Q&A Hero

Q: The old Northwest Territory was composed of what is today ________. A) the Northeast B) the Northwest C) the West D) the Rocky Mountain region E) the Midwest

Q: The large increase in the national population reflected in the 1810 census resulted mainly from ________. A) the assimilation of whole tribes of Native Americans into the general population B) natural biological increase C) a huge increase in the importation of slaves from Africa D) the immigration of many thousands of Europeans fleeing the Napoleonic wars E) fabrication of census records by corrupt state officials who hoped to increase their congressional representation

Q: By 1810, one-fifth of the American population was made up of ________. A) Indians B) immigrants C) blacks D) Latinos E) Catholics

Q: How did Adams influence the United States' future land holdings? A) He proposed a law in Congress to tax English imports at a high rate, generating enough income to buy the Southwest from Spain. B) He banned political parties, cooling passionate debates so that the nation could focus on expansion. C) He repaired relations with France and created a sense of trust so that the U.S. could eventually purchase the Louisiana Territory. D) He gave the U.S. Army permission to clear Native Americans from the lands, using violence if necessary. E) He appeased Britain with tax agreements and U.S. army assistance in the war against France, so Britain gave the U.S. the land that is now Montana.

Q: How does the financial-political climate of the late eighteenth century compare to today's climate? A) The late eighteenth century was a simpler time; people were either farmers or professionals; few people discussed politics or financial systems. B) Debate about politics and finances was more intense in the late eighteenth century; strife resulted as people established political and financial systems. C) In the late eighteenth century, politics and finances were intertwined; today financial institutions are separate from the influence of political systems. D) Both the financial and political climates of the late eighteenth century and today can be characterized as generally peaceful and focused on domestic affairs. E) The political and financial climates of both times can be characterized as strife-filled, interdependent on each other, and heavily influenced by foreign affairs.

Q: How did Washington's and Adam's cabinets compare to those of today? A) They were much smaller, consisting of only three offices, whereas today's cabinet comprises dozens of secretaries and thousands of employees. B) They were much larger; having to lay the groundwork for a new nation required more manpower than running a superpower today. C) Their cabinets had less power; they acted only as advisors to the president and couldn"t create any actual policies. D) Their cabinet members, being from the same political party, accomplished more by cooperating better than today's members. E) Their cabinets met less frequently as they were busy traveling about the country or Europe, whereas today's members stay mainly in Washington, D.C.

Q: In what sense was the election of 1800 a "peaceful revolution"? A) The public marched in the streets, chanting and holding signs in support of their candidates. B) There was only one candidate for president, so he won without political battle. C) The House and the Senate disagreed about who should be president, so they created the Electoral Collegea revolutionary but peaceful solution. D) Although politicians passionately disagreed about who should be president, a new president was elected peacefully, in spite of electoral glitches. E) Power passed quietly from Washington to Jefferson.

Q: Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? A) The acts deprived poor farmers of their voting and civil rights. B) The acts expanded federal power. C) Jefferson and Madison opposed all of Hamilton's acts on principle. D) The acts didn"t support a strong central government. E) The acts essentially rewrote the Constitution without due process.

Q: Why did the Sedition Act distress many Americans? A) It threatened their political right to disagree with and speak out against the government. B) It gave the Federalists too much power and reduced the Republicans' power. C) It suspended free elections, depriving all white males of their voting rights. D) It expanded the powers of Congress, which meant bigger government. E) It allowed libel convictions without a jury trial, affecting people's judicial rights.

Q: Why did Congress pass the Naturalization Law? A) to help immigrants assimilate into society B) to allow the government to deport undesirable aliens C) to allow the Federalists to maintain political control D) to create a heterogeneous society for America E) to keep out eastern European immigrants

Q: How did the XYZ Affair affect U.S. politics? A) Adams declared war on France. B) France suffered diplomatic humiliation at the hands of the U.S. C) Hamilton resisted the idea of a strong army. D) Adams and Jefferson reached a political impasse. E) High Federalists used the tensions it created as an excuse for military expansion.

