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Q:
As compared to the year 2000, the U.S. government in 2009 __________.
A) operated at a surplus
B) faced similar financial woes
C) was in better financial health because of a wartime economy
D) had massive deficits that loomed over the economic recovery
Q:
In the first few months of Barack Obama's presidency, __________.
A) the economy made a remarkable recovery
B) he was consumed with the financial crisis
C) he removed all U.S. troops from Iraq
D) he removed all U.S. troops from Afghanistan
Q:
What was Barack Obama's slogan in the 2008 presidential election?
A) "America Needs a Change"
B) "Putting People First"
C) "Yes We Can"
D) "Kinder, Gentler Nation"
Q:
Who looked out of touch when he commented that "the fundamentals of our economy are strong" on October 15, 2008, hours before the stock market fell 500 points?
A) George W. Bush
B) Barack Obama
C) Sarah Palin
D) John McCain
Q:
What was George W. Bush's response to the financial crisis in the final months of his presidency?
A) to refuse the use federal funds to assist private banks
B) to support a $700 billion dollar bailout of banks by buying up toxic mortgage bundles
C) incredibly restrained; he did not want to act because of his lame duck status
D) to support a modest bailout of homeowners affected by the crisis
Q:
Which of the following was a result of the 2008"2009 financial crisis?
A) a stock market crash greater than the Great Depression
B) double-digit inflation
C) lack of capital and mass layoffs
D) increased investment in mortgage securities
Q:
Which of the following was an initial cause of the 2008"2009 financial crisis?
A) consumer refusal to spend followed by a stock market crash
B) lack of individual savings and faulty mortgages
C) the refusal of banks to extend credit or lend capital
D) the cost of the war and the ballooning federal deficit
Q:
What event pushed the 2008 presidential campaign out of the headlines just as things were heating up?
A) the escalating violence in Iraq
B) a North Korean missile attack on South Korea
C) increasing evidence of Iranian nuclear capabilities
D) a meltdown in the U.S. financial system
Q:
Which of the following became a major weakness for the presidential candidacy of John McCain?
A) his "maverick" voting record in Congress
B) his selection of the inexperienced Sarah Palin as his running mate
C) his lack of proof of his claim that he was a prisoner of war in Vietnam
D) Barack Obama's vast experience
Q:
President Bush's approval ratings had stood at 90 percent after 9/11. Where did they stand by the end of his second term?
A) just above 60 percent
B) around 50 percent
C) below 30 percent
D) below 15 percent
Q:
Who was the first woman to ever hold the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives?
A) Geraldine Ferraro
B) Olympia Snowe
C) Jeanette Rankin
D) Nancy Pelosi
Q:
As a result of the ongoing instability in Iraq, the 2006 midterm election in the United States was which of the following?
A) a victory for Republicans who had promised to figure out a sound way to pay for the war
B) a vote of confidence for President Bush and his Iraqi policy
C) a victory for the Democrats because the nation was weary with the war and its cost
D) a victory for the Democrats who supported President Bush's war policy so as not to appear "unpatriotic"
Q:
As the Iraqi insurgency intensified in 2004, __________.
A) the differences between the Iraqi factions threatened to fracture the country into separate nations
B) Shiites boycotted the election of the National Assembly and threatened to fracture Iraq
C) the new Iraqi constitution managed to guarantee individual liberty in an Islamic framework
D) U.S. public opinion continued to be united behind President Bush's policy
Q:
Which of the following is true in the analysis of Hurricane Katrina?
A) It was the worst natural disaster in American history.
B) FEMA's quick and effective response relieved the sufferings of thousands.
C) Warnings from engineers about the levees and canals in New Orleans were ignored.
D) New Orleans officials had an evacuation plan for people who did not own cars.
Q:
Which of the following is true of George Bush in the 2004 election?
A) He was essentially given the presidency by the Supreme Court.
B) He prevailed in both the popular vote and in the Electoral College.
