Q&A Hero

Q: When President James Madison talked about the need for "internal improvements," he was referring to ________. A) improved reservations for Native American tribes B) reconstruction of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. C) construction of a national transportation system D) more efficient method of moving proposed legislation through Congress E) development of the land beyond the Appalachians

Q: What did Native Americans and African Americans have in common in the early nineteenth century? A) Both were enslaved by white Americans and used as cheap agricultural labor. B) Both successfully resisted white American dominance with peaceful protests and lobbying. C) Both successfully resisted white American dominance with violence, often joining together to do so. D) Both were denied their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States. E) Both successfully obtained their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States.

Q: Why was the "civilization" of Native Americans tragic? A) Some Native Americans refused to become civilized, so they were murdered by white Americans. B) Many Native Americans tried to use civilized means like protests and boycotts to influence the U.S. government for their rights but failed. C) Few Native Americans wanted to become "civilized" because it meant giving up their culture in exchange for land and citizenship. D) Most Native Americans were unable to demonstrate aspects of civilization: literature, art, or organized society. E) Some Native Americans sacrificed their culture to try to assimilate into white society and still they weren"t accepted or granted rights.

Q: How did pressure to settle western lands change the nature of Indian removal as first planned by Thomas Jefferson? A) The process was entirely voluntary. B) Native Americans had no say in the process. C) Indians who chose to adopt white ways were not allowed to remain. D) Removal happened much earlier than planned. E) Jefferson had planned for only small groups to migrate west.

Q: How did preemption affect migration? A) More people migrated when assured that preemption would allow them to own the land they had improved. B) It allowed Native Americans the right to refuse to leave land they had improved in Florida to settle in the West. C) It gave land speculators the first rights to purchase public domain land, encouraging speculators to migrate west. D) It allowed the government to seize land from farmers, discouraging people from moving west. E) It permitted squatters to occupy Native American camps while they were migrating for seasonal hunting or gathering trips.

Q: What does it mean that some Americans believed the U.S. had "continental destiny"? A) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should control all of the North American continent. B) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should expand from the East coast to the West coast, controlling all the lands in between. C) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should support Latin American countries fighting for their independence. D) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should join with continental Europe to fight the British Empire. E) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should join with the continental European countries that opposed Latin American independence.

Q: How did expansion affect men like John Jacob Astor? A) As free African Americans, men like Astor could settle in the West and make a life for themselves. B) As displaced Native Americans, men like Astor could relocate in the newly acquired land of the West or Florida making a new life for themselves. C) Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous immigrant neighborhoods like Astoria, New York. D) Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous companies in the West. E) Expansion gave immigrants like Astor the opportunity to work hard in an industrial mill and one day save enough money to start their own business.

Q: How are expansion and migration after 1812 in the U.S. related? A. As the U.S. expanded, people immigrated to these areas. B. Expansion was caused primarily by the pressure of migration. C. As the U.S. expanded its borders, people migrated to these new areas. D. Expansion and migration are both direct results of improved water transportation after 1812. E. Expansion and migration are both direct results of improved land transportation after 1812.

Q: The foreign policy initiative calling for an end to all European colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere was known as the ________. A) Monroe Doctrine B) Adams-Ons Agreement C) Continental Treaty 1818 D) Webster-Ashburton Treaty E) American System

Q: In 1823, John Quincy Adams believed the nation should ________. A) form an alliance with the British B) avoid involvement in European affairs C) create an alliance with the newly independent Latin American nations D) control the affairs of the Western Hemisphere E) wrest control of New Orleans from the Spanish

Q: The main diplomatic challenge facing James Monroe in 1820 was ________. A) the continuing threat of English intervention in the United States B) the development of trading rights with Latin America C) establishing friendly relations with France D) responding to the revolt of Spain's Latin American colonies E) the "Native American problem"

Q: According to the decision of Gibbons v. Ogden, which of these would regulate interstate commerce? A) the executive branch B) Congress C) the Supreme Court D) the individual states E) the judicial branch

Q: McCulloch v. Maryland involved questions regarding ________. A) the national bank B) internal improvements C) the role of the U.S. Congress D) the chartering of private corporations E) timber rights

Q: Which of the following was not a decision of the Marshall Court? A) Gibbons v. Ogden B) Dartmouth College v. Woodward C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) McCulloch v. Maryland E) Marbury v. Madison

Q: As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall ________. A) promoted the growth of state sovereignty B) supported the attainment of political and social equality C) emphasized the primacy of property and property rights D) abandoned his Federalist sympathies E) began the tradition of wearing four gold stripes on the sleeves of his robes

Q: Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the Missouri Compromise of 1820? A) No more slave states could be created north of the southern boundary of the Missouri Compromise line. B) Missouri was admitted as a slave state on the condition that slavery be phased out over a period of time. C) Maine was split off from Massachusetts and admitted as a free state. D) Northern and southern congressmen split along sectional lines on this issue. E) Adroit political maneuvering by Henry Clay got the compromise through the House of Representatives.

