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Q:
Private donors, including industrialist Andrew Carnegie, donated millions of dollars to help __________.
A) build public libraries
B) stimulate new women's colleges
C) underwrite collections of American art
D) promote public appreciation of symphonic music
Q:
What form of education illustrated the popular desire for new information in the late nineteenth century?
A) Chautauqua movement
B) kindergarten
C) settlement house reading session
D) lyceum
Q:
What was one of the problems with pragmatism?
A) It seemed to be against the American ideal of rugged individualism.
B) It was based only on emotional appeal.
C) It originated in Europe.
D) It seemed to suggest that the end justified the means.
Q:
Pragmatism encouraged which of the following?
A) the use of theory
B) intellectualism
C) materialism
D) conventional morality
Q:
According to William James, why was religion true?
A) The Bible was a collection of facts.
B) The heart was the place of unalterable truth.
C) People were religious, making religion true.
D) Clergy and priests had warped Americans' ability to see through religious claims.
Q:
Who was the most influential philosopher of his times and the main exponent of pragmatism?
A) Josiah Royce
B) Charles S. Pierce
C) John R. Commons
D) William James
Q:
The effects of Darwinism in America were apparent in the philosophy of __________, which stated that all truths are constantly evolving and can be judged only by their concrete results.
A) evolutionism
B) transcendentalism
C) pragmatism
D) existentialism
Q:
Which of the following best describes Darwin's theory of evolution's impact on religious thought in America?
A) It had almost no effect. It did not even have an impact on intellectuals.
B) It seriously crippled the appeal of fundamentalist churches.
C) It gravely weakened the religious faith of a majority of Americans.
D) It did not undermine the faith of a large percentage of the population.
Q:
Whistler's Mother is best described as __________.
A) vibrant in its use of watercolors
B) surgically accurate and merciless in its realism
C) almost cubistic in its embrace of scientific principles
D) spare and muted in tone
Q:
Probably the most famous painting by an American, Arrangement in Grey and Black, is the work of __________.
A) James A. McNeill Whistler
B) Winslow Homer
C) Mary Cassatt
D) Thomas Eakins
Q:
Which of the following artists did much of his work overseas?
A) Winslow Homer
B) James A. McNeill Whistler
C) Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins.
D) Mark Twain
Q:
Although he had almost no formal training, Winslow Homer is considered a master because of his __________.
A) portrayal of American slums
B) magnificent oils depicting classical subjects
C) non-representational explorations of shape and color
D) brilliant watercolors
Q:
The careers of Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins suggest that __________.
A) the American environment in the late nineteenth century was not inhospitable to first-class artists
B) most American talent found itself in a self-chosen exile in Paris
C) American philanthropists had introduced British class anxieties and sensibilities to the American art scene
D) the art scene remained confined to a few blocks in downtown Manhattan
Q:
In works like The Gross Clinic, American painter Thomas Eakins __________.
A) captured the realism of the new scientific age
B) revealed his great debt to the French impressionists
C) demonstrated his raw, untrained talent
D) explored a brooding, mystical world
Q:
In his writing, Henry James was most interested in which of the following?
A) social issues
B) his subjects as individuals
C) the issues faced by artists in the modern world
D) uneducated Americans
Q:
Which author spent most of his adult life in Europe writing about the clash between American and European values in a rarefied, overly subtle style?
A) William Dean Howells
B) Theodore Dreiser
C) Henry James
D) Stephen Crane
Q:
Which of the following was one of the first books to treat sex forthrightly?
A) McTeague
B) Sister Carrie
C) A Modern Instance
D) The Portrait of a Lady
Q:
Late-nineteenth-century naturalist writers such as Stephen Crane portrayed __________.
A) customs and dialects identified with a particular region of the country
B) society somewhat realistically, but emphasized the "smiling aspects" of life
C) humans as mere animals in a merciless Darwinian world
D) virtuous heroines and heroes in mortal combat with dastardly villains
Q:
Who was the most influential literary critic of the late nineteenth century?
A) Mark Twain
B) Henry James
C) Stephen Crane
D) William Dean Howells
Q:
In novels like A Hazard of New Fortunes, William Dean Howells __________.
