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Q:
What was the key felony, revealed by the Watergate tapes, committed by Richard Nixon?
A) planning the Watergate burglar.
B) obstructing justice
C) violating the constitution
D) witness tampering
Q:
In July 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that President Nixon had to give the subpoenaed tapes to the special prosecutor because of which of the following?
A) The doctrine of executive privilege was unconstitutional.
B) Failure to do so was a clear violation of the constitutional mandate of a separation of powers.
C) No person could withhold evidence that was demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial.
D) All materials generated by the Office of the President were public property.
Q:
Richard M. Nixon defended his refusal to submit tape recordings from the Oval Office on which grounds?
A) The recordings had been made without his permission.
B) None of his predecessors had ever been asked to give up these recordings.
C) The recordings included many private conversations that the president wanted protected under the right to privacy.
D) Executive privilege protected all conversations in the Oval Office.
Q:
What triggered the oil crisis of 1973?
A) Nixon's trip to China
B) Nixon's policy of dtente with the Soviet Union
C) Nixon's support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War
D) Nixon's ousting of the Shah of Iran
Q:
Which of the following was the key evidence in the Watergate Affair, several pieces of which were deliberately erased or disposed of?
A) Nixon's letters offering to pay the burglars to keep quiet
B) Nixon's nightly memos that detailed all the directives he gave to "the plumbers"
C) Nixon's secret tape recordings of White House conversations and telephone calls
D) Nixon's extensive diaries that detailed the many illegal acts he authorized
Q:
Who was the first Watergate special prosecutor whom Nixon fired in the Saturday Night Massacre? was
A) Elliott Richardson
B) Peter Rodino
C) Archibald Cox
D) Sam Ervin
Q:
__________ was President Nixon's lawyer who provided key testimony against him during the Watergate scandal.
A) John Dean III
B) Richard Kleindeinst
C) L. Patrick Gray
D) H. R. Haldeman
Q:
The Watergate scandal began on June 17, 1972, when burglars known as "the plumbers" were arrested while doing which of the following?
A) placing eavesdropping devices in the secret meeting rooms in the Pentagon
B) destroying records of illegal campaign contributions to President Nixon
C) placing illegal wiretaps on telephones of journalists critical of the Nixon administration
D) installing eavesdropping devices at the Democratic party headquarters
Q:
On the eve of his reelection, Richard M. Nixon __________.
A) had reason to fear for his second term
B) could rest assured that the manipulations of his cronies would secure his victory
C) had to prepare for the victory of a far superior and formidable Democratic challenge
D) loomed as one of the most powerful and successful presidents in American history
Q:
How did African Americans respond to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968?
A) Angry and frustrated with the heavy price they were paying for progress, they rioted in more than one hundred cities.
B) Steeled over the course of their struggle, they stoically carried him to his grave.
C) They used the political momentum of this tragedy to campaign for a "Martin Luther King Jr. Day."
D) They did not respond at all, as at this point assassination of civil rights leaders was nothing new.
Q:
Why did President Kennedy establish the Peace Corps?
A) to help the CIA build spy networks in the developing world
B) to educate people in the Third World about the dangers of communism.
C) to give young Americans a chance to volunteer in the nation's most underprivileged classrooms
D) to get young Americans to provide technical assistance to the developing world
Q:
Which of the following best describes the 1972 campaign of Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern?
A) the historical breakdown of the New Deal coalition
B) the high point of New Deal liberalism
C) the most formidable challenge to Southern democrats in a century
D) the reason why the South turned Republican
Q:
Under the terms of the January 1973 peace settlement, the North Vietnamese __________.
A) agreed to cut off all military and economic ties to the Soviets and Chinese
B) guaranteed the future security of a pro-American government in South Vietnam if the United Nations would send an international peacekeeping force
C) were promised massive postwar aid to rebuild their country
D) retained large portions of South Vietnam in exchange for releasing American prisoners of war within sixty days
Q:
What made Nixon's foreign policy toward the communist bloc so different from that of his predecessors?
A) He did not treat China and the Soviet Union as one bloc but negotiated with them separately.