Q: The president most closely identified with the Era of Good Feeling was ________. A) James Monroe B) James Madison C) John Quincy Adams D) Thomas Jefferson E) Andrew Jackson

Q: Many Americans believed high tariffs would ________. A) enhance America's image abroad B) prevent competition from foreign goods C) meet the demands of American farmers D) prevent political differences from arising E) take money out of their own pockets

Q: Industrialization transformed women's work by ________. A) introducing a new area of expertise B) changing where women worked C) transferring women's work to men D) turning the household into a production center E) reducing women's household duties

Q: Which of the following groups was initially a primary source of labor for the textile mills? A) young single women B) young single men C) children D) immigrants E) African Americans

Q: The great showplace for early American industrialization was ________. A) New York, New York B) Boston, Massachusetts C) Lowell, Massachusetts D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania E) Burlington, Vermont

Q: Under the ________ system, manufacturers provided raw materials to people in their own homes and then picked up the finished products for distribution. A) finishing-off B) mass production C) piece work D) putting-out E) cottage industry

Q: Which one of the following was NOT a southern staple by about 1820? A) cotton B) rice C) sugar D) indigo E) tobacco

Q: Which of the following statements about canals in early nineteenth-century America is NOT true? A) They linked the Atlantic coastal cities to the lakes and rivers of the interior. B) Most of them proved to be unprofitable. C) They could not compete successfully with railroads. D) Their construction was paid for through a combination of state funding and private investment. E) Spectacular canal boat accidents claimed many lives.

Q: The most spectacular engineering achievement of the young United States was the ________. A) Cumberland Trail B) Erie Canal C) Intercoastal Waterway D) Baltimore Turnpike E) Washington Monument

Q: Which of the following forms of transportation predominated before the 1820s and 1830s? A) national road systems B) canal systems C) steamboats D) flatboats E) railroads

Q: The first great federal transportation project was the ________. A) National Road B) Lancaster Turnpike C) Erie Canal D) transcontinental railroad E) Union and Pacific Railroad

Q: The last resistance of Indians to white settlement in the Old Northwest came in 1831"1832 under Chief ________. A) Tecumseh B) Sitting Bull C) Osceola D) Black Hawk E) Rain-in-Face

Q: The ________ nation included peoples of both Native American and African origins. A) Algonquin B) Seminole C) Cherokee D) Apache E) Choctaw

Q: By the mid-1820s, the Cherokee had each of the following EXCEPT ________. A) a written language B) a written constitution providing a republican form of government C) a system of slavery regulated by law D) a military force capable of defending their lands against white encroachment E) a salaried government bureaucracy

Q: After 1815, the United States ________. A) grew rapidly in size and population B) was threatened by foreign invasion C) revised its form of government D) was unable to expand its economy E) invaded and occupied Canada

Q: The Adams-Ons Treaty ________. A) excluded Spain from the North American continent B) reduced British influence in Florida C) granted the Northwest Territory to the United States D) weakened the Spanish position in Latin America E) made Florida a U.S. territory

Q: The first goal of expansionists in the United States after 1815 was to ________. A) obtain the Pacific Northwest from Great Britain B) obtain Florida from Spain C) acquire the former French colony of Louisiana D) develop the trans-Appalachian West E) eradicate the Native Americans

Q: How was the War of 1812 both a success and a failure for Americans? A) The U.S. won all the battles but lost the war in that the Treaty of Ghent gave them only maritime rights and did not discuss impressments. B) The U.S. felt confirmed as a strong nation, yet it did not receive maritime rights or guarantees that Britain would end impressment. C) The U.S. lost all major battles, wasting lives and resources, but it gained maritime rights and an end to impressment in the Treaty of Ghent. D) The U.S. lost valuable land in the West, but gained all of its stated goals. E) The U.S. gained land in the West, all of the stated war aims in the peace treaty, but lost many lives and resources in the war.

Q: For Jefferson, possession of which city would make another power the immediate enemy of the U.S.? A) New York B) Boston C) Chicago D) Charleston E) New Orleans

Q: How did cities of the early nineteenth century compare with cities today? A) They were sparsely populated. B) They had comparatively lower rents. C) They were more economically homogeneous. D) They offered more economic opportunities for unskilled workers than today's cities. E) They were more culturally diverse and offered more cultural experiences.

