Q&A Hero

Q: Sarah understands when she begins to get stressed and responds by taking deep breaths and drinking a cup of hot chocolate. This understanding of her internal state is also known as a. self-awareness. b. persistence. c. regulating emotions. d. self-concept.

Q: Self-awareness is a. managing the intensity and duration of feelings and the ability to delay gratification. b. continuing to work toward goals despite setbacks and frustrations. c. an ongoing attention to one's internal states. d. feeling and understanding the emotions of another person.

Q: Students entering college listed the most sought-after goal as a. making a difference in the world. b. being married. c. college degree. d. being very well off financially.

Q: Brianna forgot to pick up the dry cleaning on the way home from work. This memory lapse would normally drive her husband, Larry, crazy, but tonight, he focused instead on the great meal she prepared and her great sense of humor. Focusing on the positives of a situation instead of the negatives is known as a. relaxation. b. catharsis. c. cognitive restructuring. d. psychological detachment.

Q: Ethan missed the last bus into the city. Rather than getting frustrated, he accepted the fact that he missed the bus and chose to spend his evening playing video games. On which indirect expression of anger did Ethan rely? a. Cognitive restructuring b. Relaxation c. Exercise d. Psychological detachment

Q: Shifting your focus to the positive aspects of the situation from the negative aspects is also known as a. relaxation. b. catharsis. c. cognitive restructuring. d. psychological detachment.

Q: _____________ is a form of indirect expression of anger which involves the recognition that the issue at hand may be out of your control, but your reaction to it isn"t. a. Cognitive restructuring b. Relaxation c. Exercise d. Psychological detachment

Q: The theory that releasing pent-up hostilities will return us to a peaceful state is also known as a. direct expression of anger. b. anger management. c. catharsis. d. conflict management.

Q: ____________ involves channeling your anger in a direction other than toward the object of you anger. a. Direct expression of anger b. Aggression c. Kitchen sinking d. Indirect expression of anger

Q: After picking up her husband's socks for the hundredth time, Carson called him a pig and stormed out of the house. Calling him a pig is an example of which destructive and direct expression of anger? a. Kitchen sinking b. Physical aggression c. Labeling d. Catastrophizing

Q: When telling another person what is bothering you, you throw in all of the other things the person has ever done to upset you. This destructive and direct expressions of anger is known as a. kitchen sinking. b. physical aggression. c. labeling. d. verbal aggression.

Q: Which of the following is a constructive way of expressing anger? a. Kitchen sinking b. Verbal aggression c. Labeling d. Staying focused on the issue at hand

Q: Instead of asking her roommate to pick up her things, Nikki accused her of being a lazy slob. Nikki's expression of anger best fits the ____________ category. a. constructive b. destructive c. connective d. factual

Q: _________ is to physical aggression as __________ is to expression of a problem. a. Anger; aggression b. Destructive; constructive c. Constructive; destructive d. Aggression; anger

Q: Danielle thought her husband, Gary, was ignoring her, so she proceeded to turn off the television and immediately expressed her disdain to him. This is an example of a(n) __________ expression of anger. a. indirect b. direct c. group d. reciprocal

Q: __________ expression of anger involves expressing your anger openly toward the object of your anger. a. Indirect b. Direct c. Group d. Reciprocal

Q: Samuel became upset when he found out his roommate, Jake, ate the last slice of pizza in the fridge. He responded by hiding Jake's algebra homework. Hiding Jake's homework in response to Jake's pizza eating is an example of a. sadness. b. pessimism. c. anger. d. aggression.

Q: ___________ is an emotion; _________ is a behavior. a. Aggression; anger b. Sadness; depression c. Sadness; happiness d. Anger; aggression

Q: __________ is a normal human emotion that provides a signal that something is wrong. a. Anger b. Envy c. Joy d. Aggression

Q: Carrie's therapist recommended she treat her low-level depression by going out with friends, visiting a museum, or renting a movie. This recommendation is also known as a. socializing. b. sleeping. c. cognitive reframing. d. construction.

Q: One of the most common recommendations by behavioral therapy to reduce low-level depression is a. sleeping. b. cognitive reframing. c. socializing. d. fasting.

Q: An intervention for fifth and sixth graders at risk for depression taught students to identify their pessimistic beliefs, examine the evidence for and against the beliefs, and generate more realistic alternatives. Which of the following statements best describes the outcome? a. Children in the training reported greater levels of depression at the end of the trials. b. Children in the training reported lower levels of depression at the end of the trial and two years later. c. Children in the training reported lower levels of depression at the end of the trial, but greater levels of depression two years later. d. There were no differences in levels of depression across conditions.

Q: Gabriel has a hard time recognizing his strengths and feels like a failure regardless of what he does. His therapist is helping Gabriel to identify his pessimistic beliefs as well as his successes. This therapy, usually associated with Beck and Ellis, is also known as _________ therapy. a. humanistic b. cognitive c. medical d. behavioral

Q: ___________ therapies work to treat depression by helping the depressed understand how their thinking affects their emotions and learn to adjust their thinking and emotions. a. Humanistic b. Behavioral c. Medical d. Cognitive

Q: Depression has been linked to a. only physiological causes. b. only cognitive causes. c. both physiological and cognitive causes. d. neither physiological or cognitive causes.

