Q&A Hero

Q: Which European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain? a. Amsterdam b. Geneva c. Marseilles d. London e. Brussels

Q: A seventeenth-century colonial woman who believed she was cheated out of money would have the best chance of having her case heard if she lived in a. New Amsterdam. b. Mexico City. c. Jamestown. d. Quebec. e. Santa Fe.

Q: Which of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland? a. The colonys elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self-government than any English colonial legislative body. b. The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there. c. Religious intolerance led the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony. d. Of all the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants. e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

Q: Which of the following statements imparts one of the main ideas of Bartolom de las Casass History of the Indies (1528)? a. Casas celebrated the sense of respect the Native Americans and Spanish showed one another as trade partners. b. Casas rewrote history such that the Spanish had controlled the West Indies since the beginning of time. c. Casas laments how the Spanish continually treated Native Americans with violence and like slaves. d. Casas condemned the tendency of Native Americans to hold the Spanish in captivity. e. Casas insisted that any destruction of Native American communities by the Spanish was highly contained.

Q: What was in the Declaration of Josephe? a. He described how Pueblos lived harmoniously with the Spanish. b. He discussed the importance of the Catholic faith to his tribe. c. He asserted how his tribe had rejected Christianity from the beginning. d. He described how his attempt to convert other tribes had failed. e. He declared that the God of the Spaniards was dead.

Q: Frances relations with Native American tribes can be described as a marriage of necessity because a. Native Americans were needed to mine for gold. b. tobacco was the cash crop for the French. c. very few French came to North America. d. Native Americans rejected Christianity. e. the Spanish had much better relations with Native Americans in North America.

Q: How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans? a. It didnt; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins. b. Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries. c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society. d. The English and French quests for beaver pelts prompted a surge in the Native American population. e. It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.

Q: French colonizers in New France a. treated native Indian people much less humanely than the Spanish and English did. b. brought Protestantism to Quebec. c. sent many more emigrants to the Western Hemisphere than England. d. established the most enduring alliances between settlers and Indians in colonial North America. e. established hundreds of slave plantations.

Q: Which of the following was true of French and Indian relations? a. Indians were dependent on the French to trap animals for the fur trade. b. French settlers were more likely to be attracted to the Indians way of life than vice versa. c. Indians often asked traders to send them to Paris and other French cities. d. French traders often enslaved Indian women and children, sparking wars with the Indians. e. French settlers taught Indians how to grow corn and squash.

Q: Why did French and Dutch settlers seek peaceful relations with local Indians? a. French and Dutch settlers depended on trade alliances with Native Americans. b. French and Dutch settlers believed Native American Indian culture was superior and sought to emulate it. c. French and Dutch settlers were determined to openly celebrate all religions, even those of the Indians. d. French and Dutch settlers believed Indians would work harder on their farms if they were treated with respect. e. French and Dutch settlers held it as their duty to spread democracy to the native inhabitants of North America.

Q: Unlike Spanish missionaries, which of the following was true of the Jesuits in regard to converting Indians? a. The Jesuits did not suppress traditional Indian religious customs. b. The Jesuits converted Indians to Protestant faiths instead of Catholicism. c. The Jesuits rarely had success with their conversions. d. The Jesuit conversion methods went against the directives of Samuel de Champlain. e. The Jesuits used methods that destroyed French and Indian relations.

Q: As early as 1615, the ________ people of present-day southern Ontario and upper New York State forged a trading alliance with the French, and many of them converted to Catholicism. a. Pequot b. Lenni Lenape c. Iroquois d. Cherokee e. Huron

Q: Henry Hudson a. set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire. b. was searching for the Pacific coast. c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. d. set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed. e. was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.

Q: The Dutch settled New Netherland a. on the gulf coast of what later became Florida. b. along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. c. along the Hudson River, which later became New York State. d. on the Pacific coast of what later became California. e. on the island later known as Newfoundland.

Q: After being severely weakened by a smallpox epidemic, the Hurons nearly disappeared due to attacks by whom? a. the French b. the Dutch c. Algonquian tribes d. the Iroquois e. the English

Q: In 1608, who founded Quebec? a. Jacques Marquette b. Ren -Robert Cavelier c. Sieur de La Salle d. Louis Joliet e. Samuel de Champlain.