Q: How did the Hartford Convention lead to the downfall of the Federalists? A) The Hartford Federalists sent their resolutions to Washington just after the victorious Battle of New Orleans, making them look unpatriotic and selfish. B) The Federalists who met in Hartford passed radical resolutions that the rest of the country would never agree to, making the Federalists look foolish. C) The Republicans who met in Hartford called for secession. D) The Hartford Republicans passed resolutions that led to peaceful trade negotiations with Europe, making the War Hawk Federalists look bad. E) Only northern Federalists attended the convention; southern Federalists disagreed with the Hartford resolutions, fracturing and weakening the party.

Q: The Congressional War Hawks in 1812 were most interested in ________. A) putting a stop to British impressment of American sailors B) decreasing American reliance on foreign exports C) showing France that America was a major military power D) proving the might and dignity of the U.S. E) controlling U.S. trade in Canada and Europe

Q: In what ways was the War of 1812 strange? A) It was fought on U.S. territory but between France and Great Britain. B) Its goals were dubious, and none of them were achieved. C) Great Britain was engaged in an expensive and taxing war with France but still found resources to engage the U.S. on land and by sea. D) It was a "paper" war of unenforced embargoes, wild rumors, and great lies. E) It was mainly fought by merchants and pirates on the Atlantic Ocean rather than by soldiers on land or naval officers at sea.

Q: Why did many New Englanders oppose war with Great Britain? A) They traced their heritage back to Great Britain and did not want to be at war with relatives. B) They were tired from fighting the Revolutionary War and wanted a time of sustained peace. C) They were tired from fighting in conflicts with Native Americans in the West and wanted a time of peace. D) They were already engaged in their own armed conflicts with the French in Canada and couldn"t support two wars. E) They believed the real reason for the war was to build up America's egoa ridiculous cause for war in their opinion.

Q: What was Madison's goal in the War of 1812? A) territorial expansion B) reparations for British damage done during the Revolutionary War C) respect for U.S. maritime rights D) support for Britain against France E) providing aid to France, then in the midst of the French Revolution

Q: What was the goal of Britain's Orders in Council? A) peace with France B) an alliance with the U.S. C) the end of the Napoleonic wars D) British control of trade with the continent of Europe E) forcing war with France

Q: How can Jefferson's foreign policy best be characterized? A) It allowed Madisonthe next presidentto return to domestic concerns. B) It seriously damaged the British economy through conflict and embargoes. C) It fostered a valuable alliance with France. D) It did more harm than good for the United States. E) It strengthened relations with Europe, despite the war.

Q: How was the U.S. Embargo Act of 1807 ineffective? A) It only gained public support in the Northeast. B) It only resulted in England respecting American trade rights; France still did not. C) It caused severe economic depression in France but had little effect on England. D) It caused economic mayhem in the U.S. and did little to affect France and England. E) It resulted in a severe shortage of food for both the French and British armies.

Q: How were the Orders in Council and the Berlin and Milan Decrees similar? A) They both allowed broken voyages to occur throughout Europe. B) They both forbade commerce in Europe but were ineffective "paper blockades." C) Neither had any effect on American shipping. D) Both gave Great Britain control of the seas. E) Both allowed the British navy to monitor every Continental port.

Q: Why was the 1807 federal slavery law unsatisfying for everyone? A) On the one hand, slave owners felt it threatened their livelihood, but on the other hand, abolitionists felt it did little to end slavery. B) It did nothing to affect slavery or the slave trade in the U.S. and only frustrated relations with European allies. C) On the one hand it appeased anti-slavery European allies, but on the other hand it frustrated U.S. slave owners. D) It only granted African Americans freedom, not any voting or civil rights, yet it infuriated their slave owners. E) It appeased southern slave owners, but infuriated northern abolitionists.

Q: Which characterizes Jefferson's stance on slavery? A) He supported the slave trade, yet he didn"t own any slaves himself. B) He was a faithful Republican and abolitionist, yet most Republicans were not abolitionists. C) He wanted the slave trade outlawed, yet he owned slaves. D) He publically stated he wanted the slave trade outlawed, but he secretly supported it. E) He preached life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but he didn"t want to outlaw the slave trade.

Q: How does the Marbury v. Madison case influence legislature today? A) It established the constitutionality of political parties and the limits on political contributions. B) It began the civil rights movement, determining that the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are for all people. C) It was the first unanimous ruling, demonstrating that even politically divided Supreme Courts can work together. D) It began the process of rewriting the U.S. Constitution, making it the document legislators use today. E) It established precedence for the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of congressional acts.