Q: Compared to a normal person, a depressed person is a. able to see him- or herself get better. b. unable to see him- or herself get better. c. more energetic. d. clearly able to solve problems.

Q: Although it can be hard to distinguish between depression and sadness, doctors often use __________ and a. gender; expectations. b. irrational beliefs; hallucinations. c. duration; intensity. d. delusions; well-being.

Q: Which of the following traits appears to be an influential factor in marriage for males and females?a. Agreeablenessb. Opennessc. Conscientiousnessd. Extraversion

Q: Which personality trait has the biggest effect on marital adjustment for men and women? a. Extroversion/Introversion b. Neuroticism c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness

Q: People high in _______ are described as kind, sincere, courteous, helpful, patient, honest, and cooperative. a. introversion b. neuroticism c. openness to experience d. agreeableness

Q: Sawyer is disappointed her boyfriend has failed to help her again. He always has good intentions, but when it comes time to complete the task, he is nowhere to be found. Sawyer's boyfriend is low in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Q: Whenever her friends are in trouble, Suzanne can always be counted on to lend a hand. Suzanne is high in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Q: People low in _______ are more conventional, down to earth, and comfortable with familiarity than are people who are high in this trait. a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. openness to experience d. conscientiousness

Q: ________ is characterized by anxiety, nervousness, self-consciousness, and moodiness. a. Neuroticism b. Extroversion c. Openness d. Conscientiousness

Q: The continuum of the Big Five personality theory that deals with tendency to be spontaneous or self-disciplined is a. extraversion/introversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Q: Sarah is very quiet, whereas Stacy is very outgoing. These differences suggest that Sarah and Stacy are at different points on the ________ continuum. a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness to experience d. extraversion/introversion

Q: Characteristics that predict a person's behavior consistently across a wide range of situations are also known as a. opinions. b. personality traits. c. personality states. d. observations.

Q: Dr. Grayson was concerned her teaching wasn"t as successful as her colleague's. To do better, she started attending teaching seminars and workshops. Attending these classes should satisfy Dr. Grayson's ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness d. esteem

Q: Margie commented to her husband, Jake, "I don"t feel as close to you as I did when we first got married." According to Maslow, Margie is having trouble meeting her ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness d. esteem

Q: Abe is concerned he doesn"t make enough money to feed and house his family. According to Maslow, Abe's primary concern is with his ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness d. esteem

Q: According to Maslow, the most basic needs to be met are a. safety needs. b. esteem needs. c. physiological or biological needs. d. belongingness needs.

Q: ________ occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who he or she is, strengths he or she possesses, and acts in a way consistent with that. a. Need hierarchy b. Conditional positive regard c. Low self-esteem d. Self-actualization

Q: Rogers is to Maslow as a. self-actualization is to self-esteem. b. self is to others. c. self-esteem is to self-actualization. d. others is to self.

Q: Although group projects are difficult for many college students, Dante soon emerged as a well-liked leader who considered others' viewpoints even when they were different from his own. According to Rogers, Dante is a. an optimist. b. a fully functioning person. c. self-actualized. d. agreeable.

Q: A person who gets along well with others and offers unconditional positive regard is also known as a a. model. b. reinforce. c. stimulus person. d. fully functioning person.

Q: Which of the following theories views all humans as potentially good? a. Psychoanalytic b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Humanistic

Q: Max doesn"t understand why Sharon refuses to study as much for the psychology exam as he. Sharon explains that grades just aren"t as important to her. This difference in the reinforcing power of good grades for Max and Sharon is related to a. values. b. prejudice. c. expectations. d. cues.

Q: Social learning theorists differ from behaviorists in that social learning theorists a. only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli, and behaviorists focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior. b. are happier people, whereas behaviorists respond negatively to bells in their environment. c. focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior, and behaviorists only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli. d. believe that most learning occurs in large groups of people.

Q: Observational learning or learning behaviors by watching others engaged in them is also known as a. modeling. b. classical conditioning. c. studying. d. operant conditioning.

Q: ____________ is the process by which we learn behaviors by watching others engaged in them. a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning c. Defense mechanism d. Observational learning

Q: In Bandura's study on modeling aggression, compared to children in the experimental condition, children in the control condition a. were more likely to play with the Bobo doll. b. were more likely to play with other toys rather than the Bobo doll. c. were equally likely to play with the Bobo doll. d. were more influenced by the model's aggressive behavior.

Q: To determine whether the children would respond to frustration using the aggressive behavior they had seen the model perform, Bandura created frustration by a. allowing all children to play with the Bobo doll. b. allowing children access to the best toys and then taking the toys away. c. allowing only those children exposed to the aggressive model access to toys. d. refusing access to the Bobo doll to children participating in the study.

Q: Bandura was able to determine that the behavior was observed from the model rather than typical play associated with the toy because a. all children played with the Bobo doll in a generally aggressive way. b. children playing with the Bobo doll used the exact phrases and actions as did the adult model. c. only children not exposed to the adult model played with the Bobo doll in an aggressive way. d. none of the children played with the Bobo doll.