A) dealt realistically with sexual love
B) portrayed the whole range of metropolitan life
C) popularized the "local color" school of writing
D) examined the burden of the Puritan past in New England
Q:
Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn __________.
A) offered a sympathetic portrait of a slave
B) defied realist conceptions of the time
C) embedded religious messages in adventure tales
D) challenged Northern arrogance with a witty Southern character
Q:
What was the real name of the first great American realist, Mark Twain?
A) Mark Clement
B) Samuel L. Clemens
C) William Dean Howells
D) John Singer Sargent
Q:
What was the new literary style of the 1870s and 1880s that often examined social problems such as slum conditions and portrayed people of every social class?
A) romanticism
B) pragmatism
C) realism
D) neo-classicism
Q:
American literature immediately following the Civil War is best described as which of the following?
A) unrealistic, sentimental pandering to middle-class preconceptions
B) philosophic explorations of human nature
C) studies of the complexities of industrial society
D) realistic portrayals of the contemporary world
Q:
What was the importance of Frederick Jackson Turner's work?
A) its proof of frontier democracy
B) its complete explanation of American development
C) its purely political viewpoint
D) its encouragement of the study of social and economic subjects
Q:
In his thesis, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier __________.
A) was dominated by large corporations
B) encouraged socialistic behavior
C) had inhibited democracy
D) gave Americans their unique character
Q:
The late-nineteenth-century theory of the Teutonic origins of democracy __________.
A) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient tribes of northern Europe
B) was violently opposed by Americans of British descent because it portrayed their ancestors so negatively
C) was initially rejected but has been subsequently validated by extensive research by historians and archaeologists
D) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient peoples of the Middle East
Q:
The emphasis of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. on evolutionary change had a profound impact upon twentieth-century __________.
A) education
B) jurisprudence
C) anthropology
D) medicine
Q:
At the turn of the century, the field of education was marked by which of the following?
A) cynicism
B) optimism
C) fanaticism
D) pessimism
Q:
The broader implication of John Dewey's philosophy on education was that schools __________.
A) were the only reliable means of transmitting information
B) were central sites for the production of conformity
C) were to build character and good citizenship as well as convey knowledge
D) had to be free of any financial connections with the state
Q:
The educator John Dewey insisted that __________.
A) education was the fundamental method of social progress
B) schools should only teach the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic
C) churches should assume a larger role in education
D) education should simply reflect the dominant social trends and values
Q:
According to German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, good teaching called for which of the following?
A) only facts and a birch rod
B) psychological insight and imagination
C) complete control of the child's environment
D) strict discipline and rote learning
Q:
The American disciple of Herbert Spencer, Edward L. Youmans, believed which of the following about society?
A) It is best understood using Aristotle's philosophical framework.
B) it is an impersonal set of institutions and can be easily changed.
C) It is an orderly, rule-governed system in which change is not necessary.
D) It is changed only by the force of evolution, which moves with cosmic slowness.
Q:
English thinker __________ was the most influential social Darwinist.
A) Lester Frank Ward
B) Aldous Huxley
C) Alfred Lord Tennyson
D) Herbert Spencer
Q:
Members of the institutionalist school of economics such as Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons thought that __________.
A) Darwin's ideas explained how slowly society evolved
B) religion, not science, was the key to truth
C) economic problems should be totally divorced from moral concerns
D) actual industrial conditions should be studied with practical social reform as a goal
Q:
At the turn of the century, the new academic interest in the development of institutions and their interactions with each other __________.
A) drew scholars out of their academic isolation and into practical affairs
B) pulled academics away from social concerns and into the political realm
C) bypassed American scholars but sparked a fire and yearning for overseas studies among their students
D) significantly dulled intellectual life and made research more theoretical and less practical
Q:
Due to the increase in both the number of college graduates and the influence of alumni, in the late nineteenth century American higher education __________.
A) regained its focus on training clergy
B) became the dominant force in the economy
C) increased its focus on social activities, fraternities, and organized athletics with winning teams
D) developed programs in graduate education that attracted students from all over the world
Q:
In The Higher Learning in America, Thorstein Veblen __________.
A) called for creation of a series of land-grant universities
B) praised the elective system
C) advocated creation of a national university in Washington, D.C.
