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History & Theory
Q:
Who believed that the Second Bank of the United States was making "the rich richer and the potent more powerful"?
A) Nicholas Biddle
B) Daniel Webster
C) Henry Clay
D) Andrew Jackson
Q:
On what grounds did Jackson defend his veto of the charter of the Second National Bank?
A) It was too weak to help stabilize the economy.
B) It was unable to attract foreign investors.
C) It was dominated by speculators in western land.
D) It was unconstitutional.
Q:
Which senator pushed for renewal of the Bank of the United States charter in 1832 to provide himself a campaign issue against Jackson?
A) Henry Clay
B) John C. Calhoun
C) Martin Van Buren
D) John Eaton
Q:
__________ was a leading enemy of the Second National Bank of the United States.
A) Daniel Webster
B) Nicholas Biddle
C) Henry Clay
D) Andrew Jackson
Q:
Nicholas Biddle realized that he could use the Second National Bank as which of the following?
A) a rudimentary central bank
B) a mechanism to undermine President Jackson
C) a monopoly to enrich foreign investors
D) a means to thwart the political ambitions of Henry Clay
Q:
Other than Jackson's personal popularity, the main campaign issue in the presidential election of 1832 was __________.
A) nullification
B) Jackson's Indian removal policy
C) the spoils system
D) the Bank of the United States
Q:
What united Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun in 1834?
A) Their support for Andrew Jackson's Indian policy.
B) Their opposition to President Jackson's Force Bill.
C) Their condemnation of Jackson's withdrawal of federal funds from the Bank of the United States.
D) Their leadership of the Whig Party.
Q:
Which of the following best describes Jackson's personnel changes in the federal government?
A) He for the most part left the ranks of middle management alone.
B) His ruthless use of the spoils system left some branches of government without any experienced personnel whatsoever.
C) His faith in "common people" served him poorly when he chose unqualified outsiders for his top positions.
D) His bipartisan approach meant that Democrats and Whigs fought bitterly within his very administration.
Q:
What had prompted Southerners to think that Andrew Jackson was an advocate of states' rights?
A) his record as an Indian killer and nemesis of the British army
B) his vigorous defense against Daniel Webster's attacks
C) his long record of deference to the constitutional authority of Congress
D) his staunch position against the Cherokee Indians in western Georgia
Q:
Jackson's popularity and success were primarily the result of his __________.
A) expert knowledge of the issues
B) genius as an administrator
C) personality and leadership
D) open-mindedness to all sides of a question
Q:
Jackson's view of the presidency differed from his predecessor's primarily in his belief that __________.
A) the Republic could no longer offer democratic participation to white men only
B) the president was the direct representative of all the people and the embodiment of national power
C) the federal government should engage in a vigorous program of internal improvements
D) his predecessors had violated the Constitution by wrestling too much power from Congress
Q:
Jackson's advisers who did not hold regular cabinet appointments were called the __________.
A) Locofocos
B) Tennessee Regulars
C) Old Hickories
D) Kitchen Cabinet
Q:
What was one of the "fundamental tenets of Jacksonian Democracy"?
A) Educated and virtuous people should be elected to office.
B) The experience of government employees improved government services.
C) Expert knowledge was the key to a democratic government.
D) Ordinary Americans could do anything and thus were at the center of the political process.
Q:
What is the basic concept underlying the "spoils system"?
A) Candidates must campaign viciously to "spoil" the chances of their opponents.
B) Party workers must be rewarded with political office after a successful campaign.
C) There is no need to take into account the wishes of the average voter.
D) Government positions should not be "spoiled" by turning them into political plums.
Q:
Which of the following helps account for Andrew Jackson's mass appeal?
A) He was as poor as the western settlers that flocked to the Democratic Party.
B) He had a charming and friendly personality that few found resistible.
C) His reputation as a killer of Indians endeared him to many voters.
D) His family's aristocratic history prompted much admiration and respect.
Q:
Which of the following occurred in the election of 1828?
A) Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams in a contest disgraced by character assassination on both sides.
B) Henry Clay was chosen president when the election was thrown into the House of Representatives.
C) Andrew Jackson lost because of the "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams.
D) The negative political campaigns depressed voter turnout.
Q:
Who complained in 1824 that he had been the victim of a "corrupt bargain"?
A) Henry Clay
B) William Henry Harrison
C) John C. Calhoun
D) Andrew Jackson
Q:
Prior to the "democratizing" of politics during the age of Jackson, presidential candidates were usually chosen by which of the following?
