:
In the seventeenth century, New Englands economy
a. grew at a very slow rate because few settlers moved to the region.
b. suffered because most early settlers were poor and could not gain access to land.
c. centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber.
d. boasted a significant manufacturing component that employed close to one-third of all men.
e. relied heavily on indentured servants in the labor force.
Q:
Compared to the Chesapeake colonies, New England had more economic equality because it had more
a. cash crops.
b. timber.
c. landowners.
d. slaves.
e. religious toleration.
Q:
Boston merchants
a. challenged the subordination of economic activity to Puritan control.
b. refused to trade with anyone outside the Puritan faith.
c. paid for Anne Hutchinsons prosecution.
d. had enjoyed widespread freedom to trade since the establishment of the colony.
e. believed the General Court should regulate all economic activity.
Q:
As the sixteenth century progressed in New England, the growing commerce
a. brought religious and economic values into conflict.
b. increased church attendance.
c. led to better relations between the English and the Native Americans.
d. made the church elders the wealthiest people in society.
e. resulted in new cash crops.
Q:
The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 addressed
a. separation of church and state.
b. freedom of religion.
c. Native American relations.
d. generational church membership.
e. business relations.
Q:
The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 allowed for
a. English peasants to regain half of their communal lands lost during the enclosure movement.
b. partial membership in Puritan churches based on ancestry.
c. indentured servants to pay their masters to cut their term of service in half.
d. wives to share half the family property.
e. Native Americans to regain half of their lands lost to English settlers.
Q:
The Half-Way Covenant of 1662
a. set up civil government in Massachusetts.
b. allowed Baptists and Quakers to attend, but not join, Puritan churches.
c. gave women limited voting rights in Puritan congregations.
d. permitted anyone who paid a tithe to be baptized in a Puritan church.
e. did not require evidence of conversion to grant a kind of church membership.
Q:
The Magna Carta
a. was an agreement between King Henry VIII and the Anglican Church.
b. guaranteed religious freedom in Great Britain.
c. granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons.
d. was seen as embodying English freedom until Parliament repealed it in 1722.
e. was, like the English Constitution, unwritten.
Q:
What was a borderland? Compare the roles the French, Dutch, and Indians played in the borderlands of North America. In the seventeenth century, did any group have an advantage? Explain your answer.
Q:
Like the Spanish, the French often intermarried with the Indians, resulting in mixed-race children.
Q:
The Dutch were the first Europeans to build a permanent settlement on Manhattan Island.
Q:
The Dutch invented the joint stock company, which contributed to the development of modern capitalism.
Q:
Slaves in New Netherland were treated worse than slaves in the West Indies.
Q:
In New Netherland, the Dutch were intolerant of diverse religious practices and issued an edict that all had to convert to the Dutch Reformed Church.
Q:
Many Dutch identified with American Indians as fellow victims of Spanish oppression.
Q:
The Dutch and French were unaware of each others settlements in North America.
Q:
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two. 1) conquistadores 2) Pueblo Revolt 3) private property 4) African slave trade 5) Columbian Exchange 6) Indian freedom 7) Black Legend 8) mound builders 9) Christopher Columbus 10) Zheng He 11) Bartolom de Las Casas 12) coverture 13) Jesuits a. claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500 b. founded Quebec in 1608 c. was an Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492 d. was a Dominican priest who preached against Spanish abuses of Indians e. was a British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations f. was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs g. sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean h. was the namesake of America i. was the first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497 j. explored Florida k. led seven large naval expeditions in the early 1400s l. developed a movable-type printing press
Q:
Explain as thoroughly as you can how the slave trade affected African society.
Q:
One Spanish official remarked that the maxim of the conqueror must be to settle. Explain what you think he meant by this statement. Illustrate the various ways conquerors settled the New World, commenting on what worked, what did not work, and the consequences of those methods.
Q:
Explain the chapters title: A New World. What was new? Is new an appropriate term? Does perspective play a role in calling the Americas new? Be sure to comment on whether freedom was new in this New World.
Q:
Compare Indian society with that of the Europeans. What differences were there? Similarities? Be sure to include in your analysis ideas about religion, land, and gender roles as well as notions of freedom.
Q:
The Dutch prided themselves on their devotion to liberty. Explain what kinds of liberties and freedoms the Dutch recognized that other nations, such as Spain, did not. How did these notions of freedom affect the development of their North American empire? Be sure to include the Indians and slaves in your discussion.
Q:
The sophistication and diversity of the peoples in the early Americas is remarkable. Explore that diversity in an essay that discusses early Native American culture, architecture, religion, gender relations, economy, and views of freedom.
Q:
The Spanish had a long history of conquering in the name of God. From the Reconquista to the conquistadores to the settlement of the New World, Spain justified its conquests as a mission to save the souls of heathenswhile putting them to work in subhuman conditions. Explore this paradox of conquering and killing in the name of saving. Remember to think about what else was going on in the world at that time with regard to the Protestant Reformation and the Inquisition.
Q:
When the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots), was revoked in 1685, 100,000 Huguenots fled France for New France.
Q:
Columbuss first voyage reached the Bahamas in 1492.
Q:
Columbus established the first permanent settlement on Hispaniola in 1502.
Q:
Johannes Gutenbergs printing press allowed news of Columbuss explorations to spread quickly.
Q:
In conquering the Aztec empire, Hern n Cort s and his small Spanish army were aided by thousands of soldiers who had been subjects of the Aztecs.