B) Instead of working toward peaceful coexistence, he negotiated on the assumption that a nuclear war was winnable.
C) He withdrew U.S. diplomats from most communist nations and negotiated only with the intellectual center of communism " Moscow.
D) He deliberately tried to play China and Soviet Union against each other, employing double agents in both nations to spread provocative information about the Communist rival power.
Q:
Which of the following best describes Nixon's visit to China?
A) It was the first trip of an American president to that nation since Harry Truman's administration.
B) The visit was very much expected, given Nixon's long-standing position on Communism.
C) Nixon only agreed to the short visit at the request of the government in Taiwan.
D) The visit launched an economic and cultural exchange and was applauded worldwide.
Q:
What was Nixon's new policy of trying to relax tensions with the Chinese and the Soviets called?
A) constructive engagement
B) entente cordiale
C) peaceful coexistence
D) dtente
Q:
Richard Nixon relied heavily on the judgments of National Security Adviser __________.
A) Dean Rusk
B) Elliot Richardson
C) Henry Kissinger
D) John Dean III
Q:
Which of the following was a result of the nationwide condemnation of the invasion of Cambodia?
A) Nixon initiated a series of "fireside-like" chats with the American public to gain their understanding and endorsement.
B) Nixon quickly pulled American ground troops out of Cambodia.
C) Nixon ordered curfews on all college campuses.
D) Nixon increased the draft in order to have enough troops to fight a two-front war.
Q:
The demonstrations at Kent State and Jackson State in which six students were killed were a response to Nixon's decision to do which of the following?
A) call up the National Guard to serve in Vietnam
B) invade Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese sanctuaries
C) double the number of American ground troops in South Vietnam
D) abolish student draft deferments
Q:
Early in 1970, Americans learned of a massacre by U.S. forces of defenseless villagers in which Vietnamese hamlet?
A) Hue
B) My Lai
C) Quang Tri
D) Pleiku
Q:
What was President Richard Nixon's principal plan for ending the American commitment in the Vietnam conflict?
A) threatening to invade China unless the North Vietnamese forces withdrew
B) withdrawing American troops unilaterally
C) ordering a naval blockade of the port of Haiphong
D) building up the South Vietnamese army in order to withdraw American troops
Q:
During his first term, President Nixon thought his chief task was which of the following?
A) solving the problem of the Vietnam War
B) reducing urban crime
C) balancing the federal budget
D) reassuring civil rights leaders that progress would continue
Q:
As millions of Americans watched on television, __________ started a riot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois.
A) police
B) students
C) black power activists
D) anti-war protesters
Q:
Who was the Democratic party's nominee for president in 1968?
A) Robert F. Kennedy
B) Hubert H. Humphrey
C) Lyndon B. Johnson
D) George M. McGovern
Q:
George C. Wallace ran for the presidency in 1968 on a platform that included which of the following?
A) federal ownership of bankrupt railroads
B) busing to achieve desegregation of schools
C) an end to forced desegregation of schools
D) withdrawing American troops from Vietnam
Q:
In 1968 Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated just after which of the following events?.
A) He won the Democratic primary in California.
B) He openly criticized President Johnson.
C) He blamed Nixon Republicans for the death of his brother John in 1963.
D) He came out in support of civil rights.
Q:
The Vietcong __________ offensive in January caused great chaos throughout South Vietnam.
A) Iron Triangle
B) Pleiku
C) Tet
D) My Lai
Q:
Who was the low-key senator from Minnesota who challenged Lyndon Johnson for the Democratic party's nomination for the presidency in 1968?
A) George McGovern
B) Hubert Humphrey
C) Eugene McCarthy
D) Robert Kennedy
Q:
Compare and contrast the presidential candidates of 1960.
Q:
Explain the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas
Q:
Describe President Eisenhower's military strategy for the Cold War.
Q:
What made McCarthyism in the 1950s such a dangerous political trend?
Q:
Why did the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States come to a head in Berlin in June 1948?
Q:
What was the likely result of the closely watched series of television debates between candidates John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960?
A) They helped Kennedy win the presidency.
B) They had little or no bearing on the presidential election.
C) They helped Nixon close the gap between himself and Kennedy.