Q: Why did Indians exercise more power in their relations with the French and the Dutch compared to the English? a. The French and Dutch settlements were more dependent on Indians as trading partners than were the English. b. The Indians in the French and Dutch colonies were more likely to be immune to European diseases. c. The Indians in New England had no interest in trading with English settlers there and vice versa. d. The first French and Dutch settlements, unlike the English settlements, never failed and were long-lasting. e. The French and Dutch, unlike the English, never allowed indentured servants to come to America.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes life in New France? a. The colony benefited from publicity that focused on the favorable weather and the kindness of its inhabitants. b. The colony, which the crown had envisioned as a center for Protestantism, became a refuge for French Huguenots. c. France encouraged significant emigration, so the colonys population became the largest in North America. d. Women outnumbered men in the first few decades and gained a remarkable number of rights as a result. e. After finishing their contracts, most indentured servants in New France returned to France.

Q: People from ________ were most likely to go to other European countries or rival colonies before settling in one of their own ________ colonies. a. England; English b. the Netherlands; Dutch c. Portugal; Portuguese d. France; French e. Spain; Spanish

Q: The Black Legend described a. the Aztecs view of Cort s. b. English pirates along the African coast. c. Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer. d. Portugal as a vast trading empire. e. Indians as savages.

Q: What was the significance of Puerto Rico during Spanish exploration? a. It was where the Indians revolted and booted out the Spanish. b. It was rare among European colonies in that it had gold. c. It later broke away from Spain and became an independent nation. d. Under Spanish rule, slavery was outlawed and all residents had equal rights. e. Natives in this colony were immune to European diseases.

Q: Where was the first permanent Spanish colony in what is now the United States? a. Jamestown, Virginia b. St. Augustine, Florida c. on the island of Puerto Rico d. Plymouth, Massachusetts e. Santa Fe, New Mexico

Q: Who explored the Great Plains in the 1500s, but was considered a failure because he failed to find gold? a. Jacques Marquette b. Samuel Champlain c. Francisco V squez de Coronado d. Juan Rodr guez Cabrillo e. Pedro Men ndez de Avil s

Q: Which of the following is true of Spains explorations of the New World? a. Individual conquistadores always traveled alone. b. Spanish exploration parties suffered greatly from disease. c. Florida was the first region in the present-day continental United States that Spain colonized. d. Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World. e. Spains explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.

Q: Where was the Spanish settlement Santa Elena located? a. Florida b. Texas c. New Mexico d. Virginia e. South Carolina

Q: Acoma was an Indian city in present-day ________ that the Spanish destroyed. a. New Mexico b. Florida c. Cuba d. California e. Puerto Rico

Q: By the eighteenth century, Florida played what role in the Spanish empire? a. It served as a fortified outpost for Cuba. b. It was a trading hub Spain wished to acquire from England. c. It was the site of the first-ever Spanish colony. d. It functioned as a vacation spot for wealthy plantation owners in the Caribbean. e. It was the only region the Spanish settled that lacked Native Americans.

Q: The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was a. Tucson. b. Albuquerque. c. El Paso. d. San Diego. e. Santa Fe.

Q: What benefitted the Indians during the Pueblo Revolt? a. the help they received from African slaves b. the large supply of food and guns sent by England c. their peaceful protests d. the fact that the Catholic missionary priests had resigned e. the fact that they could all speak Spanish

Q: What best describes the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? a. It was a rebellion by Spanish Franciscan friars against the Catholic Churchs use of violence to convert native people to Catholicism. b. It was a victory of the Pueblo Indians over the Spanish settlers in New Mexico, which reestablished Indian control of the region. c. It was a revolt of Protestant Spaniard farmworkers against Catholic Spaniard landowners in Santa Fe. d. It was a conflict between the Navajo and the Apache tribes. e. It was a short-lived Indian rebellion that resulted in harsher Spanish suppression of native religious practices and more brutal demands on native peoples labor when the Spanish regained control of the region in the 1690s.

Q: The first French explorations of the New World a. brought great riches to France. b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage. c. led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. d. were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands. e. created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.

Q: The actions of Bartolom de las Casas can best be described in modern-day terminology as that of a(n) a. whistleblower. b. irrational man. c. religious zealot. d. curious intellectual. e. greedy businessman.

Q: The New Laws of 1542 a. led Protestant Europeans to create the Black Legend about Spanish rule in the Americas. b. introduced the encomienda system. c. were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Perus conqueror. d. stated that Indians would no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions. e. forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

Q: Which statement is accurate regarding the flow of goods in the Columbian Exchange? a. Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton were introduced to Europe. b. Avocados, beans, pumpkins, squashes, and cocoa were introduced to the Americas. c. Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton were introduced to the Americas. d. Wheat, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep were introduced to Europe. e. Bananas, rice, grapes, chickens, and dandelions were introduced to Europe.