Q:
The catastrophic decline in the native populations of Spanish America was mostly due to the fact that they were not immune to European diseases.
Q:
By 1550, the Spanish empire in the New World exceeded the ancient Roman empire in size.
Q:
Despite their monarchy back in Spain, the Spanish colonies had elected assemblies.
Q:
Martin Luther stated that only priests and other Catholic clergy should be allowed to read and interpret the Bible.
Q:
Europeans arrived in North America and South America with the attitude that their culture was superior to that of the various indigenous groups.
Q:
Spains attitude that Christianity was superior to other religions contributed to both the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain and the collapse of Native American societies in the New World.
Q:
The Spanish aim was to exterminate or remove the Indians from the New World.
Q:
Inspired by tales of golden cities, the Spanish mounted explorations of the present-day US. Southwest.
Q:
In History of the Indies, Bartolome de las Casas purposefully omitted any mention of the story of the Native Americans.
Q:
The Spanish were the first to sail down the western coast of Africa, establishing trading posts called factories.
Q:
African society did not practice slavery before Europeans came.
Q:
The Spanish Reconquista required that all Muslims and Jews convert to Catholicism or leave Spain immediately.
Q:
Agriculture started in the Americas in Mexico and the Andes around 9,000 years ago.
Q:
The mound builders were a sophisticated ancient peoples living in the American Southwest.
Q:
The Zuni, Hopi, and their earlier ancestors were dependent on canals and irrigation for farming.
Q:
The Chaco Canyon structure built between CE 900 and 1200 was bigger than any structure in British colonial America.
Q:
Before the arrival of Europeans, Plains Indians rode small horses to hunt buffalo.
Q:
For Indians, generosity was among the most valued social qualities.
Q:
All Indian tribes were patrilineal.
Q:
Christian liberty meant to be free from sin.
Q:
The development of the idea of Christian liberty resulted in colonial societies characterized by unwavering religious toleration and acceptance.
Q:
Under English law, women held many legal rights and privileges.
Q:
Zheng Hes voyages reached as far west as Africa.
Q:
Portuguese seafarers initially hoped to locate African gold.
Q:
___ 1. Christopher Columbus
___ 2. Hern n Cort s
___ 3. Adam Smith
___ 4. Amerigo Vespucci
___ 5. John Cabot
___ 6. Pedro Cabral
___ 7. Bartolom de Las Casas
___ 8. Samuel de Champlain
___ 9. Juan Ponce de L on
___ 10. Vasco da Gama
___ 11. Johannes Gutenberg
___ 12. Zheng He
a. claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
b. founded Quebec in 1608
c. was an Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
d. was a Dominican priest who preached against Spanish abuses of Indians
e. was a British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
f. was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
g. sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
h. was the namesake of America
i. was the first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
j. explored Florida
k. led seven large naval expeditions in the early 1400s
l. developed a movable-type printing press
Q:
___ 1. Columbian Exchange ___ 2. coverture ___ 3. m tis ___ 4. mestizos ___ 5. Santa Elena ___ 6. criollos ___ 7. Black Legend ___ 8. patroons ___ 9. matrilineal ___ 10. hacienda ___ 11. caravel ___ 12. Pueblo Revolt a. signifies a society centered on the mothers family b. was the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer c. was an uprising against Spanish colonists in New Mexico d. was the name given to Dutch landowners of large estates e. was a large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord f. was the name given to persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin g. was the name given to children of French traders and Indian women h. was a married woman surrendering her legal identity i. was the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds j. was a Spanish settlement in South Carolina k. was a person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry l. was a type of ship capable of traveling long distances
Q:
Europeans traded with Muslims in North Africa and Eurasia for centuries before they sailed to the Americas.
Q:
People from Asia who came to North America used multiple migration paths.
Q:
Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century?
a. France
b. the Netherlands
c. Britain
d. Spain
e. Portugal
Q:
Which European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain?
a. Amsterdam
b. Geneva
c. Marseilles
d. London
e. Brussels
Q:
A seventeenth-century colonial woman who believed she was cheated out of money would have the best chance of having her case heard if she lived in
a. New Amsterdam.
b. Mexico City.
c. Jamestown.
d. Quebec.
e. Santa Fe.
Q:
Which of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland?
a. The colonys elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self-government than any English colonial legislative body.
b. The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there.
c. Religious intolerance led the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony.
d. Of all the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants.
e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.
Q:
Which of the following statements accurately describes religion in New Netherland?
a. Religious conflict plagued this colony more than other European colonies.
b. Like Holland, the colony lacked an official religion.
c. Attendance remained mandatory at the Dutch Reformed Church.
d. The government tolerated the practice of religion in private.
e. The government of the colony championed modern ideas of religious freedom.
Q:
As governor of New Netherland, Petrus Stuyvesant
a. welcomed all religious faiths to the colony.
b. favored Catholics over Jews in New Amsterdam.
c. encouraged the Dutch colonists to convert the Indians.
d. saw women as equals in the Dutch Reformed Church.
e. refused the open practice of religion by Quakers and Lutherans.
Q:
Patroonship in New Netherland
a. was a great success, bringing thousands of new settlers to the colony.
b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.
c. was like a system of medieval lords.
d. led to one democratic manor led by Kiliaen van Rensselaer.
e. involved joint Dutch and Indian control of farmland.
Q:
In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch
a. sought to imitate the Spanish.
b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.
c. tried to drive Native Americans into the Puritan colony.
d. avoided warfare at all costs.
e. called them members of a deceitful race.