A) national convention
B) state legislature
C) congressional caucus
D) national electoral commission
Q:
Part of the "democratizing" of politics during the age of Jackson was the __________.
A) direct election of U.S. senators
B) enfranchisement of women in western states
C) elimination of property qualifications for voting and holding office
D) direct election of the president and vice president
Q:
What distinguished the Whigs from the Jacksonians, and how were they similar? Explain.
Q:
Explain the larger significance of the nullification crisis for the nation's history.
Q:
What distinguished the resistance of the Cherokee Indians from the fight Native Americans put up against expulsion?
Q:
Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the Bank of the United States?
Q:
Explain the key features of the new political system that emerged with Andrew Jackson in the late 1820s.
Q:
What occurred immediately after Harrison's inauguration?
A) Clay emerged as the power behind the throne, directing the naive and weak-willed Harrison.
B) Harrison died, was succeeded by the doctrinaire John Tyler, and the political climate of the country changed dramatically.
C) Harrison became a surprisingly strong chief executive, modeling himself on Jackson.
D) Harrison died and was succeeded by John Tyler, who was easily manipulated by Webster and Clay.
Q:
Who challenged the broad political consensus led by Andrew Jackson that all lands east of the Mississippi belonged to U.S. citizens?
A) John C. Calhoun
B) Martin Van Buren
C) James Polk
D) Davy Crockett
Q:
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too!" was the campaign slogan for General William Henry Harrison, who was the nominee of what political party?
A) the Democrats
B) the Republicans
C) the Jacksonians
D) the Whigs
Q:
Which of the following statements about 1840 presidential nominee William Henry Harrison is true?
A) His career as a Wall Street banker made him widely unpopular.
B) A former military hero, his political views were largely unknown.
C) He was the first non-slaveholding presidential candidate.
D) He had built a reputation as one of Jackson's most formidable foes in the Senate.
Q:
President Van Buren attempted to "divorce" the government from all banking activities through which of the following?
A) a "pet" banks network
B) the Independent Treasury Act
C) the Specie Circular
D) the Third National Bank
Q:
What was Martin Van Buren's chief goal as president?
A) End the Panic of 1837 through active government intervention in the economy.
B) Find an acceptable substitute for the state banks as a place to keep federal funds.
C) Increase the tariff in order to protect New England's "infant industries."
D) Institute federal funding for a national transportation network.
Q:
What was Martin Van Buren's response to the Panic of 1837?
A) Inflate the currency.
B) Reestablish the National Bank.
C) Push for federal funding of internal improvements in order to create jobs.
D) Reject government interference in the economy.
Q:
Why did the Whig party run several candidates for the presidential election of 1836?
A) They hoped that the House of Representatives would decide the election.
B) They disagreed on Jackson's policies.
C) They feared the overwhelming appeal of Andrew Jackson.
D) They wanted to appeal to different parts of the electorate.
Q:
What was the unifying principle of the Whig party?
A) support of Henry Clay as a political leader
B) opposition to "King Andrew" Jackson
C) desire to return to property qualifications for voting and holding office
D) rejection of strong government
Q:
Why did the number of New England women in the mills decrease over the 1820s and 1830s?A) Mechanization had made their labor redundant.B) The textile industry was gradually moving to the South.C) The factories tended to fire women in order to give jobs to men.D) Young women increasingly found work as schoolteachers and clerks.
Q:
Explain the role of the Supreme Court in the nation's economy in the early nineteenth century.
Q:
Explain the significance of canals in the economy of the early nineteenth century.
Q:
Was slavery in the antebellum South part of a market economy? Explain why or why not.
Q:
What impact did cotton have on the economy of the South?
Q:
How did the factory promote the formation of a new working class?
Q:
What was the Supreme Court decision that promoted economic development by rejecting the absolute sanctity of contracts when they conflicted with improvements for the good of the whole community?
A) Dartmouth College v. Woodward
B) Gibbons v. Ogden
C) theCharles River Bridge case
D) McCulloch v. Maryland
Q:
What was John Marshall's chief contribution to economic development?
A) his rejection of state charters for corporations
B) his strong states' rights philosophy
C) his farsighted defense of consumer rights
D) his broadly national view of economic affairs
Q:
In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court and Justice Marshall __________.
A) exempted the Bank of the United States from taxation by the states
B) upheld the contract which gave Ogden his monopoly on ferry service
C) defined commerce in a very broad sense
D) ruled in favor of the good of the whole community over that of a particular company
Q:
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the National Bank of the United States when it decided the case of __________.
