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Q:
The so-called "birds of passage" during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were __________.
A) a majority of all who entered the United States
B) generally poor workers
C) usually Englishmen and Scotsmen
D) a substantial minority of all new arrivals
Q:
Both the "new" immigrants of the 1880s and the "old" Irish immigrants of the 1840s were mostly which of the following?
A) factory workers
B) peasants
C) children
D) political refugees
Q:
Beginning in the 1880s, the source of American immigration shifted to new immigrants from which areas?
A) northern and western Europe
B) southern and eastern Europe
C) southern and western Europe
D) northern and eastern Europe
Q:
Before 1882, Americans restricted __________ from immigrating to the United States.
A) almost no one
B) Irish Catholics
C) the Japanese
D) political revolutionaries
Q:
Who was in charge of immigration until the 1890s?
A) the Department of State
B) states
C) counties
D) the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Q:
Real-life rags-to-riches experiences, like those of Andrew Carnegie, were __________.
A) almost universal
B) fairly common
C) nonexistent
D) rare exceptions
Q:
In the late 1800s secondary education __________.
A) was not yet available
B) became widely available to the masses
C) was available mostly only to Northerners
D) was accessible to those with special abilities or from well-off families
Q:
What happened to American public education after 1870?
A) It finally stabilized after 40 years of enormous change.
B) It underwent a revolution in teaching methods that stressed strict discipline and rote learning.
C) It was most forward-looking in the South.
D) It changed steadily in response to the many social and economic changes of the era.
Q:
Which of the following assessments of industrial workers in the late nineteenth century is true?
A) They lacked a sense of solidarity, despite their large numbers.
B) Their large numbers forced American politicians to cater to their interests.
C) Their diversity sensitized them to the needs of a multicultural society.
D) Their abject poverty stood in contrast to the prosperity of American farmers at the time.
Q:
Which of the following statements about society in the late 1800s is true?
A) The gap between rich and poor was growing.
B) The rich were growing richer and the underprivileged class shrank to lowest levels ever witnessed.
C) Recession caused the upper class to shrink significantly.
D) The balance between the rich and the poor was about even in an increasingly egalitarian society.
Q:
Early social workers who visited working-class homes in the late nineteenth century discovered which of the following?
A) poverty and degradation primarily among the skilled workers in new industries
B) uniform prosperity among all working-class families and occupations
C) uniform poverty and degradation among all working-class families and occupations
D) considerable differences in the standard of living among families in the same occupation
Q:
Which new profession did educated, middle-class women dominate in the late nineteenth century?
A) home economics
B) journalism
C) nursing
D) college teaching
Q:
What was true of working women in the late nineteenth century?
A) They were still generally unable to enter the male-dominated professions of teaching and nursing.
B) They earned less as clerks and "typewriters" than they did as unskilled factory workers.
C) They had less pleasant working conditions as clerks than they did as unskilled factory workers.
D) They were often hired as salespersons in department stores because managers considered them easier to control than men.
Q:
Which of the following was a result of late-nineteenth-century industrial development?
A) Personal contact between employer and employee tended to disappear.
B) Workers rose rapidly from the ranks of labor to become manufacturers.
C) Swings in the business cycle became more moderate.
D) Artisans' bargaining power with their employers increased.
Q:
In general, __________ workers were usually well-off as a result of late-nineteenth-century industrialization.
A) skilled industrial
B) unskilled
C) traditional craft
D) domestic
Q:
Middle-class families in the late nineteenth century became __________.
A) larger because women were at home more and had bigger houses
B) smaller because women married later in life and practiced abstinence
C) larger, as a big, healthy family was a symbol of status
D) smaller, as the cost of living skyrocketed
Q:
In Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Thorstein Veblen __________.
A) praised the middle class for their contributions to economic growth of the United States
B) stated that consumption was a noble way to escape the vagrancy of urban life
C) theorized that middle-class consumption was done mainly for superficial purposes
D) believed that the material culture was solid in its foundation
Q:
Which of the following describes most middle-class families of the late nineteenth century?
A) Almost no middle-class families were able to afford servants.
B) They lost some of the reforming zeal and moral fervor they typically had before the Civil War.
