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History & Theory
Q:
The primary cause for continuing conflicts between English colonists and Native Americans in Virginia was the
A) English murder of Nemattanew, a Powhatan war captain and religious prophet.
B) organization of Chesapeake tribes by the proud and talented leader Opechancanough.
C) steady encroachment by land-hungry settlers on Indian territories.
D) refusal of Powhatan to allow his daughter Pocahontas to marry planter John Rolfe.
Q:
All of the following are true regarding the early tobacco industry EXCEPT:
A) Tobacco grew well in Chesapeake soil and climate.
B) Indians controlled the production of the early industry.
C) The "jovial weed" became popular in Europe.
D) James I denounced tobacco use.
Q:
The economic salvation for the Virginia colony proved to be the
A) trade with the Powhatan Indians.
B) invention of the cotton gin.
C) mining of silver.
D) cultivation of tobacco.
Q:
The Virginia Company attracted new settlers to its colony after 1609 by
A) offering them a share of the company's profits.
B) advertising the benefits of Virginia's healthy environment and comfortable living conditions.
C) promising free land at the end of seven years' labor for the company.
D) paying significantly higher wages than those prevailing throughout Europe.
Q:
All of the following factors contributed to a disastrous beginning for the Jamestown colony EXCEPT the
A) lack of food and sanitary conditions.
B) misperceptions and mishandlings by the colonists of local natives.
C) unwillingness of the Virginia Company to risk further expenses.
D) unproductive mix of settlers.
Q:
The organizers of the Jamestown colony were motivated primarily by a desire to
A) pursue military adventures against the Spanish.
B) spread Christian religion to native peoples.
C) earn profits by discovering gold and developing trade with Indians.
D) escape political oppression and religious persecution.
Q:
The life of Anthony Johnson, an African slave who first arrived in Virginia in 1621, illustrated that
A) from the beginning, black immigrants faced a life of degradation and bondage.
B) living conditions for colonial blacks steadily improved through the seventeenth century.
C) racial boundaries were not firmly marked in the early seventeenth century.
D) colonial blacks could gain their freedom by working industriously on the land.
Q:
European, ________, and Asian peoples met in the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange.
Q:
At the mine of ________ in Bolivia, over 50,000 workers dug silver for the Spanish at elevations of 13,000 feet.
Q:
Swine ________, along with cattle, helped to devastate grasslands in Central America in the early 1500s.
Q:
According to the division of areas of exploration between Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Portugal received the territory of ________ in the New World.
Q:
The doctrines of Calvin were first put into practice in the 1550s in the city-state of ________, which quickly became a haven for refugee Protestant leaders.
Q:
The ________ captured control of the African gold trade by 1500 from North African Muslims.
Q:
The first European to sail around the cape of Africa, ________, allowed the Portuguese to eventually colonize the Indian Ocean and as far east as the Spice Islands and Canton by 1513.
Q:
Ferdinand and ________ united the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile in Spain when they married in 1469.
Q:
Consider the experiences of the typical African slave. Where did the person come from? Where would he or she be most likely to go? What happened between the moments of capture and arrival in the western Atlantic?
Q:
English settlers had ambivalent images and feelings about the natives of North America. Analyze why this was so and what images/feelings seemed to prevail.
Q:
As a propagandist in favor of English exploration and colonization of America, write an essay trying to convince Queen Elizabeth of the need for financing such expeditions.
Q:
"Spanish conquest of major areas of the Americas set in motion two of the most far-reaching processes in modern history. One involved microbes, the other precious metals." Explain.
Q:
The Columbian Exchange introduced new plants, animals, and microbes to people on both sides of the Atlantic. Assess the positive and negative consequences of that exchange. In your opinion, who benefited mostthose living on the western side of the Atlantic or those on the eastern side?
Q:
You are a Catholic priest living in England in the 1540s and 1550s. How do you respond to the attacks on the Church that have been made by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII?
Q:
You are a Spanish explorer in 1500 and your brother sails for Portugal. Describe what voyages of exploration you both might plan for that year.
Q:
As many as one in seven Africans died en route to the Americas.
Q:
Since their goal was to deliver alive as many slaves as possible, slave traders provided healthy and fairly comfortable conditions for the Atlantic passage of slaves from Africa to the New World.
Q:
Sugar production transformed the African slave trade more than any other factor.
Q:
Of all the people arriving in the New World from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Africans were by far the most numerous, probably outnumbering Europeans two to one.
Q:
Probably the most important and valued region of the Spanish Empire in the Americas was the northern borderlands, the present-day Sun Belt of the United States.
Q:
Unlike the English and French, the Spanish did not rely on forced Indian labor.