Q: How are the Quasi-War and the XYZ Affair related? A) The XYZ Affair was the most significant "battle" in the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France. B) The Quasi-War was one factor leading to the XYZ Affair. C) They XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War are examples of European attacks on the United States. D) The XYZ Affair ended the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France. E) The XYZ Affair was a disagreement between England and the U.S., whereas the Quasi-War was a disagreement between France and the U.S.

Q: How was John Adams's presidency made much more difficult? A) He lacked experience with government. B) Alexander Hamilton interfered and opposed him constantly. C) Jefferson refused to cooperate with a Federalist president. D) America continued to have problems with the British on the seas. E) Adams could not communicate well with Jefferson.

Q: Why had Washington's political alliance shifted by the end of his presidency? A) Disillusioned by political factions, he created his own political party. B) He regretted supporting England in the war, and began to support France. C) He regretted supporting France in the war, and began to support England. D) He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Federalists. E) He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Republicans.

Q: Why did Washington view the Whiskey Rebellion as treason? A) The rebellious farmers elicited the help of Native Americans, creating a quasi civil war. B) He thought French agents had supported the protest. C) Because Britain supplied the rebellious farmers with money and arms, Washington assumed that they were siding with the enemy. D) Because France was having its own revolutionary war, Washington worried the violence would lead to civil war. E) The rebellious farmers began to ship and sell their whiskey to France and England, breaking U.S. trade agreements.

Q: Why did Spain agree to the terms of Pinckney's Treaty? A) It mistook Jay's Treaty for an Anglo-American alliance. B) It needed the additional sources of revenue. C) It needed protection on its southwest borders. D) The United States threatened direct military action. E) It thought America and France had agreed to take Spain's North American land.

Q: What was Hamilton's impact on Jay's Treaty? A) He counseled Jay on whom to see and what to say when he went to England. B) He wrote the terms of the treaty, consolidating his and Madison's ideas. C) He informed the French of the treaty, allowing them to attack England. D) He set the terms of the treaty by secret communications with Britain. E) He filibustered in Congress, stalling the ratification until the treaty expired.

Q: Initially, why did Americans want to remain neutral when war broke out in Europe? A) Neutrality seemed safest. B) Most Americans believed only in nonviolent solutions to conflicts. C) Most Americans didn"t care about a war a whole ocean away. D) Americans were tired of fighting as they had just finished the Revolution. E) Both Britain and France were generous, powerful allies.

Q: How were political parties formed in the United States? A) Each congressman voted on possible party affiliations. B) They were a simple continuation of Federalist and Antifederalist groups. C) Opponents who had disagreed on economic policy split further regarding foreign alliances. D) Political parties developed out of the personal followings of Jefferson and Hamilton. E) Washington, seeing how divided the country was about slavery, proposed political parties as a way for people to disagree civilly.

Q: In saying "We are all republicans; we are all federalists" Jefferson meant that _______. A) Republicans and Federalist should be united against the Whigs B) he hoped to make common cause with the Federalists C) there were no real differences between these two parties D) Americans still shared a common political ideology E) the real threat was the Whig-Tory split

Q: Which of the following would Alexander Hamilton have proposed? A) strong diplomatic ties with France B) the purchase of western lands C) expanding the franchise D) placing tighter controls on commerce E) modeling the banking system on the German model

Q: Why didn"t Washington veto Hamilton's bank bill? A) He agreed with it wholeheartedly. B) He didn"t like it, but he knew it was best for the country. C) Jefferson made a strong argument for it, and Hamilton argued weakly against it. D) Hamilton made a strong argument for it, and Jefferson argued weakly against it. E) The Supreme Court had already approved it.

Q: Why did opponents criticize Hamilton's assumption program? A) It rewarded states like Massachusetts, which had sloppy financial systems, for nonpayment of debt. B) It proposed a lengthy and unrealistic policy of repaying the original holders of the debt. C) Only the poor would profit from the program, disadvantaging the rich and creating larger economic issues. D) The program was disproportionately favorable to the South. E) The program could lead to the establishment of a monarchy.

Q: How did Hamilton demonstrate his dedication in developing his plan for prosperity and security? A) He consulted his friends and colleagues in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Virginia. B) He surveyed and patiently listened to his political enemies, especially Jefferson and Madison. C) He traveled to England and France, studying their economic institutions and industrial centers. D) He traveled around the United States, even into the Western Territories, to gain a true sense of the nation's fiscal status. E) He conducted a survey of political and economic leaders on the subject.