C) They continued the trend of an increasing birth rate.
D) Children were encouraged to be independent and were often unsupervised.
Q:
On what grounds did William Graham Sumner defend the idea of laissez-faire economics?
Q:
Compare and contrast the Knights of Labor with the American Federation Labor. Which organization had made its peace with the new economy of industrial wage work?
Q:
How did Americans try to impose regulations on big business in the late nineteenth century?
Q:
Compare the effect of competition on railroads with that of competition on steel.
Q:
What made iron, oil, electricity, and the railroad industry so important for economic growth?
Q:
Which of the following was a particularly ominous sign for organized labor at the end of the century?
A) Industrial corporations refused to recognize unions.
B) Wages for unskilled labor were low.
C) Working conditions needed improvement.
D) The federal government based its injunctions against strikes on the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Q:
As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century, __________.
A) efficiency increased in industries that produced high-quality handmade goods
B) general living standards declined
C) efficiency increased in industries where close coordination of output, distribution, and sales was important
D) large financial institutions' influence in the economy declined significantly
Q:
In the late nineteenth century, wealth, power, and influence were __________.
A) available to anyone who worked hard and was honest
B) increasingly concentrated among the largest financiers
C) more evenly distributed than at any other previous time in American history
D) increasing among farmers in the Great Plains
Q:
What prompted workers to walk out in the Pullman strike?
A) George Pullman's Palace Car Company had cut wages but did not reduce rents in its company town.
B) The Pullman Palace Car Company was forcing workers to deliver the mail on the rail lines in unpaid overtime.
C) President Grover Cleveland had come out in support of massive layoffs by the Pullman Palace Car Company.
D) Workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company were striking in solidarity with the brakeman of the American Railway Union.
Q:
Who was the leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company?
A) William Kelly
B) Samuel Gompers
C) Terence Powderly
D) Eugene Debs
Q:
The dramatic labor troubles of 1877 were __________.
A) centered in Pennsylvania's coal fields
B) the result of significant gains in prosperity for business
C) more violent and destructive than any previous strike in America
D) the work of foreign labor agitators
Q:
Established in 1886, the __________ was a national combination of craft unions..
A) National Labor Union
B) Knights of Labor
C) Industrial Workers of the World
D) American Federation of Labor
Q:
The Homestead Strike __________.
A) pitted private police against steelworkers near Pittsburgh
B) involved rail yard workers west of Chicago
C) illustrated the working-class consciousness of Midwestern farmers
D) marked the beginning of the end for the Knights of Labor
Q:
The leadership of the Knights of Labor would have felt perfectly at home with the labor organizations of which of the following?
A) the New Deal era
B) the Progressive era
C) the Jacksonian era
D) the American Revolution
Q:
What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of U.S. v. E. C. Knight Company?
A) Manufacture and commerce were different economic activities.
B) Control over manufacture inevitably meant control over commerce.
C) The American Sugar Refining Company had not violated the federal commerce clause.
D) The American Sugar Refining Company did not hold a manufacturing monopoly.
Q:
The Sherman Antitrust Act was drastically limited by the Supreme Court in which of the following?
A) the Wabash Case
B) Munn v. Illinois
C) Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company
D) United States v. E. C. Knight Company
Q:
In 1890, Congress tried to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the __________ Act.
A) Sherman Antitrust
B) Granger
C) Northern Securities
D) Hepburn
Q:
The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 __________.
A) provided immediate relief for the farmer
B) challenged the philosophy of laissez-faire
C) provided the railroads exactly what they desired.
D) failed so dramatically that the government abandoned this tactic
Q:
The __________ was established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue "cease and desist" orders against railroads acting illegally.
A) Federal Railroad Commission
B) Interstate Commerce Commission
C) Federal Transportation Board
D) General Services Administration
Q:
The Supreme Court decision in the Wabash case concerned which of the following?
A) patent rights
B) corporation mergers
C) early railroad regulation
D) union rights
Q:
Granger-controlled legislatures attempted to do which of the following?
A) restore competition among farm machinery manufacturers
B) regulate railroad rates
C) prohibit corporate monopolies
D) subsidize farm prices
Q:
Who founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry in 1867?
