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Q:
Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the functional system for which that mineral is important.Mineral1) iron2) zinc3) copper4) selenium5) manganeseEnzyme and Functional Systema. superoxide dismutase and protection of mitochondrial integrity b. myeloperoxidase and immune function c. carbonic anhydrase and respiration d. dopamine monooxygenase and nerve function e. glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Zinc fingers are involved in gene expression by playing a structural role in nuclear binding proteins such as RAR; thus, RAR is a metalloenzyme.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Regulation of translation is not a mechanism for nutrients to induce protein synthesis.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Overall, assessing the status of a given mineral is difficult and requires multiple measures.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Copper deficiency can result in iron deficiency due to an inability to oxidize iron (i.e., Fe+++), required for transport by transferring.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Metallothionein is a storage protein for excess zinc, copper, and iron.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Albumin carries zinc and copper in the portal circulation to all tissues in the body.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Zinc deficiency could result in a secondary deficiency of folate, because polyglutamate hydrolase is a zinc-containing enzyme.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that ultimately results in the excessive accumulation of iron in certain tissues.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Endocytosis is the mechanism for a transferrin receptor transporting iron into a cell.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP) is activated (i.e., to bind IREs) by iron.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
As cofactors for proteins, minerals only serve a catalytic role.
Q:
People living in regions that contain high soil molybdenum levels may develop _____.
a. gout
b. heart disease
c. reduced urea production
d. cretinism
Q:
Which mineral serves as a cofactor in xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, and pteridines?
a. manganese
b. molybdenum
c. copper
d. chromium
Q:
Which trace mineral is important for activating a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis?
a. iron
b. copper
c. iodine
d. manganese
Q:
A key enzyme in liver urea production requires four _____ atoms per molecule.
a. iron
b. copper
c. zinc
d. manganese
Q:
Iodine deficiency associated with growth problems results in _____.
a. cretinism
b. Keshan disease
c. goitrin
d. goiter
Q:
The addition to the diet of which food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter?
a. cabbage
b. broccoli
c. cassava
d. iodized salt
Q:
The primary physiological role of which mineral is as a constituent in the thyroid hormones?
a. fluorine
b. iodine
c. selenium
d. chromium
Q:
Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin?
a. chromium
b. manganese
c. copper
d. cobalt
Q:
Chromium absorption is inhibited by _____ and enhanced by _____.
a. antacids, picolinate
b. methionine, phytic acid
c. picolinic acid, vitamin C
d. phenylalanine, histidine
Q:
Which non-metal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy?
a. iodine
b. zinc
c. selenium
d. molybdenum
Q:
Which micromineral is necessary for iodine metabolism?
a. fluorine
b. manganese
c. chromium
d. selenium
Q:
What is important in antioxidant DEFENSE?
a. iron
b. superoxide dismutase (SOD)
c. glutathione
d. more than one of these
e. all three of these
Q:
Glutathione loses two electrons when it acts as an antioxidant. Glutathione is _____.
a. oxidized
b. reduced
Q:
Dehydration of just 2% can impair endurance performance. Briefly explain why.
Q:
During a marathon it is important to provide _____ to prevent dehydration from excessive sweat loss.
a. electrolyte-fortified drinks
b. water
c. fruit juices
d. carbonated beverages
Q:
The most important problem resulting from dehydration during exercise is _____.
a. hyperthermia
b. hyponatremia
c. loss of electrolytes
d. excessive sweating
Q:
Discuss the role of calcium in control of blood pressure.
Q:
Which of the following foods is associated with reduced blood pressure?
a. sugar
b. alcohol
c. red meat
d. nuts
Q:
Research has shown that supplements of which mineral are associated with significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially in individuals with hypertension?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium
Q:
What is the basis for replacing some of the NaCl in the diet with KCl, and how does it work?
Q:
Describe three mechanisms by which the kidneys conserve/excrete potassium or maintain potassium balance.
Q:
Explain the relationship between dietary sodium intake and essential hypertension.
Q:
What is the normal range for the anion gap? What would an increase or decrease from the normal range indicate?
Q:
The anion gap is a clinically useful parameter for identifying metabolic disorders that affect electrolyte balance. How is it calculated?
Q:
Discuss the sequence of events of the maintenance of fluid homeostasis by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Q:
Two hormones that act at the distal renal tubular site to regulate plasma cation levels are: _____ and _____.
Q:
For the specified conditions given in the table below, indicate if the components shown will increase (I) or decrease (D) immediately following the event and before homeostatic mechanisms return levels to normal.ConditionPlasma osmolalityVasopressinAldosteroneReninDrinking water after strenuous exercisea.b.c.d.Loss of bloode.f.g.h.
