Q&A Hero

Q: Which best describes the change in colonial warfare during the eighteenth century? A) Rather than fight off Native Americans, the colonists found that their main enemies were colonists from other regions of the country. B) Rather than participate in European wars, the colonists were forced to battle against Native Americans. C) Instead of the threat from hostile Native Americans, the colonists faced threats from African-American slaves. D) Instead of facing threats from Native Americans and African-American slaves, the colonists were forced to fight against Spanish forces. E) Instead of being involved in local wars with Native Americans, the colonists became involved with the wars between Britain and France.

Q: In the period of the rise of the colonial assembly, which of these changes took place in colonial law? A) A unique colonial legal system emerged. B) Colonial courts disappeared. C) Colonial law increasingly reflected German law. D) Legal practices increasingly resembled those of England. E) Legal issues were increasingly decided in England.

Q: Colonial legislators saw their primary function as ________. A) improving the lives of their constituents B) preventing encroachments on the people's rights C) implementing the governor's policies D) mediating between the royal governor and the people E) supporting the governor to attain patronage appointments

Q: Which is NOT true of royal governors in colonial America? A) They had the power to dismiss judges. B) They were military commanders-in-chief in each colony. C) They had the power to appoint colonial officials. D) They had the power to tax the colonists. E) They had the right to veto legislation.

Q: Which of the following was NOT an important effect of the Great Awakening? A) It stimulated higher education in the colonies. B) It strengthened the authority of old colonial religions. C) It encouraged the development of individualism. D) It fostered an optimistic view of the future among those touched by it. E) It evoked a sense of "new birth" among believers.

Q: Why did tension arise between colonial congregations of the 1740s and 1750s? A) Evangelical preachers began to challenge traditional preaching. B) Colonial preachers no longer wanted to be controlled by the English clergy. C) Some preachers wanted to prevent colonists from joining their congregations. D) Many preachers tried to convert Native Americans to evangelical Christianity. E) Congregations disagreed about whether women should participate in the church.

Q: Which of the following best characterizes the primary message of Jonathan Edwards' preaching? A) that a combination of good deeds and steadfast faith could bring salvation B) that salvation would come through repentance only C) that the eternal fate of individuals was determined at birth D) that Old Light spokesmen were the only true possessors of truth E) that people could redeem themselves by performing good works

Q: What caused the balance of trade between England and the colonies to turn dramatically in England's favor by the mid-eighteenth century? A) the decline in trade between the colonies and the West Indies B) enormous demand in the colonies for British finished products C) industrialization in the colonies D) stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts E) enormous demand in the colonies for raw materials from England

Q: What happened as a result of the growth of the eighteenth-century colonial economy? A) The population grew even faster and per capita income declined. B) Enforcement of the Navigation Laws sowed the seeds of a lingering bitterness against Britain. C) The colonies developed a strong industrial base. D) Colonists' prosperity as a whole increased. E) American exports increasingly found new markets around the world.

Q: As a result of Enlightenment thinking, Benjamin Franklin ________. A) turned to organized religion for meaning in his life B) devoted his life to his own personal religious views C) rejected the practical pursuits of life in favor of contemplation, meditation, and intellectual inquiry D) pursued his curiosity until it yielded useful scientific ideas and ingenious material inventions E) sought to find true enlightenment by giving up most of his material possessions

Q: Which best summarizes the basic philosophy of the Enlightenment? A) Reason could help humans achieve perfection in this world. B) Knowledge was of little use when confined to speculation. C) Faith and tolerance could help humans achieve perfection in this world. D) Absolutist governments must be replaced by representative governments. E) People must give up most possessions to achieve true enlightenment.

Q: How did early Spanish outposts in North America compare to early English settlements? A) There were fewer Native American groups in the Spanish outposts to threaten the new settlers. B) There were more natural resources in the Spanish outposts, which led to a greater success of the first settlements there. C) The Spanish outposts contained settlers who had migrated from many more places in Europe than the ones in the English settlements. D) The Spanish outposts grew more slowly due to the harsh environment and threats of Native Americans. E) Though they started later, the Spanish outposts eventually grew much larger and at a faster rate.