Q: Compared to children in the control condition, children who watched adult models hit inflatable dolls were a. less likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls. b. more likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls. c. more likely to respond with similar behavior even when inflatable dolls were not available. d. equally likely to play with other items even when presented with the inflatable dolls.

Q: When considering why people do what they do, psychoanalytic approaches are to behaviorist approaches as a. punishments are to defense mechanisms. b. internal programming is to avoiding conflict. c. resolving unconscious conflicts is to external programming. d. external programming is to resolving unconscious conflicts.

Q: In contrast to using punishment to stop behaviors, most experts believe in looking for positive behaviors and ___________ them. a. overlooking b. avoiding c. attending to d. reinforcing

Q: Ten-year-old Nora borrowed her mother's scissors without asking permission. As a result, she was spanked. When 6-year-old Angela played with Nora's doll without asking, Nora responded by hitting her. This example best represents which problem with physical punishment? a. It increases the chance of a behavior being repeated. b. If punishment is physical, it may teach individuals that the appropriate response to misbehavior is violence. c. It teaches individuals to avoid getting caught, rather than eliminating the behavior. d. It doesn"t teach individuals why the behavior was wrong.

Q: The major difference between negative punishment and negative reinforcement is negative punishment ______________ and negative reinforcement a. punishes a behavior by taking away something; encourages a behavior by taking something away. b. punishes a behavior by adding something; encourages a behavior by taking something away. c. punishes a behavior by adding something; punishes a behavior by taking something away. d. rewards a behavior by punishing another; rewards a behavior by taking something away.

Q: Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, his parents reduced the amount of money they were sending him for personal expenses. This reduction is money is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Q: Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, he studied for the second exam and even attended study groups. For Austin, receiving a failing grade on the first exam is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Q: Meagan finds that studying for a test reduces her anxiety toward the test. As a result, she continues to study for upcoming exams. This reduction in anxiety is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Q: Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. He found that his assistance reduced her stress level and made her less likely to get upset at him. Therefore, he continued to take out her trash. In this case, Morgan's reduction of stress and anger toward Grant is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Q: Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. She thanked him for his assistance, increasing the likelihood that he would do it again. In this case, Morgan's thank-you is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Q: People are more likely to do favors again when their favors are followed by thank-yous than when followed by yelling. This is an example of a. the law of negation. b. reward. c. the law of effect. d. politeness.

Q: Learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced is known as a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. social learning.

Q: _______ is the unpredictable recurrence of a conditioned response that has become extinct. a. Generalization b. Extinction c. Spontaneous recovery d. Conditioned recurrence

Q: When Carli and her boyfriend, Jake, broke up, she felt sick to her stomach. The breakup serves as the _____, and the feeling in her stomach is the a. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response. d. generalization; extinction.

Q: Whenever Carli smells a certain cologne, it brings back negative feelings associated with the breakup of her and her old boyfriend. The negative feelings in response to the cologne are a. the conditioned stimulus. b. the conditioned response. c. the unconditioned stimulus. d. the unconditioned response.

Q: The phase of classical conditioning that involves eliminating the conditioned response is a. conditioned stimuli. b. reinforcement. c. extinction. d. generalization.

Q: Watson's Little Albert study demonstrates how _______ can develop. a. animal allergies b. food preferences c. schizophrenia d. phobias

Q: Through a series of stimuli and responses, Little Albert developed a fear of rats. Eventually it became clear that Albert was also afraid of other white furry animals, such as rabbits and dogs. Becoming afraid of stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli is also known as a. extinction. b. shaping. c. generalization. d. fright.

Q: Crying to an unconditioned stimulus, such as a loud noise, as evidenced by Little Albert in Watson's study on fear is an example of a. unconditioned response. b. conditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. untrained stimulus.

Q: According to ________, we learn by associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus. a. classical conditioning b. humanistic theory c. operant conditioning d. observational learning

Q: According to behaviorists, we are all born as _______, and the people we become are the result of environmental influences. a. information processors b. salivating dogs c. active creatures d. blank slates

Q: _______ theory suggests that our personality is shaped exclusively by our experiences. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behaviorist c. Trait d. Humanist

Q: Acting in a way that is completely opposite to an unacceptable thought or impulse is a. reaction formation. b. repression. c. regression. d. sublimation.

Q: Whenever Sandy doesn"t get her way, she pouts until her husband, Jim, changes his mind or gives in. What kind of defense mechanism is at work here? a. Reaction formation b. Repression c. Regression d. Sublimation

Q: At the gym, Marcus hits the punching bag harder and harder as he thinks about all the things he would like to say or do to his unfair boss. Which defense mechanism is this an example of? a. Rationalization b. Repression c. Regression d. Sublimation

Q: When we have an unacceptable thought or impulse, we often avoid seeing it in ourselves, but are the first to point it out to others. This is also known as a. rationalization. b. repression. c. displacement. d. projection.

Q: After a confrontation with her boss, Andrea went home and yelled at her husband and kids. This is an example of what kind of defense mechanism? a. Rationalization b. Repression c. Displacement d. Projection