Q: Which of the following was NOT a Hamiltonian idea? A) Private greed could be the source of public good. B) The new government depended primarily on the wealthiest Americans. C) France was the United States' most important ally. D) A national bank was necessary for the country's economic health. E) Anarchy was a greater threat than monarchy.

Q: Which of these was true of U.S. political leaders in the 1790s? A) Many of those who had collaborated closely during the American Revolution found themselves bitter enemies. B) Political leadership passed from those active in the American Revolution to a new generation of statesmen. C) Friendships among those active in the American Revolution continued under Washington's two terms. D) Differences that developed during the Revolution created the political parties that emerged under Washington. E) While those who were prominent remained united, political parties emerged under the leadership of a new generation of leaders.

Q: How was Washington's election to the presidency different from that of every president since? A) He was unanimously elected by the Electoral College. B) He was elected by the public as there was no Electoral College yet. C) He was not "elected" but rather appointed by Congress. D) He is the only army general to become president. E) He is the only president who wasn"t born on American soil.

Q: Why did Jeffersonians fear strong financial institutions? A) Most were simple farmers who did not understand banking policy. B) They resented Federalists, who tended to have more money. C) They held firm religious beliefs about the sin of greed. D) Most were anti-Semitic, believing that banks were controlled by Jewish interests. E) They believed that banks were the root of corruption in the British government.

Q: Each of the following is true of the election of 1800 EXCEPT ________. A) Alexander Hamilton intrigued to keep his own party's candidate from winning B) the Federalist Party was hopelessly split C) the electoral college decided the election D) Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson tied for president E) it led to changes in the presidential electoral process

Q: The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution ________. A) changed the process of electing the president and vice president B) decreased presidential power C) heightened the potential for further political conflict D) stopped the African slave trade E) dealt with the judicial power of the United States

Q: As a result of the actions taken by President Adams in 1799, ________. A) he was overwhelmingly reelected in 1800 B) the United States resolved its differences with France C) the Federalist Party remained the major party D) France compensated the United States for ships taken E) the French added even more restrictions on U.S. commerce

Q: According to the Kentucky Resolutions, ________. A) ultimate power always remained with the federal government B) states had the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances C) the Sedition Act was worthy of enforcement by the states D) Kentucky chose to remain neutral in the contest between Hamilton and Jefferson E) the "general welfare" of the nation should be the guiding principle in state decisions

Q: In 1798, the Federalists sponsored a military buildup with the intention of ________. A) taking the French West Indies B) suppressing internal political dissent C) conquering Canada D) pacifying the Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley E) pumping federal dollars into a sagging economy

Q: During the Adams administration, ________. A) Great Britain continued to pose problems for the nation B) domestic problems occupied the president's full attention C) France reacted negatively to the terms of Jay's Treaty D) few Americans seemed concerned with foreign affairs E) France became a closer ally thanks to the terms of Jay's Treaty

Q: The election of 1796 was complicated by ________. A) changes in the nation's voting laws B) interference from British diplomats C) behind-the-scenes manipulations by Alexander Hamilton D) Washington's refusal to stay out of politics E) confusion over the differences between Federalists and Republicans

Q: Washington's Farewell Address ________. A) warned against creating a strong military B) brought harmony to the political system C) supported the political ideology of Jefferson and Madison D) advised against an alliance with France E) wholeheartedly endorsed the two-party system

Q: Which of the following statements about the Whiskey Rebellion is FALSE? A) It took place in western Pennsylvania. B) It lent credence to fears of political violence against the government. C) It involved an attempt to prohibit the consumption of whiskey and other alcoholic beverages. D) The Washington administration's reaction to it was excessive. E) It increased Republican electoral strength along the frontier.