D) criticized the intrusion of business into universities
Q:
Vassar College holds the distinction of __________.
A) establishing the first modern graduate school
B) admitting the first woman to college
C) being the first college for women
D) being the first coeducational, racially integrated college
Q:
Which statement about the Morrill Act land-grant university system is true?
A) It specialized in graduate education.
B) It was coeducational from the start.
C) It opened its doors only to women students.
D) It received almost no assistance from the federal government.
Q:
Johns Hopkins, Jonas Clark, and John D. Rockefeller were all __________.
A) wealthy founders of new universities
B) social scientists influenced by Darwinism
C) advocates of realism in painting
D) naturalistic novelists
Q:
Johns Hopkins became the leader in graduate education by modeling itself after universities in which country?
A) England
B) France
C) Italy
D) Germany
Q:
Change in higher education came like a floodtide with which of the following?
A) the proliferation of state universities
B) a new influx of foreign capital
C) the immigration of academics from Europe
D) a surge in Christian revivalist colleges
Q:
What motivated advocates of the Social Gospel, and what did they do?
Q:
What new technologies and innovations aided the modernization of American cities in the late or at the turn of the century?
Q:
How did native-born, largely Anglo-Saxon Americans react to the growing number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe in the late nineteenth century?
Q:
What differences existed between skilled and unskilled workers beyond their capabilities on the job?
Q:
How did American society and culture undergo a process of "incorporation" in the late nineteenth century?
Q:
What was the response of American intellectuals such as Walt Whitman and Henry Adams to the new industrial civilization?
A) They denounced it as leading to the worship of money and material success.
B) They viewed it as evidence of the continuing progress of the human race.
C) They united the workers to fight for socialism.
D) They called for Christian revivals to refocus Americans on eternal values.
Q:
By the 1890s, how did most Americans respond to the changes of industrialization and urbanization?
A) They feared the country worshipped material success as its god.
B) They were disgusted by the lawlessness and power of modern corporations.
C) They continued to be optimistic and uncritical admirers of American civilization.
D) They blamed these changes for the increasing rates of divorce, heart disease, and mental illness.
Q:
Settlements houses were __________.
A) sufficiently funded by private beneficence
B) completely funded by the state
C) funded by private beneficence but in need of state support
D) privately funded and most administrators did not want to deal with the regulations of state support
Q:
Who was the founder of Chicago's Hull House?
A) Jane Addams
B) Dr. Stanton Coit
C) Henry Ward Beecher
D) Lillian Wald
Q:
In the late nineteenth century, settlement house workers like Lillian Wald soon discovered that __________.
A) practical problems absorbed most of their efforts
B) missionary work was far more welcome among immigrants than expected
C) immigrants came from different cultures that were hostile to American values
D) there was little they could to do affect the daily lives of people
Q:
Who established the first American settlement house in New York?
A) Washington Gladden
B) Jane Addams
C) Jacob Riis
D) Dr. Stanton Coit
Q:
__________ were community centers started by idealistic young people to guide and help the urban poor.
A) Chautauquas
B) Lyceums
C) YMCAs
D) Settlement houses
Q:
Characters asked themselves, "What would Jesus do?" in Charles M. Sheldon's best-selling Social Gospel novel, __________.
A) Applied Christianity
B) How the Other Half Lives
C) In His Steps
D) A Life for Christ
Q:
Who was Washington Gladden?
A) the most influential preacher of the Social Gospel Movement
B) the inventor of baseball
C) the architect of the Brooklyn Bridge
D) the man who introduced the streetcar to Richmond, Virginia
Q:
Social Gospelers held which of the following beliefs?
A) The church should focus on improving the spiritual lives of the poor by conducting massive religious revivals.
B) God would provide for the faithful.
C) The church should focus on improving the lives of the poor, ending child labor, and regulating the power of big corporations.
D) Poverty grew out of sin and therefore the poor were being punished for their evil ways.
Q:
Which lay evangelist of the late nineteenth century conducted vigorous campaigns to convince the poor to abandon their sinful ways?
A) Henry Ward Beecher
B) Dwight L. Moody
C) Washington Gladden
D) Charles Grandison Finney
Q:
How did Roman Catholic Church leaders respond to the problems of industrialism?