C) He lost the popular vote but won the Electoral College.
D) He won the presidency in a landslide.
Q:
Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 2004?
A) John Kerry
B) John Edwards
C) Al Gore
D) Howard Dean
Q:
Analyzing the events leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, President Bush __________.
A) relied heavily upon information from United Nations inspectors
B) followed his father's example of patiently building a large coalition among the other major world powers to help share the burden of the war
C) refused to seek congressional support for war appropriations
D) ignored the advice of Secretary of State Colin Powell
Q:
During the 2000 campaign, George W. Bush endorsed the Powell doctrine that American troops should __________.
A) only be used in cooperation with the United Nations
B) only be deployed when the military objective was absolutely clear and when they could be disengaged safely
C) be used anywhere they could be of assistance in nation building
D) only be used in cooperation with NATO
Q:
Although the U.S. government had supplied them with money and weapons in the 1980s, ________ became the first target of George W. Bush's "war on terror" because he believed they were protecting Osama bin Laden.
A) Hezbollah in Lebanon
B) the Taliban in Afghanistan
C) the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Syria
D) Hamas in Palestine
Q:
In addition to the attack on the World Trade Center, the al-Qaeda terrorist network of Osama bin Laden was linked to which of the following?
A) the bombing of a Pan American airliner over Lockerbie, Scotland
B) the attack on the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro
C) the bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa
D) the destruction of a West German club frequented by American soldiers
Q:
After the fall of the Soviet Union, a major cause of increased terrorism was the conflict between which of the following?
A) Muslims and Christians in poor nations
B) religious fundamentalists of many faiths and modern secularism
C) military dictators and advocates of democracy
D) Israel and neighboring states
Q:
Which of the following statements about the 2000 presidential election is true?
A) The fate of disputed ballots in Florida determined the winner.
B) George W. Bush received a narrow majority of both popular and electoral votes.
C) The Supreme Court decided the winner after the Electoral College deadlocked.
D) Green party candidate Ralph Nader carried Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Oregon.
Q:
What was the main issue in the 2000 presidential campaign?
A) How deeply could the defense budget be cut with the end of the Cold War?
B) How should the United States deal with the threat of terrorism?
C) What should be done with enormous federal surpluses that were projected?
D) How can the United States help to bring peace to the Middle East?
Q:
What problems will the nation face with the aging of the baby boomers?
Q:
How has the concept of community changed in the United States since the 1960s?
Q:
What impact did the law and order movement have on Americans in the 1980s and 1990s?
Q:
Why did women's demands for equality generate such a strong conservative countermovement?
Q:
How did immigration in the United States change after 1965 and why?
Q:
What danger do boomers pose to millennials for the future?
A) Their increasing entitlements to Social Security may exceed the contributions of millennials.
B) The continued social activism of boomers may undermine boomers' right to vote.
C) The boomers' larger interest in religion may lead not just to generational clashes but to church schisms.
D) The boomers' lack of savings and earnings may make them dependents for millions of young millennials.
Q:
Which of the following set boomers apart from millennials, according to a 2008 Pew poll?
A) church membership
B) college education
C) social networking presence
D) sexual orientation
Q:
What is the life span of the average American born in the year 2000?
A) 85
B) 77
C) 67
D) 50
Q:
Which of the following statements about the nation's aging population is true?
A) On January 1, 2011, one-fifth of the nation's population was over sixty-five.
B) As the nation ages, the use of the nation's wealth has begun to shift from health care and pensions to more economically productive activities.
C) Social Security will always remain solvent, but the monthly payments may drop as the nation ages.
D) The pressure on Congress from the elderly population to increase old age benefits has endangered the Social Security Trust Fund.
Q:
The growing risk of exposure to sexual predators was one troubling side effect of which of the following?
A) the law and order campaign
B) the wave of new immigrants
C) the anonymity of the Internet
D) the age gap between millennials and boomers
Q:
What was the concern as millennials increasingly turned to Facebook and other social media?