Q: What happened to the population of the Americas as a result of contact with Europeans? a. The population stayed relatively stable. b. It is estimated that 80 million native people of the Americas died in the first 150 years after contact with Europeans, due to disease, war, and enslavement. c. Many native inhabitants of South America moved to West Indian islands. d. The native population increased from 2 million to 20 million. e. Many Native Americans moved to Europe.

Q: The Spanish empire in America a. was limited to the Caribbean. b. did not provide any wealth to Spain. c. tended to be led by royal officials who were predominantly creoles. d. contained the largest cities in the Western Hemisphere. e. revolved around cotton farming.

Q: Who in the sixteenth-century Spanish empire would have the most authority? a. a Native American chief b. a Catholic priest c. a locally born wealthy landowner d. an administrative official from Spain e. an administrative official born in the New World

Q: Which one of the following statements is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World? a. Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor. b. From the beginning, they tended to arrive as families. c. They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy. d. They soon outnumbered Native Americans. e. Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

Q: After conquests ended and settlements were built, who stood atop the social hierarchy in Spanish America? a. Mestizos b. Criollos c. peninsulares d. conquistadores e. Aztec chiefs

Q: What did the Virgin of Guadalupe represent? a. the fact that mestizos held most of the high government positions b. a mixing of Indian and Spanish cultures c. the fact that miracles were not part of Christianity d. the fact that the Catholic Church was insignificant in Spanish America e. the rejection of all Indian customs by the Spanish colonies

Q: Mestizos a. were people of entirely indigenous (native) ancestry. b. were persons of mixed origin who made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America. c. were a very small group, because intermarriage between Spanish and native people was illegal. d. were people of European birth who occupied the top of the social hierarchy in Spanish America. e. were enslaved Africans.

Q: A substantial difference between the Spanish colonies in Mexico and Santa Fe was that a. Santa Fe was settled first. b. Mexico had few Native Americans. c. Santa Fe did not concern itself with conversions. d. Mexico had more Spanish settlers because of gold. e. Mexico did not need to be conquered.

Q: In 1517, the German priest ________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. a. Martin Buber b. Ulrich Zwingli c. Martin Luther d. Reinhold Niebuhr e. Johannes Gutenberg

Q: How did Pope Alexander VI restructure the land of the non-Christian world in 1493? a. He granted the northern half of North America to France. b. He refused to give land to England because it was Protestant. c. He encouraged more crusades to regain Jerusalem. d. He granted the Dutch sole control of Africa. e. He divided the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal.

Q: Besides saving the Indians from heathenism, what else did Spain claim was the goal of colonization? a. beginning a Native American slave trade in Europe b. enlisting French missionaries c. introducing sheep, pigs, and cattle to the New World d. preventing Protestantism from spreading e. adopting Native American customs as Spanish customs

Q: According to Bartolom de Las Casas, a. Spain needed to outlaw African slavery and prevent it from entering the New World. b. Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent Native Americans in the New World. c. Native Americans were barbarians and had limited rights to their lands and liberty. d. Spain had no right whatsoever to rule in America and had gone against Gods wishes. e. enslaving Native Americans was questionable but must continue in order to benefit the Spanish economy.

Q: Which statement is true of Bartolom de Las Casas? a. Las Casas participated in the conquest of Brazil and was himself an enslaver of Indians before he changed his views in 1523. b. Las Casass book A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies denounced Spain for enslaving Indians and causing the deaths of millions of native people. c. Las Casas believed that Spains rule over America was unjust, and advocated returning the land to its native inhabitants. d. Las Casas was equally critical of enslaving Africans and Indians, and felt that all humans should be treated with respect and dignity. e. Las Casas sailed on Columbuss first voyage, and used his firsthand knowledge of the brutalities he saw inflicted on that journey to justify his political views.

Q: African enslavement of other Africans a. resulted from the arrival of Europeans. b. included no form of rights for the slaves. c. was the only kind of labor on that continent. d. involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives. e. accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

Q: Where did Vasco da Gama hope to get to by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope? a. North America b. South America c. the East d. Australia e. Europe

Q: Which country first explored the Atlantic coast of Africa in the 1400s, and soon thereafter established plantation slavery on the Atlantic islands off the African coast? a. China b. Spain c. Portugal d. England e. France

Q: By the late fifteenth century, which country replaced the Italian city-states as the major European commercial partner of Asia? a. France b. Holland c. England d. Spain e. Portugal

Q: A significant difference between the Vikings and Columbus was that a. the Vikings were only interested in exploring Africas coasts. b. Columbuss voyages received far more publicity and would not be forgotten. c. Columbus and other explorers for Spain did not use violence. d. Viking ships did not use sails and were unable to cross the Atlantic. e. the Vikings never attempted to establish settlements.