Q: Why did Spain initially have little interest in settling California? A) The region was full of Native American groups who fought any Europeans that tried to settle there. B) The region had so many French settlers that the Spanish did not want to fight over land with them. C) The region appeared to lack natural resources and was not easy to reach from Mexico City. D) The region was continually plagued by earthquakes, which frightened the settlers away. E) The region was too close to Mexico City and the Native American groups there.

Q: Why did increased trade with Europeans tend to erode the traditional leadership structure of Native American groups? A) Native Americans looked to the Europeans as their new leaders, which caused the Native American leaders to lose much of their power. B) Native Americans who traded with Europeans tended not to belong to traditional communities, but rather to leaderless societies. C) Native American leaders no longer wanted to rule over other members of their groups who traded with Europeans. D) Native American leaders spent so much time in conflict with European traders that they had no time for leadership, causing their roles to weaken. E) Native Americans no longer consulted leaders when they bargained with European traders, which weakened the leaders' roles.

Q: Which was true of the Native Americans of the "middle ground"? A) They maintained a strong, independent role in commercial exchange with Europeans. B) They sought to isolate themselves completely from European contact. C) They sought economic competition between tribes rather than military confrontation. D) They continued to war against each other rather than establish intertribal confederacies. E) They wanted to strengthen their ties to each other in order to fight the European settlers.

Q: What was the motivation for German Lutherans to come to the middle colonies in the later 1700s? A) Their primary goal was to improve their lives materially. B) They wanted to escape the war that was going on between Germany and France. C) They were seeking political freedom. D) They were seeking religious freedom. E) Their primary goal was to convert more people to Lutheranism in the colonies.

Q: What was the main motivation that brought so many Scots-Irish to America in the 1700s? A) They came to practice Catholicism freely, something they could not do in Ireland. B) They came in search of freedom and prosperity, two things they lacked in Ireland. C) They came to work as indentured servants in the New World. D) Their main goal was to form new Presbyterian congregations in America. E) They came to earn money in America and planned to return to Scotland.

Q: Which of these was most likely the principal reason Spain found its North American border hard to hold? A) lack of mineral resources B) lack of arable land C) its vastness D) Spanish-British hostilities E) the opposition of the Plains Indians

Q: Which was NOT a territorial change under the Peace of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War? A) Spain gained Louisiana B) Britain gained Florida C) France lost all land claims in continental North America D) Spain gained Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean E) Britain gained Canada

Q: Which war between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America? A) King William's War B) Queen Anne's War C) King George's War D) the Seven Years' War E) King Philip's War

Q: The man who led Great Britain to victory in the Seven Years' War was ________. A) Lord North B) John Trenchard C) Horatio Nelson D) King George II E) William Pitt

Q: The failure of the Albany Plan can be attributed, primarily, to the ________. A) opposition of French authorities B) fiscal jealousies of colonial assemblies C) beginning of the French and Indian War D) refusal of the Iroquois tribes to support it E) lack of interest from colonial representatives

Q: Colonial involvement in imperial wars began with ________. A) the French and Indian War B) King William's War C) King Philip's War D) the Thirty Years' War E) Queen Anne's War

Q: The leading figure at the Albany Congress, and designer of the Albany Plan, was ________. A) Thomas Jefferson B) George Washington C) William Pitt D) John Adams E) Benjamin Franklin

Q: In 1743, during King George's War, colonial forces captured ________. A) Montreal B) Toronto C) Louisbourg D) New Orleans E) Quebec

Q: The major source of Anglo-French conflict in the colonies was ________. A) slavery B) international naval supremacy C) arguments over relations and treaties with Native Americans D) political grievances E) control of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys

Q: Which was NOT a colonial war between France and England? A) King William's War B) Queen Anne's War C) King George's War D) French and Indian War E) King Philip's War

Q: A major source of political information in the colonies came in the form of ________. A) imported political treatises B) weekly newspapers C) pamphlets D) public debates E) daily newspapers

Q: Which college was NOT established as a result of the Great Awakening? A) Princeton B) Columbia C) Rutgers D) Brown E) Dartmouth

Q: Which of these was a prominent African-American minister, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church? A) William Pitt B) Richard Allen C) Edward Braddock D) John Trenchard E) Thomas Gordon

Q: Followers of the Great Awakening, who emphasized a powerful, emotional religion, were known as ________. A) "Old Lights" B) "New Lights" C) Presbyterians D) deists E) evangelicals