Q:
_____ requirements are increased during refeeding after starvation to replace that lost from cells and support synthesis of lean body mass. If a person does not receive enough, they may develop _____.
Q:
Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.Hormone/Enzyme1) vasopressin2) aldosterone3) renin4) angiotensin II5) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)Production Site and Functiona. Hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney, thereby promoting fluid loss. b. Hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys. c. Hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby promoting fluid retention. d. Enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. e. Active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor, as stimulator for release of aldosterone, and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin.
Q:
Since the standard atomic weight of sodium is 22.99, the salt intake of an individual whose dietary sodium intake is 174 mmoles per day is:
a. 10 g.
b. 6000 mg.
c. 3 g.
Q:
Restoration of normal pH is accomplished by the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Which buffer is controlled by the kidneys?
a. bicarbonate
b. carbonic acid
Q:
What is the condition that occurs in starvation or diabetes in which there is an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia?
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
Q:
When a person hyperventilates and "blows off" CO2, what effect does this have on pH?
a. lowers it
b. raises it
c. does not alter it significantly
d. delays any changes in it
Q:
When hyperventilation occurs there is:
a. an increased loss of CO2 and a decreased production of carbonic acid.
b. a decreased loss of CO2 and an increased production of carbonic acid.
Q:
What enzyme facilitates diffusion of carbon dioxide from tissue cells and its reaction with water so that carbon dioxide can be carried to the lungs?
a. renin
b. angiotensinogen
c. angiotensin
d. carbonic anhydrase
Q:
Of these blood proteins, which one contributes most to buffering?
a. albumin
b. gamma globulins
c. hemoglobin
d. transthyretin
Q:
Which of the physiological buffers has the most potent buffering capacity?
a. bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
b. hydrochloric acid system
c. phosphates
d. proteins
Q:
When the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range the condition is called:
a. alkalosis.
b. acidosis.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH?
a. temperature variation
b. buffer systems
c. respiratory center
d. renal regulation
Q:
Acid-base balance refers to
a. the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day.
b. the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells.
c. the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
d. homeostasis.
Q:
What is a major function of chloride?
a. protein synthesis in cells
b. the principal intracellular electrolyte
c. wound healing
d. maintenance of gastric acidity
Q:
Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. phosphorus
d. magnesium
Q:
What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?
a. hypernatremia
b. hypokalemia
c. hyperkalemia
d. hyponatremia
Q:
Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate
Q:
Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation?
a. calcium
b. chloride
c. sodium
d. potassium
Q:
Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high?
a. sulphur
b. phosphorus
c. sodium
d. potassium
Q:
A food may be labeled "low sodium" if each serving provides
a. less than 5 mg.
b. less than 35 mg.
c. less than140 mg.
d. less than 240 mg.
Q:
Incidence of hypertension in populations is considered predictable by _____.
a. serum sodium concentration
b. urinary sodium excretion
c. average daily sodium intake
d. sodium filtration rate by the kidney
Q:
A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is:
a. blood urea nitrogen.
b. creatinine.
c. homeostatic ion regulation.
d. anion gap.
Q:
Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium
Q:
In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?
a. ascending loop of Henle
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting ducts
d. proximal tubule
Q:
. Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid?
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. bicarbonate
Q:
Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?
a. vasopressin
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. aldosterone
d. angiotensin II
Q:
Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. androsterone
d. adrenocortical
Q:
What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day?
a. 100%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 1%
Q:
Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?
a. hypothalamus and kidney
b. liver and pancreas
c. pancreas and kidney
d. spleen and bone marrow
Q:
Which of the components comprising the nephron includes the capillary network called the glomerulus?
a. collecting duct
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. loop of Henle
d. Bowman's capsule
Q:
What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
Q:
What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into plasma?
a. colloid osmotic pressure
b. theoretic osmotic pressure
c. hydrostatic pressure
d. effective osmotic pressure
Q:
Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to _____.
a. large protein molecules
b. the pumping of the heart
c. sodium ions
d. chloride ions
Q:
Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. total body water
d. glomerular filtrate
Q:
Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
Q:
Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the internal environment?
a. osmotic pressure
b. osmolality
c. homeostasis
d. acid-base balance
Q:
Describe the role of antioxidants in reducing risk of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
Q:
Discuss the process by which superoxide dismutase (SOD), found in both the cytosol and the mitochondria, interacts with microminerals to prevent cell damage.
Q:
The current thought about using antioxidant supplements to decrease risk to cancer and heart disease is:
a. more is better.
b. eat antioxidant-rich foods instead.
c. vitamin E supplements work; β-carotene does not.
d. only vitamin C has much promise.
Q:
Which antioxidant is most effective in terminating chain-propagation reactions in cell membranes?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin K
d. beta-carotene
Q:
Which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to initiation of oxidative damage?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin K
d. beta-carotene