Q:
Although Columbus excited the Spanish court by returning with traces of gold and silver from his voyage of 1492, the actual amount of precious metals in the New World proved to be very disappointing.
Q:
For nearly a century beginning in 1492, Spain enjoyed a near total domination of the Americas.
Q:
Thousands of Aztecs in Mexico died from a smallpox epidemic brought by the English in 1520.
Q:
Brazil under Portuguese control became one of the most profitable colonies of the Americas.
Q:
Catholicism was the official state religion of Spain and Portugal during the 1500s.
Q:
John Calvin's teachings implied that the highest born and most privileged on earth were doomed to burn in hell while the lowest were predestined for salvation.
Q:
Columbus made three other major voyages to the New World between 1494 and 1504.
Q:
Christopher Columbus believed he had landed in Asia rather than the Western Hemisphere in 1492.
Q:
"Demographic disaster also struck the populous Inca peoples of the Peruvian Andes...." Demographic refers to
A) population.
B) epidemic disease.
C) internal class revolt.
D) military conquest.
Q:
"Some Taino women married Spanish men and produced the first mestizo society in the Americas." Mestizo refers to a
A) group of people who depend almost exclusively upon maize for their dietary needs.
B) culture blending Catholicism with Native American beliefs.
C) new language that combined Spanish with Taino.
D) person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry.
Q:
By the early 1700s, the foremost slave-trading nation in the world was
A) India.
B) England.
C) Spain.
D) France.
Q:
Most African slaves sent to the Americas were
A) criminals.
B) debtors.
C) war captives.
D) the insane.
Q:
The first colony organized around slave labor was Portugal's
A) Madeira.
B) Brazil.
C) Angola.
D) Gao.
Q:
Why did the African slave trade begin?
A) African rulers wanted to sell slaves to the Chinese.
B) Europeans wanted to fill a labor shortage in the Mediterranean world.
C) Europeans wanted new workers to drive down wages in the colonies.
D) European elites valued African culture and viewed Africans as equals.
Q:
The African slave trade helped in the advancement of
A) crops.
B) agricultural techniques.
C) medical knowledge.
D) All of the above.
Q:
Which of the following crops did Europeans use African slave labor to produce in the Americas?
A) sugar
B) rice
C) tobacco
D) All of the above.
Q:
How many Africans do historians estimate were taken as slaves to the New World?
A) 96 million
B) 9.6 million
C) 1 million
D) 200,000
Q:
Between 1519 and the early 1800s, which of the following ethnic groups crossed the Atlantic to the Americas in greater numbers than any other?
A) Europeans.
B) Asians.
C) Africans.
D) Australians.
Q:
A negative image of Native Americans among English settlers
A) justified their claim that natives had disqualified themselves as rightful owners of the land.
B) explained for them the easy conquest of the natives by the Spanish.
C) spurred their desire to civilize and convert the natives to Christianity.
D) resulted from their lack of information about indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Q:
English colonizing ventures in the New World differed from previous Spanish and Portuguese efforts in that English attempts were
A) immediate and major successes.
B) strictly coordinated and governed by the Crown.
C) met with little or no native resistance.
D) privately organized and financed.
Q:
The first English attempts to colonize on Roanoke Island in the 1580s
A) received official approval and financing from Queen Elizabeth.
B) attracted significant interest from English merchants and noblemen.
C) threatened Spanish control of the Americas.
D) failed to establish successful relations with Native Americans.
Q:
All of the following are true about Queen Elizabeth I of England EXCEPT:
A) She ruled from 1558 to 1603.
B) She favored Protestantism.
C) She initially disfavored overseas expansion.
D) All of the above.
Q:
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England in 1588
A) solidified Protestantism in England.
B) increased English interest in overseas exploration and colonization.
C) fanned a nationalistic spirit in England.
D) All of the above.
Q:
England began to take greater interest in overseas exploration as a result of all of the following EXCEPT
A) economic depression that made people look for new opportunities.
B) commercial success in Scandinavia, India, and the Middle East that raised hope for other market expansion.
C) wool merchants who wanted new markets.
D) improved ships that sailed faster and carried more cargo than before.
Q:
After spending 70 years working to convert the Pueblo people, Franciscan friars
A) managed to graft a veneer of Catholicism over native culture.
B) succeeded in converting the Pueblo leaders, but not the general population.
C) converted most members of the population to Christianity.
D) concluded that their mission was hopeless.
Q:
How did the Pueblo native people benefit from Spanish arrival?
A) They obtained Spanish military protection against enemy Apaches.
B) They had access to grain during times of drought.
C) They had access to mission livestock.
D) All of the above.