Q: As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, ________. A) Great Britain continued to dominate the western frontier B) the United States withdrew from the western frontier C) the Indians scored a decisive victory D) the inadequacy of the American army was made evident E) the British encouraged Native Americans to give up their land

Q: Jay's Treaty succeeded in ________. A) getting British troops to withdraw from the northwest forts B) opening New Orleans to U.S. commerce C) pacifying Southerners who had lost slaves during the war D) humiliating the French E) calming Washington's anxieties

Q: Thomas Jefferson felt it was important that the U.S. government ________. A) foster strong ties with Great Britain B) support business and industrial development C) decrease the role agriculture played in the American economy D) lean toward France in the event it clashed with Britain E) expand the franchise

Q: In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated ________. A) respect for the status of the new nation B) a desire to recruit the United States as a close ally C) disdain for American rights D) a willingness to join the French in taking advantage of the new country E) the need for American resources to feed and clothe British troops

Q: During Washington's second term in office, ________. A) foreign affairs became a much more important focus B) relations with Great Britain and France improved dramatically C) Hamilton and Jefferson resolved their differences over domestic policy D) Hamilton ceased to be a force in American politics E) the European war unified American officials in support of France

Q: The Report on Manufactures suggested ________. A) low tariffs on imported goods B) congressional taxes on industrial goods C) protective tariffs D) strict laissez faire E) a fluctuating tariff schedule

Q: Creation of the Bank of the United States was based on the doctrine of ________. A) strict construction B) states' rights C) implied powers D) judicial review E) checks and balances

Q: Opposition to Hamilton's proposed national bank ________. A) was based on "loose construction" of the Constitution B) reflected the fears of private bankers C) was justified because his plans so clearly favored a few "monied interests." D) generally did not involve the general public E) involved issues relating to Congress's constitutional powers

Q: James Madison opposed Hamilton's proposal for the public debt because ________. A) he feared Hamilton's growing political power B) the powers of state government would be reduced C) he believed only speculators would benefit D) it did not foster the government of the Revolution E) many soldiers had lost the old loan certificates that entitled them to payment

Q: Hamilton's Report on the Public Credit recommended ________. A) the renunciation of all old government debts B) that the federal government assume remaining state debts C) that the states fund most government activities D) that bankers be restricted in their dealings with the federal government E) that the federal government offer its creditors 80 percent of the face value of its obligations

Q: The greatest challenge facing the first Washington administration was ________. A) foreign affairs B) waging war with Native Americans C) setting the government's finances in order D) territorial expansion E) regulating interstate trade

Q: By the end of Washington's first term of office, ________. A) political harmony had unified the cabinet B) political squabbling had divided the government C) political parties had not yet formed D) the machinery of government had been brought to a standstill E) politicians listened only to public opinion

Q: Which of the following individuals was NOT a member of George Washington's first government? A) Thomas Jefferson B) James Madison C) Edmund Randolph D) Alexander Hamilton E) Henry Knox

Q: The Judiciary Act of 1789 ________. A) was primarily the work of Oliver Ellsworth B) set up a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices C) defined the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court D) provided that the chief justice would be chosen by the Senate E) established the power of judicial review

Q: For many Americans, George Washington was ________. A) a symbol of the new government B) a routine, typical political leader C) not a popular leader D) a threat to proclaim himself king E) a good general, but not necessarily a good politician

Q: Members of the Federalist party ________. A) advocated states' rights B) supported the French Revolution C) wanted Thomas Jefferson to be president D) supported a strong national government E) despised centralized economic planning

Q: The leading African-American scientist and mathematician in early America was ________. A) John Woolman B) Richard Allen C) Benjamin Banneker D) Sojourner Truth E) Phillis Wheatley

Q: ________ caused the most important changes in voting patterns in the immediate post-war years. A) The tremendous loss of male lives B) Western migration C) The dramatically increased standard of living D) The Articles of Confederation E) The movement of state capitals to more central locations

Q: The Society of the Cincinnati was formed by ________. A) George Washington and fellow revolutionary officers B) Samuel Adams and political contemporaries C) John Adams and James Madison D) Thomas Jefferson and George Washington E) James Madison and John Jay

Q: For Americans in the 1780s, they had formed a real republic by eliminating ________. A) conflict B) the monarchy and aristocracy C) a hereditary legislature D) a strong national government E) sectionalism

Q: How did disagreements between Federalists and Antifederalists reflect the political climate of the 1780s and predict the climate of the 1800s? A) The disagreement showed that Americans were strangers to the political process and had a lot to learn. B) The disagreement threatened the young nation throughout the 1780s and well into the 1800s. C) The disagreement was inconsequential as most Americans agreed about state, federal, and individual rights. D) The disagreement was quickly cleared up, demonstrating that Americans were able politicians. E) The disagreement showed how the country was divided and would be divided for the next several decades on state, federal, and individual rights.