Q: The two most important leaders of the Great Awakening in colonial America were ________. A) Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield B) John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards C) John Locke and Benjamin Franklin D) Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard E) Cotton Mather and George Whitefield

Q: A major financial problem that confronted mid-eighteenth-century America involved the ________. A) colonists' heavy debt to the British B) colonists' refusal to buy English products C) shortage of gold and silver coinage D) colonies' failure to print paper money E) lack of credit available to merchants

Q: The one American who, more than anyone else, symbolized the spirit of the Enlightenment was ________. A) Jonathan Edwards B) George Washington C) Cotton Mather D) George Whitefield E) Benjamin Franklin

Q: For many Americans, the main appeal of the Enlightenment was its focus on ________. A) searching for practical knowledge B) reviving interest in classical education C) defending traditional Christian beliefs D) pure scientific research E) achieving a classless society

Q: Which tribe was most successful at resisting conversion to Catholicism? A) Pueblos B) Coahuiltecans C) Aztecs D) Pimas E) Conchos

Q: Which region was NOT considered part of the eighteenth-century Spanish borderlands? A) California B) New Mexico C) Colorado D) Texas E) Florida

Q: In 1565, concern over French encroachment led to the establishment of ________. A) Jamestown B) Boston C) St. Augustine D) Plymouth E) Roanoke

Q: The "middle ground" was an area ________. A) where most of the fighting between whites and Indians occurred B) where whites and Indians interacted on an approximately equal basis C) inhabited by renegades, half-breeds, and runaway slaves D) of metaphorical stasis, symbolic of a culture that was part European and part Indian E) designated by treaty as a demilitarized zone

Q: The population of the thirteen British colonies grew to about __________ in 1770. A) 2000 B) 20,000 C) 200,000 D) 2 million E) 20 million

Q: The first large group of German immigrants moved to America seeking ________. A) free land B) religious tolerance C) an opportunity to become wealthy farmers D) markets for their craft products E) work to bring their families from Europe

Q: The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies in the 1700s were ________. A) the Dutch B) the Germans C) the Swedish D) the Scots-Irish E) the French

Q: The factor most responsible for the growth of the colonial population between 1700 and 1770 was ________. A) natural reproduction B) the great wave of immigration during that period C) the program of forced migration instituted by the monarchy D) the dramatic upsurge in the importation of slaves E) the intermarriage between settlers and Native Americans

Q: Consider the following statement. "The elements that sparked a powerful sense of nationalism among colonists dispersed over a huge territory would not be evident for a long time." What does this statement mean?A) The colonists tended to dislike the colonists in regions other than their own.B) The colonies were getting very close to forming an independent country.C) The colonies were still separate and had very little to do with each other.D) The colonies had expanded to a huge area of the country.E) The colonies saw themselves as English first and Americans second.

Q: What was a difference between the rights in marriage of women in the Chesapeake region and those of women in New England in the 1600s? A) Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have more power because they were fewer in number and thus began from a better bargaining position. B) Women in New England had more rights because there were more women there and they had greater strength as a community. C) Women in New England had fewer rights because the colonists there came from more strict and traditional backgrounds. D) Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have fewer rights because the planter class had more restrictions on the roles of women in society. E) Women in New England had fewer rights because the women there tended to live much shorter lives than those in the Chesapeake region.

Q: Why is the Navigation Act in 1660 considered the most important piece of imperial legislation drafted before the American Revolution? A) It allowed the development of the colonial navy into one of the most powerful in the world. B) It greatly strengthened the English mercantile empire. C) It allowed colonists to trade with the Dutch, which eventually caused the British to retaliate with acts that sparked the American Revolution. D) It established France and Holland as allies of the colonies and enemies with England. E) Its passage directly led to the Boston Tea Party, which was the first act of rebellion by the American colonists.

Q: During the Salem witchcraft hysteria, Increase Mather and other leading ministers ________. A) called for execution of the accused witches B) completely ignored the controversy C) urged restraint and caution D) called for colony-wide searches for accused witches E) questioned the validity of the testimony of minors

Q: Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Salem witchcraft hysteria? A) the community's history of religious discord B) disagreements between Salem's poor people and its upper classes C) Salem's history of engaging in occult practices D) fear of attack by nearby Indians E) the underlying misogyny of the entire colonial culture

Q: What do we know about the sources of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem? A) They are known to have been primarily economic. B) They reflected the community's underlying resistance to the teachings of Calvinism. C) They lay in the community's dislike of English authority. D) They are likely the result of preexisting conflict. E) They may have been related to the presence of real witches.