Q:
In his travels through the Gulf of Mexico region, Spanish explorer de Soto
A) failed to conquer the people he encountered.
B) enslaved Indians to serve as pack animals.
C) witnessed the ravages of European diseases on native people.
D) All of the above.
Q:
The consequences of sugar production in the New World included
A) colonizing Brazil.
B) revolutionizing European tastes.
C) stimulating the transport of millions of African slaves.
D) All of the above.
Q:
The massive flow of silver bullion from the Americas to Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
A) increased prevailing wage rates in Europe.
B) delayed further exploration of America.
C) triggered a century of inflationary pressures.
D) hampered capitalist modes of production.
Q:
All of the following are true regarding the potato's role in the "Columbian Exchange" EXCEPT the
A) New World sweet potato made its entry into China in the 1500s.
B) potato strengthened Europeans' diet.
C) potato led to population growth.
D) potato vastly increased crop yields per acre.
Q:
Europeans brought which of the following animals to the New World?
A) cattle
B) pigs
C) goats
D) All of the above.
Q:
The population of the Americas dramatically declined following the arrival of Europeans primarily because of the
A) policy of systematic genocide employed by European explorers toward Native Americans.
B) enslavement and brutal treatment of Native Americans by Europeans.
C) lack of natural immunity among Native Americans to European diseases.
D) loss of morale and sense of hopelessness that pervaded Native American societies.
Q:
Within a single generation of Columbus's death, Spanish conquistadores
A) failed to expand beyond the Caribbean.
B) explored, claimed, and conquered most of South America and Central America, but had not yet reached North America.
C) explored, claimed, and conquered most of South America, Central America, and parts of North America.
D) conquered and claimed Central America.
Q:
Protestantism did not gain an early foothold in the Americas because
A) nations most affected by the Reformation entered overseas exploration later than Spain and Portugal.
B) Catholic missionaries were more daring than Protestant missionaries and bravely faced dangers Protestants refused to confront.
C) Protestants were more interested in earning profits than in converting souls.
D) of Indian resistance.
Q:
The doctrines of Protestant leader John Calvin
A) appealed only to the poorest and most oppressed peoples of Europe.
B) offered a system for both self-discipline and social control.
C) emphasized the need for a hierarchical church structure.
D) denied hope of salvation to most believers.
Q:
According to Martin Luther, good "works"
A) offered the means to heavenly salvation.
B) represented only the external evidence of grace won through faith.
C) enabled an individual to reduce his or her time in purgatory.
D) conferred upon an individual the blessings of the Church.
Q:
Spanish and Portuguese explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
A) helped soothe the Catholic-Protestant division within Christianity.
B) prompted immediate competition from England and France.
C) retarded the growth of western European economies.
D) shifted commercial power from Mediterranean ports to those of the Atlantic.
Q:
While Spain began to exert its power on the other side of the Atlantic, the Portuguese
A) needed to address severe economic problems at home.
B) decided to take a leading role in European affairs.
C) concentrated on spreading their power to Africa and East Asia.
D) entered a race with Spain for control of the Americas.
Q:
Christopher Columbus's urge to explore
A) reflected his commitment to exploit other peoples.
B) came primarily from a desire to reap significant fame and riches from his four voyages of exploration.
C) developed from his family's history and experience in trade.
D) was inspired by the reconquest of Spain.
Q:
An African known as Estevan and enslaved by the Spanish
A) sailed on all of Columbus's voyages.
B) taught the Spanish how to communicate with their slaves.
C) was the first African to die in the New World.
D) became an important trailblazer for Spanish explorers.
Q:
Improvements in sailing by the Portuguese were derived from the _______.
Q:
The first European-controlled ________ were founded by the Portuguese .
Q:
The rebirth of learning in Europe, called the ________, encouraged freedom of thought, richness of expression, and an emphasis on human abilities.
Q:
The nation of ________ lost one-third of its population from the Black Death.
Q:
The explorer ________ returned to Venice, Italy, in 1291 with tales of the riches of the East.
Q:
In 1215, the English aristocracy curbed the powers of the king when they forced him to accept the ________.
Q:
The city of ________ in Ghana contained the busiest and wealthiest marketplace in West Africa.
Q:
The religion of ________ rose rapidly for several centuries after its founding in 610 C.E.
Q:
The city of ________, near present-day St. Louis, served as the urban center of Mississippian culture.
Q:
At ________, the Anasazi created large cities, such as Pueblo Bonita.
Q:
What factors contributed to the rise of modern Europe and an age of expansionism from 1000 to 1600 C.E.? Contrast the political and economic changes in England with those of its European counterparts during this time.
Q:
How new was slavery to West Africa? How did West Africans view slavery?