A) that Facebook would exercise too much power over the consumption patterns of Americans
B) that television would soon become extinct as a medium
C) that some Facebook users would never be able to make enough friends online
D) that young people would be less exposed to people with ideas different than their own
Q:
What is one reason for the increased participation in online education?
A) It spares commuters from having to find parking on college campuses.
B) Most students prefer to not interact with real people in classrooms.
C) The lack of face-to-face contact tends to increase test scores.
D) Its cost to students is minimal.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of the transformation of social activity in the twenty-first century?
A) increased participation in team sports
B) the decline in television viewing
C) the rise of online learning
D) the increased use of public transportation
Q:
According to the surgeon general in 2010, to what is millennials' lack of exercise and resulting obesity, in part, a result of?
A) the decline in gym memberships
B) the increase in online education
C) the skyrocketing use of electronic media
D) the increase in team sports at the expense of individualized exercise routines
Q:
In 1990, what percentage of Americans reported that they belonged to a church?
A) 20
B) 33
C) 50
D) 66
Q:
By 1990, membership in churches and synagogues __________.
A) deeply declined from previous decades
B) experienced an increase from the previous four decades
C) remained steady, except for the Roman Catholic Church, which saw deep declines
D) remained steady, except for mainstream Protestant churches, which saw sharp increases
Q:
Which of the following technologies separated the life experiences of boomers from those of millennials?
A) the ATM
B) TV
C) jet planes
D) the cargo container
Q:
What retail shift was brought about by Sam Walton in the 1980s?
A) the use of professional salespeople and creation of a "shopping experience"
B) the creation of large, shopper-accessible warehouses
C) the move, against trend, to the downtown of many small communities
D) the closing of physical shops and the move to exclusively online merchandising
Q:
Which of the following was a reason for the postwar demographic change that resulted in the "rise of the suburbs"?
A) the federal government's commitment to reduced spending
B) cheap home mortgages under the G.I. Bill of 1946
C) approval of loans by the Federal Housing Authority in older residential areas
D) expensive housing built especially for veterans
Q:
The sadistic "Davy Crockett" tales of the 1830s, the scatological humor of Mad Magazine in the 1950s, and defiant lyrics in rap of the 1990s can all be seen as examples of which of the following?
A) the rise of secular humanism
B) the growth of individualism and freedom
C) the consequences of a super-masculine ideal in America
D) the violation of social norms by adolescents
Q:
What happened to state laws that responded to the increasing violence in video games by prohibiting the sale or rental of such games to anyone under the age of eighteen?
A) They were upheld by the Supreme Court, but not enforced well by the states.
B) They were ruled an unconstitutional violation of the right of free speech.
C) They were never implemented because of an effective lobbying effort put together by game makers.
D) They were set aside because of the more stringent legislation and enforcement of a similar federal law.
Q:
What happened to violence in popular culture beginning in the late 1980s?
A) It was almost entirely eliminated in movies and television because of voluntary censorship by producers and directors.
B) It was defended by both the National Rifle Association and the American Civil Liberties Union.
C) It became more intense and bloody in movies, television, and music.
D) It was ignored by politicians and religious leaders.
Q:
After 1970, the American criminal justice system was characterized by which of the following?
A) a decrease in the average length of sentences served by prisoners
B) the elimination of the death penalty in almost all states
C) a dramatic increase in the prison population
D) the phasing out of mandatory sentencing
Q:
Which of the following is true under mandatory sentencing laws?
A) Juries are solely responsible for the imposition of criminal sentences.
B) Rehabilitation of criminals has become the most prominent issue in criminal justice.
C) The nation's prison population has become significantly smaller.
D) Convicts are denied the possibility of early release.
Q:
The Supreme Court's decision in Furman __________.
A) legalized capital punishment
B) found that juries needed more input in capital punishment decisions
C) found jury-imposed capital punishment racially biased and therefore unconstitutional
D) legalized capital punishment as long as juries had discretion
Q:
Fearing the nation's loss of its moral compass, conservative leaders during the 1970s and 1980s actively tried to implement the goals of which movement?