D) They exposed Nixon's inabilities to grasp key domestic and foreign issues.
Q:
What was a major obstacle for John Kennedy in the 1960 presidential race?
A) his Episcopalianism
B) his liberal civil rights record
C) his Catholicism
D) his criticism of the Cold War
Q:
Which of the following statements about Richard M. Nixon is true?
A) He rose to high rank because of Eisenhower's mentorship and unwavering support.
B) His support for liberal measures made him attractive to independent voters.
C) He had risen to national prominence on the coattails of anticommunist paranoia.
D) He lacked political skills, but was highly regarded by the press.
Q:
How did Southern whites respond to the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?
A) They made their peace with the new law and accepted it peacefully.
B) They flouted the court's decision and organized white citizens' councils to fight the ruling.
C) They quietly moved their students out of public schools into charter and private schools.
D) They mounted a successful legal challenge to the ruling, got it briefly overturned, and delayed progress for a generation.
Q:
What important fight against the institutional foundations of segregation was brought on by the actions of Rosa Parks?
A) the integration of Central High School in Little Rock
B) the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott
C) the march on Washington
D) the Selma to Montgomery march
Q:
In 1957, President Eisenhower sent troops to protect black high school students in __________.
A) Oxford, Mississippi
B) Selma, Alabama
C) Topeka, Kansas
D) Little Rock, Arkansas
Q:
The United States Supreme Court decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was __________.
A) hardly a surprise
B) immaterial as long as state law continued to segregate students
C) received with little enthusiasm because residential segregation was known to be the bigger issue
D) unanimous under the leadership of Chief Justice and former California Governor Earl Warren
Q:
What was the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision which ruled that segregated "educational facilities [in public schools] are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional?
A) Berea College v. Kentucky
B) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
C) Cumming v. Country Board of Education
D) United States v. Raines
Q:
Why did the United States Supreme Court, in 1938, order the University of Missouri law school to admit an African American student?
A) because segregation had no place in higher education
B) because Missouri could not afford to reject legal talent, whatever its color
C) because the principle of separate but equal was unconstitutional
D) because the state did not have a black law school and was violating the "separate but equal" doctrine
Q:
What impact did the Cold War have on the political climate for civil rights?
A) Anti-communist paranoia made any public campaign for civil rights impossible.
B) Southern fears of communism exceeded their dislike of African Americans and prompted them to embrace civil rights.
C) Because the Cold War was primarily a diplomatic conflict, it had very little repercussions on the political climate for civil rights.
D) If the United States wanted to attract postcolonial societies to the free world, it had to change its treatment of African Americans.
Q:
Who led the successful Cuban revolution of January 1959?
A) Fulgencio Batista
B) Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
C) Fidel Castro
D) Che Guevara
Q:
During the Cold War, American policy toward Latin America was characterized by which of the following?
A) support of military dictators who joined the United States in resisting Soviet influence
B) massive aid to improve public education and public health
C) liberal economic aid to end poverty
D) promotion of land reform and wealth redistribution
Q:
What did Richard Nixon learn during his goodwill tour of South America in 1958?
A) Anti-American sentiment ran high in the region as a result of Eisenhower's cold war policy.
B) Eisenhower's policies had not developed democratic institutions the way he had hoped.
C) A decade of U.S. neglect had wreaked havoc on the effectiveness of local militaries to withstand popular protests.
D) The United States was far more popular as a defender of anticommunist freedom than liberal critics at home had suggested.
Q:
What happened after a Khrushchev interview with publisher William Randolph Hearst, Jr. was published?
A) Americans were relieved to hear about the Soviet Union's peaceful intentions.
B) The Soviet Union's many weaknesses became readily apparent.
C) Many Americans criticized Eisenhower for allowing a missile gap.
D) Eisenhower put the policy of massive retaliation into effect.
Q:
What was one result of the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik?
A) Khrushchev behaved more calmly in international affairs.
B) Eisenhower publicly outlined Soviet military weaknesses to calm American fears.
C) The nation's network of bomber defenses became obsolete.
D) Eisenhower moved American bombers to Turkey and northern Africa.