Q: To solidify Spains religious unification, what did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella do? a. They required all Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave the country. b. They refused to sponsor voyages of exploration. c. They banned the Protestant faith in Spain. d. They joined with the Moor leadership to bring about harmony. e. They returned gold to Indians in the Western Hemisphere.

Q: What geographic error did Columbus make? a. He grossly underestimated the size of the earth. b. He thought the earth was not round but flat. c. He was certain that India was east of the Americas. d. He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic. e. He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

Q: What role did religion play in Columbuss explorations? a. none whatsoever b. Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity. c. Catholics in Spain supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade. d. Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabellas efforts to promote tolerance in Spain. e. Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews that the king was driving out of the country.

Q: What was the most significant result of Ferdinand Magellans explorations? a. He was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. b. He died in the Caribbean islands. c. He led the conquering of the Aztecs. d. His voyages corrected Columbuss erroneous assessment of the earths size. e. He and his men were the first Europeans to encounter bison.

Q: The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs a. were minimal in number and never exceeded more than a couple at a time. b. prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices. c. shocked Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake. d. were always held at an arena in Tenochtitl n that resembled the Roman Colosseum. e. cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cort s conquered the Aztecs.

Q: What was MOST significant in inspiring Spanish conquistadores during their exploration and conquest of the New World? a. a desire to replicate the successful social structures found in the New World b. a desire to increase the population in Spain by encouraging the people of the New World to immigrate c. a desire to catalog the flora and fauna of the newly discovered continent d. a desire to spread Catholicism and gain wealth and national glory e. a desire to take Brazil back from the British

Q: What 1430s invention was instrumental in spreading the news of Columbuss voyage across Europe? a. the steamship b. the printing press with movable type c. the compass d. the bicycle e. the telegraph

Q: What factor had the greatest impact on ensuring Hern n Cort ss victory over the Aztecs? a. a smallpox epidemic that devastated Aztec society b. the thousands of Aztec subjects alienated by brutal Aztec rule who were willing to fight with Cort s c. iron weapons and gunpowder d. the pacifism of Aztec rulers e. Cort ss superior negotiation skills

Q: The Columbian Exchange was a. the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World. b. the transatlantic flow of people, plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World. c. John Cabots exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World. d. responsible for introducing food staples such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes to the Americas. e. the first European market established in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

Q: In 1492, the Native American population a. lived mostly in the area of present-day Canada. b. lived primarily in large urban areas. c. was immune to smallpox and measles. d. lived mostly south of the present-day United States. e. comprised at least 200 million people.

Q: When Native Americans first encountered Europeans, what led to the European diseases being so deadly? a. Native Americans had been struggling with basic survival. b. The diets of most Native Americans lacked meat, so they had no consistent amounts of protein. c. Most Europeans spread the diseases on purpose. d. The Native Americans had no tribal doctors or healers. e. Centuries of continental isolation meant the Native Americans had no immunity.

Q: Which of the following generalizations about Native Americans did the dynamics of the Natchez Indian society highlight? a. Native Americans rarely placed trust in the role of supernatural forces in their everyday lives and disregarded other living things. b. Native Americans across North America and South America had close to no similarities in terms of values and shared the same rigid social structures. c. Native American groups had record numbers of beggars and tended to experience far greater inequalities than did societies in Europe. d. While some Native American groups had rigid societal structures, wealth mattered relatively less to Native Americans than to the Europeans. e. The primary reason behind the fighting between Europeans and Native Americans was the emphasis Native Americans placed on wealth.

Q: Which of the following statements accurately compares Native American gender relations in the Southwest to those in most other Native American societies? a. Because the Southwest had fewer opportunities for hunting, men there were the primary cultivators rather than women. b. Due to the climate, women in the Southwest had more opportunities to perform work outside the home than they did in any other region. c. Women in the Southwest tended to be tribal leaders, whereas other regions tended to do without the role of tribal leaders entirely. d. Because Native American communities in the Southwest never needed to construct homes, women there were legally considered unable to own dwellings. e. Because gift giving was frowned on in Native American societies in general and materials were scarce in the Southwest, men in the Southwest primarily worked as thieves.