Q: How can Jefferson's first term best be characterized? A) It was a failure in that he led the country to war, increased taxes, and lost land in the North and West. B) It was a success in that he united Republican politicians and eradicated their competition, the Federalists. C) It was a failure in that he lost important trade rights with Europe and lost western land to Native American tribes. D) It was a success in that he reduced taxes, maintained peace, and expanded the United States. E) It was a failure in that his judicial, educational, and economic reforms were not passed by Congress.

Q: In what ways was the Lewis and Clark expedition a success? A) It forced France to sell to the United States the parcel of land known as the Louisiana Purchase. B) It forced Britain out of military posts in the West. C) It fulfilled Jefferson's scientific expectations and reaffirmed his faith in the future prosperity of the United States. D) It discovered a direct water route from coast to coast across the continental United States. E) It established peaceful relations with most of the Native American tribes in the West.

Q: What triggered Thomas Jefferson's decision to make the Louisiana Purchase? A) Spain closed the port of New Orleans to American commerce. B) Great Britain invaded Cuba. C) The citizens of New Orleans petitioned him to do so. D) Napoleon sent troops to the Dominican Republic. E) Jefferson realized that the U.S. would gain Florida as well.

Q: In what ways was Jefferson a powerful president? A) He successfully reformed and controlled the judicial system. B) He skillfully used diplomacy to steer the United States away from conflict with Europe. C) He created financial systems and solutions that most of the nation agreed with and championed. D) He developed close ties with Congress, working closely with legislators to reach many of his political goals. E) He successfully destroyed the Federalist Party, his political competition.

Q: What was the main function of American cities during the Jeffersonian era? A) to centralize cultural activities B) to serve as depots for international trade C) to create agricultural marketplaces D) to centralize financial activities E) to serve as places to exchange ideas and keep up with news

Q: How did white Americans interact with Native Americans in the early 1800s? A) The federal government worked with tribal leaders to find compromises on land distribution. B) White businessmen, supported by the government, forced Indians to work in mills and labor camps, destroying their culture and family ties. C) They used violence and trickery to kill Indians and gain their land. D) They generally lived peacefully as neighbors, often sharing resources. E) The federal government took Indian children from their homes and placed them in schools to increase assimilation.

Q: Why did people move to the West in the 1800s? A) The federal government required poor immigrants to settle in the West. B) The federal government gave large incentives to people who moved west. C) Soldiers and their families moved west to control the Indian population. D) People moved to farm on the rich soil. E) The East had become unpleasantly overcrowded and industrialized.

Q: Why were regional identities formed in the U.S. in the early nineteenth century? A) Without telephones, radios, televisions, or Internet, people were isolated and knew little of the happenings in other regions. B) Most regions had aggressive devotion to radical democracy, making the other regions uneasy. C) In order to control immigrant migration, the federal government designated certain areas for immigrants from certain countries to live. D) The industrial revolution increased European immigration; immigrants tended to migrate to cities to live near people from their country of origin. E) People wanted to defend local economic interests, it was difficult to travel far, and there were distinct regional subcultures.

Q: What was the approximate population of the U.S. in 1810? A) 1 million B) 7 million C) 23 million D) 80 million E) 110 million

Q: Why was Americans' obsession with equality hypocritical? A) They believed in and reinforced class distinctions. B) They were the only country in the world to enforce equality. C) They denied liberty to African Americans in the institution of slavery. D) The government controlled and influenced most of the newspapers. E) The court system was so corrupt that people didn"t really have fair trials.

Q: The Treaty of Ghent ________. A) awarded part of Canada to the United States B) did little more than end hostilities and postpone issues for future negotiations C) gave the British navigation rights on the Mississippi River D) restored Quebec to France E) was negotiated quickly and quietly, since there were no real debates

Q: At the Hartford Convention, ________. A) a resolution threatening New England's secession was adopted B) Federalists demanded a unanimous vote in the Senate before war could be declared C) New Englanders gave strong support for the war effort D) the "three-fifths rule" concerning slavery was opposed E) Federalists continued to show their support of the embargo

Q: At the Battle of New Orleans, ________. A) British forces retreated when they saw how strong American defenses were B) British forces won and forced the surrender of the city C) British forces were defeated by Andrew Jackson and his troops D) Andrew Jackson proved to be an ineffective political leader E) the War of 1812 was won

Q: Which of these was true of the War Hawks? A) They favored war with Britain. B) They were Federalists. C) They called for war with France. D) They supported invading Mexico. E) The group was too radical to be of much influence.