A) law and order
B) crime and punishment
C) civil rights
D) criminal justice
Q:
How can the "don"t ask don"t tell" policy of the Clinton administration best be described?
A) as a political compromise that improved the situation for gays in the military
B) as a political defeat that made life in the military for gays and lesbians harder
C) as a conservative triumph that prevented the military from having to deal with homosexuality
D) as an attempt to discourage women in the workplace from filing public complaints about sexual harassment.
Q:
What happened after Massachusetts recognized same-sex marriage?
A) Vermont passed a law that it would not recognize such unions.
B) Within the next five years, six states passed similar laws.
C) The Roman Catholic Church became a surprising ally to the cause.
D) The tide of public opinion began to sway against same-sex marriage, with millennials leading the way.
Q:
What was the response of President George W. Bush to same-sex marriage?
A) He was generally opposed, but steered away from the topic.
B) He supported civil unions but not marriage of same-sex couples.
C) He opposed it and even proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit it.
D) He generally supported it, but refused to assist the cause in any way.
Q:
Which of the following best assesses the political response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s?
A) Only the Clinton administration would publicly acknowledge the AIDS crisis in 1993.
B) Democrats vigorously campaigned on the AIDS issue in the 1984 presidential election.
C) Ronald Regan only began to recognize the public health crisis of AIDS after it killed a friend of his.
D) Before the federal government responded to the AIDS crisis, state governments had already initiated their own research efforts.
Q:
The 1985 revelation by what actor that he was dying of AIDS first brought widespread public attention to this epidemic?
A) Rock Hudson
B) Paul Newman
C) Richard Chamberlain
D) Montgomery Cliff
Q:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by the __________, which destroys the body's defenses against infection and makes a person vulnerable to many diseases.
A) human herpes virus
B) human papillomavirus
C) human T-lymphotropic virus
D) human immunodeficiency virus
Q:
Who was the first openly gay man to run for office in California who also led the fight against a California law that would fire gay teachers?
A) Barney Frank
B) Harvey Milk
C) George Moscone
D) Rock Hudson
Q:
Which of the following was a seminal event in the gay and lesbian rights movement?
A) the Stonewall riot
B) disturbances at Haight-Ashbury
C) the American Psychiatric Association's publication stating that homosexuality was a mental illness
D) the Supreme Court's decision in Reed v. Reed
Q:
What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment?
A) It became the Twenty-eighth Amendment to the Constitution.
B) It failed to gain any momentum and was passed by only three states.
C) It provisionally became law and still awaits passage by a few states.
D) It fell three states short of passage.
Q:
What did Phyllis Schlafly claim would be the result of the Equal Rights Amendment?
A) the criminalization of divorce
B) the feminization of men
C) an increase in the number of Americans coming out as gay
D) a legal mandate for women to earn 50 percent of household income
Q:
The 1970s recession helped bring about which of the following?
A) the demise of the Equal Rights Amendment
B) a surge in affirmative action policies
C) the creation of the Equal Opportunity Commission
D) a drop in religious affiliation among Americans
Q:
Why did New York police arrest the patrons of the Stonewall Inn in 1969?
A) They had been rioting on the street.
B) They were suspected of dealing in illegal drugs.
C) They were arrested and harassed without any legal pretense.
D) They were arrested for the solicitation of illegal sexual acts.
Q:
In regards to the women's rights agenda, conservatives __________.
A) were successful in so severely limiting abortion that it became almost impossible to obtain
B) were never able to energize a base
C) got the majority of their support from the highly educated elite
D) were able to defeat the ERA with support from housewives and working-class women
Q:
Which of the following is true under the decision in Roe v. Wade?
A) A baby in utero has a right to life starting at three months; prior to that the state cannot prevent a woman from obtaining an abortion.