Q: After exploring the Atlantic coast in the late sixteenth century, an Englishman writes in his journal about untouched wilderness. What could this description mean to a European? a. The land was beautiful and made him think badly of and ultimately reject the European countryside. b. It would take the expedition too much effort to build a settlement, and such a settlement was almost sure to fail. c. The Native Americans had developed bustling metropolises in many areas along the Atlantic coast. d. The English believed the land was theirs for the taking, despite the possible presence of Native Americans. e. The area lacked any resources that the English could successfully exploit because it was so underdeveloped.

Q: An example of a freedom that most Native Americans would hold in high esteem would be a. the opportunity for the chief to profit from selling land to a European. b. the right to become the wealthiest member of the tribe. c. the opportunity to work for the benefit of the group as opposed to individual gain. d. the right to sever kinship ties to pursue individual prosperity. e. the opportunity for some families to dominate others in the tribe.

Q: Native inhabitants of the Americas generally understood freedom a. in terms of the well-being of ones community, mutual obligation, and group autonomy. b. as respecting authority and obeying laws created by established governments. c. to be defined by ownership of private property. d. as abandoning a life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christianity. e. in terms of coverture, which denied property rights to married women.

Q: In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called Christian liberty, a. was a set of ideas that today is referred to as religious toleration. b. combined seemingly contradictory ideas of freedom and servitude to God. c. found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones. d. argued that all Christians should have equal political rights. e. referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

Q: What statement best characterizes religion in Europe on the eve of colonization? a. Peoples religious beliefs and practices were a matter of private choice. b. All Christian men were politically equal regardless of their social status. c. All Christians were legally equal regardless of gender. d. Christians never imposed their way of life on non-Christians. e. Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order.

Q: European society on the eve of colonization a. had no rigid class lines. b. was extremely hierarchical, with inequality built into virtually every social relationship. c. allowed the majority of men a great degree of personal independence. d. valued freedom of expression and a free press above all else. e. valued gender equality above all else.

Q: Which of the following describes womens rights under coverture? a. They were banned from signing contracts. b. They were required to pay more taxes than men. c. They had to sit in the back of churches. d. They had to be fully clothed in public. e. They adopted a legal identity fully their own.

Q: In the fifteenth century, a big impetus for European exploration was a. establishing a sea route to Asia to obtain luxury goods. b. mining gold in central Mexico. c. procuring religious relics in India. d. obtaining the compass from Asia. e. spreading African slavery to the Americas.

Q: What was China hoping to accomplish with Admiral Zheng Hes fifteenth-century explorations? a. It hoped to impress other kingdoms with its military might. b. It wanted to spread Buddhism. c. It had highly limited seafaring technology and wished to copy that of the Europeans. d. It was searching for new resources because it did not yet have a trading economy. e. It wanted to be the first nation to arrive in the Americas.

Q: Portuguese trading posts along the western coast of Africa were called factories because a. the merchants were known as factors. b. the trading posts made luxury products there in makeshift factories. c. the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns. d. the slave traders called their system a labor factory. e. that is how the local Africans translated trading post.

Q: How did Native Americans view the concept of land ownership? a. They treated land as a space for only hunting, not farming. b. They viewed land as a common resource to use. c. They viewed land as a possession owned only by individuals, not families. d. They considered land as a trading opportunity. e. They treated land as an economic commodity.

Q: When European clergy read to Native Americans from the Bible about God creating the world in six days, was there anything relatable for Native Americans? a. Most Native Americans did not have any religion to compare with Christianity. b. No Native American religions believed in creation myths. c. Most Native Americans compared the Bible with their own written version of the Old Testament. d. Some Native Americans stated that they were a lost tribe of Israel. e. Many Native Americans concurred with the idea of a single supreme being creating the world.

Q: How were the shamans and medicine men regarded in Indian societies? a. Native Americans in general viewed them with mistrust. b. Native American women, in particular, tended to reject them. c. Native Americans in general treated them with respect. d. Native Americans viewed them as highly paid witches. e. Native Americans regarded them as murderers.

Q: Which one of the following is true about Native Americans and material wealth? a. Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them. b. Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi. c. Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but both considered trade to be simply a commercial transaction. d. Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did. e. Generosity was one of the least valued social qualities for Native Americans because it risked taking advantage of one another.

Q: Both the Aztec and Inca empires were a. urban, but lacking markets and trade networks. b. small in population but sophisticated in infrastructure. c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated. d. large in geographic size but sparsely populated. e. rural, with few impressive buildings.