Q: The effect of Macon's Bill Number Two was that ________. A) Napoleon promised to rescind the Berlin and Milan decrees B) Great Britain promised to rescind the Orders in Council C) Napoleon declared war on the United States D) Madison received strong public support E) even diplomatic contact with Britain and France was severed

Q: In the election of 1808, the Federalist Party ________. A) seemed unable to adapt to the changes in society B) made impressive gains in Congress C) had won new support in the West D) was dominated by innovative new political leaders E) nominated George Clinton for president

Q: According to the policy of "peaceable coercion," ________. A) a nation declares its neutrality B) a nation avoids all military confrontation C) peaceful relations should be sought through negotiations D) economic pressure is used as a diplomatic weapon E) neutral nations can have limited trade with belligerents

Q: The Chesapeake Affair of 1807 ________. A) violated American sovereignty B) forced the French to rescind the Berlin Decree C) damaged the British navy D) had little effect on Anglo-American relations E) influenced the Americans to support the French

Q: As the Napoleonic wars broke out in Europe, the United States ________. A) was forced to take sides B) isolated itself from the war C) took advantage of the situation D) feared for the safety of its citizens E) threw its support behind France, in recognition of French aid during the Revolutionary War

Q: According to the 1807 federal law that outlawed the importation of slaves, Africans captured from smugglers were to be ________. A) lined up and executed B) returned to Africa C) immediately emancipated D) turned over to state authorities E) sold to the highest bidder by federal agents

Q: On the issue of slavery, Jefferson ________. A) politically supported the institution B) wanted the slave trade outlawed, even though he was a slave owner C) believed states should regulate it, wanting to keep himself out of the debate D) wanted to repeal the "three-fifths rule" as it unfairly favored the South E) worked behind the scenes to support the institution

Q: Samuel Chase's impeachment trial ________. A) destroyed the authority of the courts B) forced Marshall to resign C) maintained the independence of the judiciary D) showed Jefferson to be a conciliatory leader E) was a rather dull affair

Q: Chief Justice John Marshall believed in judicial review, which is ________. A) a professional journal read by lawyers and judges B) the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of legislation C) a system whereby all legislation passed by Congress must be approved by the Supreme Court before it can take effect D) a job-performance appraisal system for federal judges E) a process for evaluating the qualifications of candidates for federal judgeships

Q: In the election of 1804, Thomas Jefferson defeated ________. A) John Quincy Adams B) Aaron Burr C) Charles Pinckney D) John Randolph E) Alexander Hamilton

Q: The Lewis and Clark expedition ________. A) at last discovered the long-sought Northwest Passage B) traveled up the Missouri River to the Pacific Northwest C) explored the desert Southwest, including Pike's Peak and the Grand Canyon D) had to fight its way through the domains of several hostile Indian tribes E) was assisted by a young Shoshone woman named Pocahontas

Q: What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory? A) possible confrontation with Great Britain B) lack of support from the American people C) the constitutionality of his actions D) whether to accept foreign citizens on the land E) finding $15 million in the federal budget

Q: As the chief negotiator with France, ________ engineered the Louisiana Purchase along with Robert Livingston. A) James Madison B) John Quincy Adams C) John Marshall D) James Monroe E) Thomas Jefferson

Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true of President Thomas Jefferson? A) He was a man of great intellectual ability. B) He created the military academy at West Point. C) He hated the national debt. D) He wanted to cut government spending. E) He loved the military and saw it as America's greatest asset.

Q: The contribution of ________ led to the birth of the factory system in the United States. A) Eli Whitney B) Samuel Slater C) Benjamin Reed D) Robert Lowell E) James Stubblefield

Q: American prosperity in the early 1800s was based on ________. A) an industrial economy B) manufacturing C) monetary supplies D) agriculture and commerce E) the slave system

Q: Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward Native Americans showed that he ________. A) considered them to be expendable B) was committed to preserving their way of life C) found them to be savages unworthy of serious concern D) respected them as people, and was impressed by their culture E) wanted to try to assimilate them into the nascent culture of the United States

Q: Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa ________. A) worked to persuade the Indians of the Indiana Territory to hold onto their tribal cultures and their land B) represented themselves as tribal leaders and sold off huge tracts of land for whiskey and trinkets C) led an Indian rebellion which was crushed by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend D) accepted President Jefferson's promise of a vast Indian reservation west of the Mississippi River E) developed a written language for the Shawnees and worked for gradual assimilation into white culture