Q: How does the modern Bill of Rights compare to that of 1789? A) The modern one allows for freedoms despite ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientationprovisions that were not made in 1789. B) The modern one allows for infringement on freedom of speech and privacy with technology lawsprovisions that did not exist in 1789. C) The 1789 bill led to political controversy whereas the modern one has not. D) The modern bill has led to political controversy whereas the 1789 one did not. E) The 1789 bill was longer; the modern one is a shorter rewriting of the same tenets.

Q: How did the Bill of Rights of 1789 provide only limited freedoms? A) It did not allow for freedoms of speech, religion, press, or trial. B) It excluded foreigners and poor Americans. C) It protected the freedoms of speech, religion, press, trial, bearing arms, and searches but did not grant rights to non-white males. D) It granted the states more power than the federal government. E) It was comprised mostly of legal procedures for Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court.

Q: Why were Antifederalists concerned about the new Constitution? A) They worried that public officials would scheme to increase their power. B) They knew that preservation of liberty required no vigilance. C) They saw that smaller republics were prone to political corruption. D) They feared that the new national government would be too strong. E) They believed that constituents reflect the character of their elected officials.

Q: Why did those who campaigned actively for ratification of the Constitution call themselves "Federalists"? A) The term "Nationalists" had been used during the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and was now negatively viewed. B) The term suggested that they stood for a confederation of states and not for a supreme national authority. C) They wanted the public to know that they supported strong state governments that controlled the federal government. D) The term "Antifederalists" was perceived as negative because of the root "anti." E) The popular song "Federalists on the Shore" recalled the glories of the Revolutionary War.

Q: Why was the phrase "We the people of the United States" in the new Constitution? A) It was there to exclude women and African Americans from the rights described in the document. B) The phrase recalled the Declaration of Independence and would help Americans approve the document. C) The other delegates voted unanimously on the phrase, thinking it would help ensure ratification. D) It was there to include women and African Americans in the rights described in the document. E) It was there to avoid mention of the states because of uncertainty about how many and which states would ratify the document.

Q: How did the Philadelphia Convention delegates ensure ratification of the Constitution? A) They called for electing 13 state conventions and requiring only nine state legislatures to ratify it. B) They decided that a unanimous vote among the general public of all the states would ratify it. C) They decided that a unanimous vote among the state congresses would ratify it. D) They called for electing James Madison as president so he could ratify it instead of Congress. E) They decided that three-fifths of all state legislators needed to ratify it.

Q: Why did the new Constitution of 1787 call for the election of a president by an Electoral College? A) so that the people could directly vote for their president B) because most voters were illiterate C) so that the president would not be indebted to Congress for his office D) so that no state would have more power than another E) to prevent non-white males from voting

Q: How did the Constitutional Convention affect slavery? A) It allowed the slave trade to continue indefinitely. B) It permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808. C) It provided for an immediate end to the importation of African slaves. D) It declared slavery to be illegal as of 1808. E) It declared that slaves could not be purchased in the United States after 1808.

Q: How did the question of slavery impact the Constitutional Convention? A) It caused few real problems. B) It generally saw northerners willing to support southern concerns. C) It threatened to disrupt and destroy the work of the convention. D) It found the southern delegates eager to compromise on most significant arguments. E) It was resolved, but left the South at a disadvantage.

Q: Why didn"t William Paterson's New Jersey Plan appeal to most delegates of the Philadelphia Convention? A) It failed to provide a solution to the Convention's most pressing issues. B) It proposed a two-house national legislature, giving the federal government too much power. C) It represented the wishes only of the large states, excluding small and weak states. D) It was strongly supported by Madison and his colleagues, so most delegates rejected it on that basis alone. E) It denied Congress power to tax or regulate trade, severely hampering its political and economic viability.