A) Gibbons v. Ogden
B) McCulloch v. Maryland
C) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Q:
The Supreme Court's decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) upheld the __________.
A) right of a state to take over a private college
B) principle of the sanctity of contracts
C) right of a state to tax federal properties within its boundaries
D) principle of national supremacy over the states
Q:
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall thought that manufacturing and business should be __________.
A) sharply regulated by the government
B) free from the ancient doctrine of the "sanctity" of contracts
C) neither favored nor regulated by the government but simply left to the laws of the marketplace
D) favored by the government since they promoted order and progress
Q:
Next to new transportation infrastructures, the U.S. economy of the early nineteenth century also benefitted from which of the following?
A) supportive legal infrastructure
B) a powerful executive branch
C) farsighted federal monetary policy
D) a sectionally divided Congress
Q:
Why did most American canals connect directly to the Great Lakes?
A) Their fisheries were a significant economic resource in the early nineteenth century.
B) Trade with Canada across the Great Lakes was particularly vibrant.
C) Transportation across the lakes and its tributaries increased the reach of the canal network exponentially.
D) Trade with Native tribes of the Great Lakes region continued to be of primary importance to the Atlantic seaboard.
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the Erie Canal is true?
A) It was constructed by a group of New York merchants.
B) It was a financial disaster.
C) It solidly established New York City's dominance in commerce.
D) It benefited New England through its feeder canals.
Q:
In 1818 the first regularly scheduled passenger and freight service between New York and England was opened by __________.
A) the Hudson Bay Company
B) Hapag Lloyd
C) the Black Ball Line
D) the Virginia Company
Q:
Immediately after the Erie Canal was completed, it __________.
A) faced severe competition from the rapidly developing railroad network
B) became a financial success
C) became a source of bitter political wrangling in New York
D) was taken over by the federal government
Q:
"[This] will create the greatest inland trade ever witnessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of America will avail themselves of its facilities for a market." To what does this statement refer?
A) the National Road
B) the railroads
C) the Erie Canal
D) the Hudson Steamboat Company
Q:
What was the significance of New York mayor DeWitt Clinton?
A) His economic vision led to the economic development of upstate New York and the Great Lakes region...
B) He invented the first commercially viable steamboat and turned New York from a village into an Atlantic seaport.
C) He dramatically expanded cotton cultivation in the South through his work on Wall Street.
D) He was chairman of the Bank of the United States in the 1820s and channeled significant capital into New York real estate...
Q:
The greatest advantage offered by early canals was __________.
A) a direct link between western areas and the eastern seaboard
B) the improved access to the nation's West Coast via Central America
C) the interconnections between northern and southern states
D) the convenience of transportation from town to country
Q:
A major improvement in the transportation network in the 1820s and 1830s was the construction of which of the following?
A) turnpikes
B) railroads
C) flatboats
D) canals
Q:
American inventor Robert Fulton perfected the first commercially successful __________.
A) power loom
B) railroad
C) steamboat
D) steam engine
Q:
In the nineteenth century, Congress __________.
A) broke out in sectional rivalries when it came to economic policy
B) refused to debate economic issues
C) justified its extensive economic interventions on grounds of national security
D) demanded considerable economic policy interventions from state governments
Q:
Which of the following statements about the U.S. highway system in the nineteenth century is true?
A) For military purposes, the U.S. government began the task of creating an integrated system of roads across the country.
B) The U.S. government concentrated on building roads in mountainous areas and left the rest to privateers.
C) The U.S. government had no comprehensive highway program in the nineteenth century.
D) The construction of highways was the one subject where sectional rivalries did not surface.
Q:
Which of the following properly assesses the role of government in the construction of early "internal improvements"?
A) Roads and canals were built by state and local governments.
B) Private businesses built internal improvements without any financial aid from governments.
C) Early infrastructure projects were typically built by private businesses with substantial aid from governments.
D) State governments built roads and canals with little involvement of private business.
Q:
Turnpikes in the 1790s and early 1800s were __________.
A) roads built by private companies
B) canals with manually operated locks
C) roads channeling traffic in circular patterns
D) rudimentary railroad tracks operated with horsepower.
Q:
Why did early turnpikes cause a boom in private road building?
A) They initially generated tidy profits.
B) They were far superior to publicly run canals.
C) They were far cheaper than river navigation.
D) They secured low unemployment rates.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the role of the Mississippi River in the early nineteenth century?
A) It served as the major defense line of midwestern native tribes.
B) It remained the only region in North America where British merchants still dominated.
C) It had become the chief route for western commerce and communication.