Q: What was the New England version of the Glorious Revolution? A) a year-long celebration of the overthrow of James II B) the overthrow of Governor Andros C) a year-long celebration of the crowning of William and Mary D) a new bill of rights for all colonists E) a new bill of rights for land-owning colonists

Q: Which issue led directly to Bacon's Rebellion? A) the inability of the governor to take action against the Indians on the frontier B) the unfair trial of colonial smugglers by British admiralty courts C) Parliament's decision to appoint a governor rather than allow popular elections D) the attempt to move the capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg E) the attempt of Bacon to obtain a license to engage in the fur trade

Q: Which statement about Bacon's Rebellion is FALSE? A) Bacon would probably have been accepted into the ruling clique had he only waited. B) Bacon led a rebellion to prevent Governor Berkeley from waging a war against the Susquehannock Indians. C) Bacon was perceived as a hero by the common people of Virginia. D) Bacon and his men burned Jamestown to the ground. E) Bacon, a member of a respectable English family, had only recently arrived in Virginia.

Q: What did the seventeenth-century revolts of American colonial gentry represent? A) an early rehearsal for the American Revolution B) confrontations between ordinary people and their rulers C) competition among local factions for control of their colonies D) ideological struggles over colonial rights E) a struggle between the planters and yeoman farmers

Q: Why did the Virginia tobacco planters oppose the Navigation Acts? A) Trading with the Dutch made the price of tobacco decrease. B) Virginians wanted to be able to import goods from France. C) The planters received smaller profits due to the customs duties on tobacco. D) They wanted tobacco to be transshipped through England first. E) The cost of ships reduced the profits they made from tobacco.

Q: Which statement is a key assumption of mercantilism? A) Trade benefits all trading partners equally. B) Trade benefits only the weak nations. C) One nation's success in commerce has no effect on other nations. D) One nation's success in commerce is another nation's loss. E) One nation's success in commerce benefits all nations.

Q: Which provides the strongest evidence that eighteenth-century slavery was based on race? A) Slave status depended entirely on the amount of money a person had, and blacks had little money. B) The status of a person as a slave depended on where the person was born, and being born in Africa made a person a slave. C) The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on skin color. D) The status of a person as a slave depended partly on skin color and partly on intelligence. E) The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on social class.

Q: Which of the following best characterizes the creole languages that developed among slaves in some parts of the southern colonies in the seventeenth century? A) Creole languages were a mixture of English and different African languages. B) Creole languages were based on African languages. C) Creole languages were a mixture of French, English, and Dutch languages. D) Creole languages were written versions of African languages. E) Creole languages were informal, colloquial versions of English.

Q: Why did colonial lawmakers create strict slave codes in the late 1600s? A) Lawmakers wanted slaves to be treated fairly. B) Lawmakers feared an uprising because the African population had increased greatly. C) Lawmakers wanted to prevent an influx of additional Africans into America. D) Lawmakers wanted African Americans to be treated the same as indentured servants. E) Lawmakers wanted to pave the road for African slaves to eventually become citizens.

Q: What seems to have hindered the development of towns in the Chesapeake region? A) hostility between different ethnic groups B) the absence of navigable rivers C) the absence of a vibrant middle class D) an economy based on one crop destined for export E) the dependence on a one-crop economy for use in the colonies

Q: How would late seventeenth-century Virginia best be described? A) a plantation society, dominated by a slaveholding elite B) a diversified society and economy, with minimal social stratification C) a society of small farmers, committed to diversified agriculture D) a successful commercial enterprise that returned large profits to the crown E) a society struggling with the question of slavery

Q: Which was NOT a factor that retarded population growth in seventeenth-century Virginia and Maryland? A) Many young women delayed marriage until their terms of service were complete. B) Infant mortality rates were very high in both colonies. C) Local Indians kidnapped many women and children. D) The life expectancy was short. E) The gender ratio was seriously unbalanced.