Q: Why did the delegates at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention vow to secrecy during the proceedings? A) to keep their competition (Antifederalists) in the dark B) so that James Madison could wield limitless power C) to avoid the spread of rumors D) to avoid a civil war between the North and the South E) so that there would be a balance of power between state and federal governments

Q: How did Shays's Rebellion help advance Madison's plans for reform? A) Farmers throughout the United States began supporting Madison as a way of guaranteeing their rights. B) Wealthy plantation owners feared slave rebellions on their own lands and wanted a strong government to protect their interests. C) Madison was instrumental in calming the farmers and ending the rebellion, so people began to trust him. D) Even Northerners were alarmed to see that African Americans could wield such power, and looked to Madison to establish a government to protect whites. E) People throughout the United States realized that law and order were breaking down.

Q: Why was James Madison described as a political genius? A) He wrote the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. B) He helped Americans think of republican government in radical new ways. C) He used the teachings of Montesquieu to advocate for strong state governments. D) He had fought bravely in the revolutionary war, leading his men with wisdom and courage. E) He successfully governed his home state of Virginia in a socialist manner, giving all power to the people.

Q: How could a territory become a state according to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? A) First a territory had to raise enough money to buy their land from the European country that owned it, then the people could petition for statehood. B) Once the people of the territory had successfully subdued the Native American population, they could become a state. C) Territories had to elect officials and then write Articles of Confederation in order to become a full-fledged state. D) Once population reached 60,000, residents could write a constitution and petition for statehood. E) After a period of eighteen years, territories could petition the federal government for permission to become a state.

Q: Why did disagreements over western lands delay the ratification of the Articles of Confederation? A) Britain still held claims on the western lands, so the Americans had to negotiate with Britain before they could ratify. B) Several states made claims to western lands, which other states disputed. C) Native Americans protested the Articles of Confederation in an effort to secure their land in the West. D) A large percentage of Americans lived in the West, but travel and communication was poor, so it took a long time to receive their votes. E) Most of the land in the West belonged to Spain and France, so the impoverished new America had to wait to raise money to buy it.

Q: Why did the Articles of Confederation give states more power than the central government? A) The delegates believed that powerful state governments were dangerous. B) The delegates were mostly state governors, so they wanted to preserve their own power. C) The new central government had proven itself unworthy of power with corrupt officials and systematic abuses. D) Articles of Confederation by definition must give power to the states as it is a state-wide document. E) The delegates believed that powerful central governments were dangerous.

Q: Why did most first state constitutions include a bill of rights? A) To remind future rulers of the exact limits of their authority. B) To establish the rights of white male landowners. C) To create a stronger central federal government. D) To prevent weak state governments. E) Because the federal constitution included a bill of rights.

Q: What did women gain as a result of the American Revolution? A) Women gained voting rights and access to higher education. B) Women gained little; their lives remained much the same. C) Women could now become landowners, shopkeepers, and dress makers. D) Women gained access to divorce, and some economic opportunities. E) Women could travel freely, study widely, and find gainful employment.

Q: How were women affected by the political ideas of the American Revolution? A) These ideas did not interest women very much. B) The ideas brought dramatic changes and opportunities to their lives. C) The ideas caused them to be more assertive about their roles in the family. D) The end of the war allowed them to participate actively in government. E) Revolutionary ideas brought them together to demand universal suffrage.

Q: How was slavery an obvious contradiction to the principles of the American republic? A) Slavery showed how poorly treated black women were. B) Americans claimed to be fighting for freedom, but still enslaved others. C) Slavery funded much of the Revolution, so it was part of the new republic. D) Slavery was a British institution and had no place in an independent America. E) People who fought in the war and enslaved others were too violent for a republic.

Q: What was the effect of the American Revolution on slavery? A) Soon after the end of the war, slavery was abolished in northern states. B) The war set a time limit to end slavery in the South. C) The war had little effect on slavery. D) Initially, the war led to African Americans' gaining freedom. E) The war emancipated African Americans in several states.

Q: Why was there an uproar surrounding the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati? A) The public feared that it amounted to an American aristocracy. B) Many women were angry because membership was exclusively male. C) Religious leaders felt the society was pagan in its rituals. D) Parents feared allowing young men and women to meet without chaperones. E) Southerners questioned the society's strong anti-slavery stance.