Q:
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that Soviet communism would do which of the following?
A) no longer challenge capitalism for world domination
B) appeal to racial minorities around the world because of American racism
C) destroy capitalism in a future land war beginning in Europe
D) conquer capitalism through science and technology
Q:
What did Nasser do in response to Eisenhower's refusal to finance the Aswan Dam?
A) He invaded Israel.
B) He nationalized the Suez Canal.
C) He came to Washington and spoke before Congress.
D) He embraced communism.
Q:
The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine declared that the United States' policy was to do which of the following?
A) protect Israel at all costs
B) use armed force in the Middle East to stop communist aggression
C) maintain its monopoly of the area's oil
D) promote regime change in undemocratic Central American governments
Q:
In its Middle Eastern policy, which country did the Truman administration consistently support?
A) Israel
B) Egypt
C) Jordan
D) Iraq
Q:
Eisenhower and Dulles concluded that their "new look" policy of massive retaliation worked when their willingness to use tactical nuclear weapons and their vague warnings seemed to force the __________.
A) Soviets to evacuate their troops from Hungary
B) North Koreans to disavow their alliance with China
C) Soviets to reopen ground access to Berlin
D) Chinese to sign an armistice in Korea
Q:
Who was the secretary of state under Eisenhower who advocated emphasizing massive retaliation with nuclear weapons rather than containment with conventional forces?
A) John Foster Dulles
B) Sherman Adams
C) Dean Rusk
D) Dean Acheson
Q:
Which politician called his program of being flexible without compromising his basic values "dynamic conservatism" or "progressive moderation"?
A) Henry A. Wallace
B) Dwight D. Eisenhower
C) Adlai E. Stevenson
D) Harry S. Truman
Q:
President Eisenhower's program included which of the following?
A) deficit spending to stimulate the economy
B) expanding the role of national government in the areas of health and human services
C) increased taxes to balance the budget
D) running his administration on sound business principles
Q:
In 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Republican Party effectively used which issue to defeat the Democrats?
A) the Korean War
B) the espionage crisis
C) the economic recession
D) the escalating national debt
Q:
What was the most effective weapon used by Senator Joseph McCarthy in his anticommunist crusade?
A) the Central Intelligence Agency
B) the McCarran Internal Security Act
C) the Federal Bureau of Investigation
D) the "big lie"
Q:
Which of the following best summarizes Joseph McCarthy's bold speech in Wheeling, West Virginia?
A) Foreigners on distant shores have turned to evil.
B) The fascists we thought defeated have risen again in the Soviet Union.
C) The most dangerous enemy to the United States are those Americans who turned against us.
D) As long as the anti-Communist resolve of regular Americans proves strong and steady, the thoughts and actions of dissenters cannot harm the nation's social fabric.
Q:
Who was the Wisconsin senator identified with wild charges about communists in government?
A) Robert Taft
B) Roy Cohn
C) Joseph McCarthy
D) Adlai Stevenson
Q:
In the 1950s, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and executed for which of the following?
A) conspiring to assassinate President Truman
B) selling NATO deployment plans to the Soviets
C) selling American secret codes to the Nazis during World War II
D) betraying atomic secrets to the Soviets
Q:
Who was the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and former State Department official accused of being a communist?
A) Dr. Klaus Fuchs
B) Alger Hiss
C) Harry Gold
D) Julius Rosenberg
Q:
Which of the following best summarizes the judgment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the dismissal of MacArthur?
A) They agreed with MacArthur but knew they had to obey the chain of command.
B) They joined in the public criticism of Truman, at which point the president began to simply ignore the issue.
C) They agreed with Truman that war against China was a bad idea overall.
D) They were deeply divided on the issues and lost much of their public prestige as a result.
Q:
Why did Truman removed Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War?
A) The General had refused to take the war into mainland China.
B) Morale among his soldiers was low under his weak and indecisive leadership.
C) Public anger over the general's racist remarks reached unacceptable proportions.
D) MacArthur publicly criticized Truman for refusing to go to war against China.
Q:
Officially, the Korean War was a struggle between North Korea and the __________.