A) Henry George
B) Daniel De Leon
C) James S. Hogg
D) Oliver H. Kelley
Q:
In The Cooperative Commonwealth, Laurence Gronlund __________.
A) defended the Granger laws as the only means by which the family farm could be preserved
B) provided the first serious attempt to explain the ideas of Karl Marx to Americans
C) justified the mergers of gigantic corporations as the best way to increase harmony and efficiency
D) called for a "single tax" to eliminate the profits from land speculation
Q:
Who compared nineteenth-century society to a stagecoach in which the favored few rode in comfort while the masses pulled them along life's route?
A) Henry Demarest Lloyd
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) Edward Bellamy
D) Henry George
Q:
Who described America as evolving into an ideal socialist state?
A) Henry George
B) Henry Demarest Lloyd
C) Richard T. Ely
D) Edward Bellamy
Q:
Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Demarest Lloyd were all late-nineteenth-century __________.
A) oil industry executives
B) railroad executives
C) radical reformers
D) inventors
Q:
Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty, was an advocate of which of the following?
A) Marxism
B) laissez-faire economics
C) social Darwinism
D) the single tax
Q:
Generally speaking, the formation of monopolies during the 1870s caused which of the following?
A) a rapid increase in chaos in those industries
B) a shortage of consumer goods
C) a drop in prices
D) a rapid increase in competition in those industries
Q:
Most Americans reacted to the growth of huge industrial and financial organizations and the increasing complexity of economic relations by __________.
A) turning to local producers
B) joining socialists in their demands for government ownership of basic industries
C) fearing monopoly and welcoming new consumer goods
D) doing nothing, since most Americans were unaware of the vast changes in the economy
Q:
What did William Graham Sumner mean when he said "It's root, hog, or die"?
A) The basis of any healthy economy is agriculture.
B) It's best to live and let live.
C) The key to survival and a healthy society is self-reliance.
D) Only faith in God assures survival of the fittest.
Q:
As industry expanded, Americans came to __________.
A) reject any type of governmental regulation or interference
B) clamor for economic regulations
C) advocate against the free enterprise philosophy
D) view economic regulation as a way to release human energy and expand market opportunities
Q:
The theory of evolution by natural selection, which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others, was the work of __________.
A) Charles Lyell
B) Charles Darwin
C) Jean Lamarck
D) Gregor Mendel
Q:
What was the major development in retailing during the late 1800s?
A) the introduction of wholesale traders
B) the growth of huge urban department stores
C) the phenomenal rise of transnational brands
D) the growth of modern advertising on a nationwide scale
Q:
John D. Rockefeller's success was due primarily to his __________.
A) vast knowledge of petroleum technology
B) refusal to compete unfairly
C) perfection of the modern, moving assembly line
D) talents as an organizer and his meticulous attention to detail
Q:
By the middle of the 1880s, __________ monopolized the oil industry in the United States.
A) John D. Rockefeller
B) J. P. Morgan
C) Harry Sinclair
D) Felix Standard
Q:
When J. P. Morgan assembled United States Steel, he __________.
A) was blocked by the Sherman Antitrust Act
B) reversed his earlier commitment to decentralization
C) was sued under the Interstate Commerce Act
D) formed the first billion-dollar corporation
Q:
Andrew Carnegie was one of the first great tycoons to realize the importance of __________.
A) cultivating foreign markets
B) developing technological improvements
C) controlling the source of manpower
D) outsourcing exogenous services
Q:
Andrew Carnegie dominated which industry?
A) railroad
B) steel
C) banking
D) petroleum
Q:
The first giant corporations, capitalized in the hundreds of millions of dollars, were which of the following?
A) oil refineries
B) steel corporations
C) telegraph and telephone systems
D) interregional railroad systems
Q:
Intense competition among railroads __________.
A) caused financial instability and increased the chances of an economic downturn
B) prompted industrial decentralization
C) resulted in a uniform low price for all cargo customers
D) encouraged the organization of railroad unions
Q:
How did railroads commonly encourage large shippers to use their lines?