A) They were deeply concerned with the social causes of urban vice and misery.
B) They tended to see vice as a personal matter and poverty as an act of God.
C) They dominated the Social Gospel movement.
D) They strongly defended the right to strike.
Q:
Walter Camp played a major role in establishing __________.
A) baseball as a major sport
B) the role of religion in education
C) football as a major sport
D) the Boy Scouts of America
Q:
What game did James Naismith invent in 1891?
A) basketball
B) monopoly
C) water polo
D) baseball
Q:
Who was the first widely popular professional boxer?
A) "Gentleman" Jim Corbett
B) Jack Johnson
C) Paddy Ryan
D) John L. Sullivan
Q:
Late-nineteenth-century spectator sports were notable for which of the following?
A) prohibitions on gambling and betting
B) mixture of upper- and working-class interests
C) predominantly rural audiences
D) church sponsorship and high moral tone
Q:
Which of the following was central to the success of the skyscraper?
A) dumbbell design
B) introduction of the streetcar
C) proliferation of suspension bridges
D) steel-frame construction
Q:
As a result of the high price of urban real estate, __________.
A) middle-class families moved to the suburbs
B) working-class communities moved to the suburbs
C) businesses moved to the suburbs
D) architects began to build upwards
Q:
What was a result of the streetcar in America?
A) Cities were able to preserve their unique character as "walking cities."
B) Cities were able to postpone the development of suburbs until the late 1940s.
C) Cities expanded their geographical area enormously as the upper and middle classes fled city centers.
D) Cities experienced a renaissance of their downtown commercial districts.
Q:
Where was the first electric trolley car line in America installed?
A) Brooklyn, New York
B) Richmond, Virginia
C) Boston, Massachusetts
D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Q:
Urban transportation was revolutionized and urban development was redirected in the 1880s by which of the following?
A) subway systems
B) horse carts
C) electric trolleys
D) concrete paving of streets
Q:
Cholera originated on the crowded banks of the __________.
A) Ganges in India
B) Yangtze in China
C) Nile in Africa
D) Mississippi in the United States
Q:
Who was the author of How the Other Half Lives (1890), the classic description of slum conditions in the United States?
A) Henry George
B) Jacob Riis
C) H. L. Mencken
D) Edward Bellamy
Q:
A residential apartment building, common in New York in the late 1800s, that was built on a tiny lot without consideration of proper lighting and ventilation was known as a __________.
A) settlement house
B) halfway house
C) tenement
D) slum
Q:
What city was a pioneer in regulating city house construction and sanitation?
A) New York
B) Chicago
C) Philadelphia
D) San Francisco
Q:
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Chicago River __________.
A) started to flow backwards out of the lake because of the amount of water drained from it
B) caught fire because of the high concentration of chemical pollutants
C) was completely covered with concrete slabs
D) had virtually become an open sewer due to the strain on the city's sanitation system
Q:
The urban ethnic neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century were __________.
A) ghettos in the European sense
B) crowded and unhealthy
C) destroyers of traditional immigrant culture
D) model communities with high living standards
Q:
The "new" immigrants from eastern and southern Europe __________.
A) moved west as quickly as possible
B) usually came with some funds in reserve
C) could generally read and write English
D) settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the urban centers
Q:
Although there were additional factors, by the final decades of the nineteenth century the chief cause of urban growth was which of the following?
A) rural discontent and migration
B) natural increase among urban families
C) the expansion of industry
D) the improving quality of city life
Q:
The new nativism of the late nineteenth century was exemplified by which of the following?
A) Knights of Labor
B) Grand Army of the Republic
C) American Protective Association
D) Know-Nothing Party
Q:
Criticisms of immigrants as "longhaired, wild-eyed, bad-smelling, atheistic, reckless foreign wretches" and as "Europe's human and inhuman rubbish" were characteristic of __________.
A) internationalists
B) German-Americans
C) nativists
D) birds of passage
Q:
One of the causes that eventually led to restrictions on immigration was the __________.
A) strong Protestantism of the "new" immigrants
B) immigrants' unwillingness to work hard for low wages
C) social Darwinists' fears that immigrants would undermine American "racial purity"
D) overwhelming number of immigrants who took advantage of the Homestead Act