D) It marked the dividing line between slavery and freedom in the United States.
Q:
What was an advantage that Northern blacks had over Southern blacks?
A) the right to vote in local and national elections
B) the ability to organize movements to protest their treatment
C) free access to public buildings and facilities
D) the right to testify in court against whites
Q:
By 1820, the interstate slave trade in the South was __________.
A) totally and effectively outlawed by the states
B) a legal and well-organized business
C) prohibited by the Constitution
D) outlawed by the Missouri Compromise
Q:
"Jersey negroes appear to be particularly adapted to this marketWe have the right to calculate on large importations in the future, from the success which hitherto attended the sale." This quote from a Southern newspaper describes which of the following?
A) the international indentured servant trade
B) the international slave trade
C) the interstate indentured servant trade
D) the interstate slave trade
Q:
The cotton boom in the early nineteenth century caused which of the following?
A) a rapid increase in the number of slaves freed by their masters
B) a strict enforcement of laws against the interstate slave trade
C) a demand for more labor, which was met by a renewed growth of slavery
D) the industrialization of previously agricultural regions in the South
Q:
The colonization of Sierra Leone in the nineteenth century __________.
A) was wildly successful
B) had moderate success due to the support of many important white Southerners
C) was mostly unsuccessful
D) was the springboard for the colonization of several other African nations by emigrating black Americans
Q:
The Republic of Liberia in western Africa __________.
A) was a prime example of black political independence in the nineteenth century
B) was founded by the American Colonization Society and was the eventual home to 12,000 black Americans
C) became an independent nation in the wake of a major slave revolt
D) was founded by free blacks from the United States
Q:
In 1804, a successful and bloody slave revolt led to the creation of the black republic of __________.
A) Grenada
B) Liberia
C) Haiti
D) Sierra Leone
Q:
The racial beliefs of most white Americans in the last decades of the eighteenth century were characterized by which of the following?
A) their high regard for white property rights but disregard for black American personal liberties
B) their confidence that slaves were docile children who would never revolt
C) their growing desire for the ending of slavery by voluntary manumission
D) their trust that the separation from the British Empire would bring about full racial equality
Q:
For a generation after 1815, the most expansive force in the American economy was __________.
A) shipbuilding
B) banking
C) international commerce
D) cotton
Q:
What was a result of the cotton gin?
A) Cotton production soared and the Southern economy boomed.
B) Southern production of rice ceased.
C) Northern merchants experienced severe economic losses.
D) Northern manufacturing was underfunded as investment flowed to the South.
Q:
The inventor of a cotton gin, which removed seeds from upland cotton, was __________.
A) Robert Fulton
B) Samuel Slater
C) Eli Whitney
D) Francis Cabot Lowell
Q:
In 1786, the U.S. cotton economy could best be described as __________.
A) prosperous across the South
B) highly industrialized
C) confined to a few islands off the Carolina coast
D) the new booming sector in Chesapeake agriculture
Q:
By far the most important indirect effect of industrialization occurred when the __________.
A) federal government constructed an efficient system of canals
B) South began to produce cotton to supply the new textile mills of New England and Great Britain
C) North was forced to locate new sources of capital to fund the growing textile industry
D) need for iron ores led to the exploration of the West
Q:
What was one consequence of American industrialization in the early nineteenth century?
A) an increase in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants
B) a decline in commercial agriculture and thus in the speed of westward settlement
C) the rapid development of labor unions
D) a decline in the dependence on imports and thus in the business of merchants
Q:
Of the 326 corporations chartered by states between 1781 and 1801, __________.
A) only a few engaged in manufacturing
B) the majority involved the domestic slave trade
C) not one was involved in the building of infrastructure
D) none were involved in banking
Q:
The modern method of organizing large enterprises, the corporation, was __________.
A) eagerly embraced by most American businesses
B) the basis of most manufacturing by 1830
C) an idea which had not yet occurred to investors in the 1820s
D) slow to develop before 1860
Q:
Which factor tended to limit the modernization of American industry in the early nineteenth century?
A) a lack of raw materials
B) a lack of markets
C) a lack of capital
D) political uncertainty
Q:
By the 1830s, New England textile mills had embraced a new labor force consisting primarily of which of the following?
A) free blacks
B) young men from the countryside
C) Russian and Italian immigrants
D) Irish immigrants
Q:
The Boston Associates put young single New England women to work in textile mills __________.A) because they believed in equal rights for womenB) because women were far more skilled in spinning and sowingC) under comparatively good conditionsD) under conditions comparable to Southern slavery