Q: Which of these was true of Chesapeake families in the 1600s? A) Stable nuclear families were the rule. B) Most marriages did not last ten years. C) Three-generation families commonly lived together. D) Remarriage was uncommon after a spouse died. E) Large families were common because of early marriage.

Q: Which of the following was true of seventeenth-century New England? A) Most families had several servants. B) There were wide gaps between the rich and the poor. C) Land ownership was widespread. D) Few colonists owned their own land. E) All free males could vote.

Q: Why did Massachusetts and Connecticut feel the need to pass sumptuary laws? A) They weren"t comfortable with the idea that lower class people were taking on the trappings of the upper classes. B) They weren"t comfortable with the idea that upper class people were "slumming" and taking on the trappings of the lower classes. C) They wanted to abolish all signs of the British social class system. D) They wanted to establish a minimum dress code for the lower classes. E) They wanted to limit finery for all colonial classes.

Q: What role did women have in the New England colonies? A) They generally had no independence at all from men. B) They had the same legal rights as men but could not vote. C) They made no decisions and simply followed the orders of men. D) They had no legal rights, but they were able to vote and hold public office. E) They were respected for their work but were legally inferior to men.

Q: Why did the population of New England rise in the seventeenth century? A) Better overall health resulted in people living longer. B) Puritan families tended to have many children. C) Couples in New England married younger and tended to have more children. D) Many more immigrants came to New England than to the other colonies. E) Colonists from the southern colonies moved to New England in large numbers.

Q: Why were New England colonists more likely to maintain English customs than those who migrated to Virginia and Maryland? A) The New England colonists came from higher social ranks than those in the other colonies and were more familiar with traditional English customs. B) The New England colonists brought more English goods with them to America, which helped keep the traditions alive. C) The New England colonists tended to migrate as families and thus were able to keep family and other traditions in the New World. D) The New England colonists generally came to America as single men and women and found that preserving their English customs comforted them. E) The New England colonists were proud to be English, while the other colonists wanted to reject their English traditions.

Q: As a result of the Salem witchcraft trials, ________. A) nineteen people were hanged B) twenty-three people were banished C) eight people were pressed to death with weights D) fourteen people were burned at the stake E) nine people were executed by firing squad

Q: The peaceful ousting of James II by Parliament in 1688 was known as ________. A) King James's War B) the Restoration C) Parliament's Rebellion D) the Glorious Revolution E) the People's War

Q: The armed conflict between Native Americans and New Englanders in 1675 was led by ________. A) Massasoit B) Powhatan C) Metacomet D) Tecumseh E) Opechancanough

Q: One of the major causes of ________ was the disfranchisement of landless freemen by the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1670. A) Bacon's Rebellion B) Coode's Rebellion C) Leisler's Rebellion D) the Stono Uprising E) Shays's Rebellion

Q: Beginning in 1696, the ________ settled disputes that occurred at sea. A) House of Commons B) Lords of Trade C) Board of Trade D) Privy Council E) vice-admiralty courts

Q: The Staple Act of 1663 stated that ________. A) Americans must stop raising corn and wheat B) imports to America had to be shipped through England C) Americans could not produce iron products D) rum had to be manufactured in the West Indies E) Americans could only produce staple foodstuffs

Q: The intention of the Navigation Acts was to ________. A) remove the Dutch as a commercial competitor B) promote English industrial development C) keep the American colonies weak and dependent D) stimulate colonial economic diversification E) finance the British navy

Q: The Navigation Acts established the principle that ________. A) trade between the colonies of Spain and of England would be beneficial B) Spain would have most-favored status in trading with England C) free trade was good for all D) the British colonies' only trading partner was England E) North American industry should be discouraged

Q: British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of ________. A) feudalism B) laissez-faire C) mercantilism D) federalism E) republicanism

Q: The most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period was ________. A) the Stono Uprising B) the Denmark Vesey Conspiracy C) Nat Turner's Rebellion D) the Jamestown Massacre E) Bacon's Rebellion

Q: In which colony were African Americans most able to preserve their African identity? A) New Jersey B) South Carolina C) Pennsylvania D) New York E) Virginia

Q: Where did the creole language, Gullah, endure longest? A) Maryland B) North Carolina C) Louisiana D) Virginia E) the Sea Islands

Q: The eighteenth-century population of the lowlands of South Carolina was ________ percent black. A) 5 B) 10 C) 40 D) 60 E) 80