A) Americans
B) South Koreans
C) United Nations
D) NATO allies
Q:
After World War II, Korea was taken from Japan and __________.
A) placed under a United Nations protectorate for the next ten years
B) divided into four zones of occupation by the victorious Allied powers
C) occupied by the American army under the command of General Douglas MacArthur
D) divided along the 38th parallel between Soviet and U.S. occupying forces
Q:
After Mao Zedong's 1949 victory in China, Truman was __________.
A) looking for an excuse to invade China to overthrow Mao's government
B) condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia
C) eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible
D) criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough
Q:
Who was the American ally and leader of the Chinese Nationalists after World War II?
A) Mao Zedong
B) Chou En-lai
C) Chiang Kai-shek
D) Sun Yat-sen
Q:
What was the original purpose of NATO?
A) to create a mutual defense pact against the Soviet Union
B) to create a free trade zone between Western Europe and the United States
C) to create a ten-year plan for the economic recovery of Western Europe
D) to create a financial mechanism to stabilize currency exchange rates of the Western nations
Q:
In 1946, President Truman alienated southern conservatives by __________.
A) completely desegregating the armed forces despite the opposition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
B) inviting leading black civil rights leaders to the White House to advise him on domestic policy
C) establishing a Committee on Civil Rights that recommended antilynching and antipoll tax legislation
D) speaking to the NAACP national meeting and endorsing antilynching legislation
Q:
Why did the Soviet Union close off all surface access to Berlin from the west?
A) The United Stated had started to build up military installations in the western part of the city.
B) U.S and West German agitators had repeatedly scaled the wall that divided the city.
C) A failed exchange of spies at the city's notorious "Checkpoint Charlie" had convinced the Soviets to starve West Berlin into submission.
D) Western European nations had announced plans for a single West German Republic.
Q:
In June 1948, the Soviet Union challenged the policies of the Allies in Western Europe by closing __________.
A) its own borders to world trade
B) Warsaw to Western visitors
C) off Allied surface access to Berlin
D) East Germany to all Western powers
Q:
What did Stalin do after the United States proposed the Marshall Plan?
A) He quickly began to strengthen Soviet armed forces.
B) He sent representatives to the first meetings, but then withdrew because he realized the Soviets would need to match American funding.
C) He countered immediately with his own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact.
D) He rejected the program in fear that Eastern Europe would become tied to the American economy.
Q:
The Marshall Plan provided which of the following?
A) aid for a coalition government in China
B) funding for the organization of NATO
C) massive economic assistance for Europe
D) logistics for the Berlin airlift
Q:
Which of the following best sums up the Truman Doctrine of 1947?
A) The United States had an obligation to fight communism in all its forms at home and abroad.
B) The United States had the obligation to assist free peoples in the fight against oppression by armed minorities or outside forces.
C) The United States could never accept the legitimacy of the Soviet Union and would pursue foreign affairs as if that nation did not exist.
D) It was in the interest of the United States to preemptively attack a communist nation militarily, even if unprovoked.
Q:
What was the Truman Doctrine created to do?
A) industrialize Latin America
B) resist perceived Soviet expansion in China and Burma
C) industrialize Japan
D) resist perceived Soviet expansion in Greece and Turkey
Q:
Who called the Soviet Union's aggressive policies after World War II, especially in Eastern Europe, extending the "Iron Curtain"?
A) George C. Marshall
B) Harry Truman
C) George F. Kennan
D) Winston Churchill
Q:
In 1946, Bernard Baruch offered an American plan to the United Nations for doing which of the following?
A) eliminating all barriers to international trade
B) outlawing atomic weapons
C) eradicating poverty and malnutrition in the world
D) transferring control of all atomic weapons to the United Nations
Q:
Containment policy was based on which assumption?
A) The Soviet Union would constantly seek to expand.
B) England's colonial empire was collapsing.
C) Labor unions were becoming too powerful.
D) The Soviet Union was simply the old czarist Russia in new clothing.
Q:
Which diplomat's article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" shaped America's containment policy?
A) John Foster Dulles
B) George C. Marshall
C) Dean Acheson
D) George F. Kennan