B) A mother's right of privacy takes precedence until the final three months of pregnancy, when a fetus could likely survive without the mother.
C) Abortions without restriction are legal.
D) Although a fetus does not have a right to life, its right to privacy begins at six months.
Q:
What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Griswold v. Connecticut?
A) that all-male colleges violated the constitution by enforcing segregation
B) that the Constitution secured a woman's right to make her own healthcare decisions.
C) that free access to contraception violated the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment
D) that a state ban on contraceptives violated a couple's right to privacy
Q:
What was the constitutional basis for the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade?
A) the due process clause of the fourteenth Amendment
B) the freedom of speech
C) the right to privacy
D) the prohibition against unreasonable searches
Q:
In the 1970 battle to repeal New York's antiabortion law, who were the main opponents of repeal?
A) liberals and the medical establishment
B) incumbent politicians and conservative state judges
C) conservatives and the Roman Catholic Church
D) the justices of the Supreme Court along with a majority of Congress
Q:
"The time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes." From where did this statement come?
A) the National Organization for Women
B) Dr. Benjamin Spock's Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care
C) the National Federation of Republican Women
D) Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority
Q:
Who described the "problem that had no name" in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique?
A) Phyllis Schlafly
B) Norma McCorvey
C) Simone de Beauvoir
D) Betty Friedan
Q:
What heavily influenced female characters in 1950s popular television?
A) working women, with Rosie the Riveter being the prototype
B) the emergence of feminism
C) the ideas of Harvard political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in Who Are We?
D) the work of Dr. Spock and other psychologists who placed the utmost importance on women's nurturing sides
Q:
Dr. Benjamin Spock's Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care was extremely influential in the early lives of boomers. According to Spock, what was true of women who held jobs outside the home?
A) They were good role models for their children.
B) They were more likely to succumb to common medical crises.
C) They were guilty of neglecting their children.
D) They should be venerated by society.
Q:
What was the most important factor in pushing gender equality into the foreground of American politics and culture?
A) the Great Depression
B) World War II
C) the Vietnam War
D) the Great Society
Q:
How did Republican presidential nominee Patrick Buchanan describe immigration in 1992?
A) as a valued American tradition
B) as an expression of ambition and family values
C) as the greatest invasion the nation had ever witnessed
D) as the flipside of a much larger process of globalization
Q:
One example of the new political power of immigrants was the wage concessions granted to the United Farm Workers union and its largely Mexican membership under the leadership of __________.
A) Che Guevara
B) Carlos Cardenas
C) Hector Ruiz
D) Cesar Chavez
Q:
In the 1970s, most immigrants were from which areas?
A) Europe and the Middle East
B) Asia and Latin America
C) Canada and Mexico
D) Latin America and Europe
Q:
In response to the new waves of immigrants, in 1986 Congress __________.
A) realized that poverty in the immigrants' homelands drove them to flee to the United States and greatly increased foreign aid and economic development to those countries
B) insisted that all new immigrants prove they were financially independent
C) offered amnesty to long-term illegal immigrants and penalized employers who hired illegal immigrants in the future
D) denied federal benefits to illegal immigrants and their children, even if their children were born in the United States and were citizens
Q:
How was the Immigration Act of 1965 different from the previous quota-based immigration system?
A) It allowed immigration based on the nation's existing ethnic patterns.
B) It gave amnesty to illegal immigrants who had lived in the United States for a long time.
C) It gave preference to Asian and Latin American immigrants.
D) It favored those with specialized job skills and education.
Q:
As compared to millennials, boomers are more likely to __________.
A) see immigrants as a burden
B) endorse healthcare for immigrants
C) be engaged in private concerns rather than grand social schemes
D) be worried about finding suitable employment
Q:
Who benefitted the most from the abolition of the quota system in immigration law?
A) Guatemalans
B) Nigerians
C) Koreans
D) Germans
Q:
Assess the legacy of President Bill Clinton.
Q:
Identify the different causes for the collapse of authoritarian regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.