A) by giving them rebates
B) by selling them stock below the market price
C) by providing them private cars
D) by refusing to carry goods except under specific contract
Q:
From 1873 to 1893, the economy was characterized by which of the following?
A) significant government regulation
B) declining productivity
C) intense competition for markets
D) strong inflationary trends
Q:
What was the relationship between competition and monopoly in American industry during the post"Civil War era?
A) inflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration
B) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to decreased concentration
C) inflation combined with an absence of competition to cause expansion to lead to a decreasing concentration
D) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration
Q:
Which of Alexander Graham Bell's interests led to the invention of the telephone?
A) deaf education
B) petroleum manufacturing
C) music and recording
D) electric lights
Q:
Who was the inventor of the phonograph?
A) Alexander Graham Bell
B) Thomas Scott
C) George Westinghouse
D) Thomas A. Edison
Q:
Technological changes in the petroleum industry in the late nineteenth century __________.
A) were retarded by the monopolistic control exerted by John D. Rockefeller
B) had little impact compared to those in iron and steel
C) occurred rapidly and put a premium on refining efficiency
D) were slow in coming because there was a limited consumer demand for petroleum products
Q:
Why was the open-hearth method of making steel superior in some ways to the Bessemer process?
A) It was much faster.
B) It allowed larger quantities of ore in the furnace.
C) It allowed more quality control.
D) It was cheaper.
Q:
The Bessemer process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron which __________.
A) produced much cheaper pig iron
B) led to the development of cast iron
C) helped produce much cheaper steel
D) was far more expensive but also delivered a far superior type of iron
Q:
After the railroads, the transformation of which of the following was the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century?
A) petroleum production
B) iron manufacturing
C) flour and other grain milling
D) precision tool manufacturing
Q:
American land-grant railroads in the late nineteenth century __________.
A) seldom took advantage of their land rights
B) found frontier settlement too sparse to justify railroad construction
C) were often forced to return the land grants to state and federal governments
D) sent agents overseas to recruit likely settlers and purchasers of railroad land
Q:
Following the Civil War, most southern railroad systems were __________.
A) controlled by European investors
B) unable to afford rolling stock or track maintenance
C) financed by local capital
D) controlled by northern capitalists
Q:
In the late nineteenth century, Jay Gould, Henry Villard, and James J. Hill organized which of the following?
A) complex, transcontinental railroad lines
B) the radical reform movement
C) the oil trust
D) huge open-range cattle operations
Q:
Why did railroad lines have such high fixed costs?
A) They consumed a lot of energy.
B) They were difficult to build.
C) They had to carry as much traffic as possible.
D) They cost in maintenance, interest, and taxes.
Q:
Which statement about railroads in the 25 years after the Civil War is true?
A) They were the most corrupt business organizations in the United States.
B) They spent most of their energies in building transcontinental lines.
C) They barely kept pace with industrial advances.
D) They were probably the most significant driver of American economic development.
Q:
By the end of the nineteenth century, U.S. industrial capacity __________.
A) had almost caught Great Britain's
B) barely lagged behind Germany's
C) dwarfed both Great Britain's and Germany's
D) did not match Japan's
Q:
How did the railroads shape the growth and development of the American West after the Civil War?
Q:
Compare and contrast the experiences of ranchers and farmers in the trans-Mississippi West.
Q:
Explain the significance of "Custer's Last Stand."
Q:
Explain the impact of American settlers and the transcontinental railroad on native tribes west of the Mississippi.
Q:
Identify the key differences between the mythical West and the one that existed between the Civil War and 1900.
Q:
The "conquest of the frontier" was __________.
A) mythical because Americans were always finding new frontiers
B) by and large invisible to Americans of the day and never really captured the imagination of Americans
C) a way to evade the destructive consequences of national policies by making them seem to be an expression of human progress
D) one of the most brutal examples of imperialism in world history
Q:
Open-range cattle raising was virtually ended by which of the following?
A) importation of cheap beef from Argentina
B) completion of the transcontinental railroad
C) registration of cattle brands and improvements in scientific breeding
D) combination of the drought of 1886 and the blizzards of 1886"1887