Q&A Hero

Q: Wendy bought a new car even though her old one was still in great shape. When her mom asked why, Wendy replied, "I"ve been working hard. I deserve a reward." This is an example of which kind of defense mechanism? a. Repression b. Displacement c. Projection d. Rationalization

Q: When our anxiety is high, we can use _______ to resolve that anxiety. a. self-defense b. defense mechanisms c. preconscious technique d. self-esteem

Q: Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decides that his ability to try something new is not as important as remaining guilt-free and, therefore, chooses not to take the drug. Which structure of the personality is most related to his decision not to take the drug? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid

Q: Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decided that his ability to try something fun is more important than rules imposed on him by others. Fulfilling his immediate desire is best related to the a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. superid.

Q: Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He comes to the decision that the best way to try the drug without others knowing is to keep it a secret. The act of keeping it a secret to avoid punishment is best related to the ______ structure of personality. a. id b. ego c. superego d. superid

Q: Because the ego has to pay attention to each force and satisfy each need equally, it is also known as the ______ of the personality. a. executive b. president c. teacher d. mediator

Q: Sixteen-year-old Janet has an opportunity to see one of her favorite music performers; however, the concert is on a school night. Janet would feel guilty if she lied. Although she knows her mother will disapprove of the late night, she decided to ask mom's permission to attend. Which aspect of personality structure is at work here? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid

Q: The superego relies on the ______ and is concerned with making sure the id and ego function in a way consistent with a person's code of right and wrong. a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. morality principle d. beauty principle

Q: The _______ tries to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain. a. id b. ego c. superego d. superid

Q: Which structure of the personality operates on the reality principle? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid

Q: The only element of personality present at birth is the a. super id. b. super ego. c. ego. d. id.

Q: Samantha insists on buying a new dress even though she has no money and isn"t sure how she will pay her bills if she buys it. Which component of the structure of personality best explains this behavior? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid

Q: The part of the mind which can be brought to awareness by focusing on it is known as a. ego. b. preconscious. c. unconscious. d. conscious.

Q: The part of our mind with which we are aware is represented as the _______ of the iceberg in Freud's iceberg metaphor. a. tip b. middle c. bottom d. melting

Q: From a psychoanalytic perspective, much of the conflict that occurs is in the a. id. b. consciousness. c. preconscious. d. unconscious.

Q: Using Freud's analogy of the mind as an iceberg, which part is the largest? a. Id b. Consciousness c. Preconscious d. Unconscious

Q: Chris meets with Dr. Brown because he believes his desire for sex is at conflict with his church's expectation of waiting until marriage. Which approach would consider this a conflict between satisfying urges and societal expectation? a. Trait b. Psychoanalytic c. Behaviorist d. Humanist

Q: According to the _______ perspective, personality is shaped by an ongoing struggle between two or more conflicting needs. a. behaviorist b. humanist c. trait d. psychoanalytic

Q: Some of Freud's work is considered controversial today because of his undue emphasis on a. early childhood experience. b. late adulthood experience. c. puberty. d. sexual urges.

Q: A person's pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations is also known as his or her a. personality. b. personal description. c. self-esteem. d. possible self.

Q: Jeanne believes that women choose dating partners similar to their fathers. This belief, which has been tested several times in her research lab, is also known as a(n) a. hypothesis. b. research question. c. theory. d. analysis.

Q: A(n) _______ is a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and is considered valid. a. hypothesis b. research question c. theory d. analysis

Q: The ________________ is/are characterized by a sense of inner harmony, usually a result of a sense of living in a manner consistent with one's ideal self. a. Age of Mastery b. Flaming Fifties c. Serene Sixties d. Sage Seventies

Q: Ron has given up on his dream to be a famous baseball player and has begun fulfilling the qualifications to be an accountant at his father's firm. According to Sheehy, recognizing the benefits of middle age can only occur when participants come to terms with the __________of their First Adulthood. a. little death b. birth c. midlife transition d. stagnant choice

Q: Catherine is a high-powered attorney working at a prestigious law firm and a mother of two small children. She recently came to the conclusion that she will not fulfill her dream of partner by age 40. According to Sheehy, giving up this dream is also known as a a. meaning crisis. b. shift from competing to connecting. c. midlife transition. d. stagnant choice.

Q: Aisha has been spending time reflecting on her life so far. This reflection has included examining her goals, values, and identity. According to Sheehy, Aisha is in the a. Tryout Twenties. b. Turbulent Thirties. c. Flourishing Forties. d. Middlescence.

Q: According to Gail Sheehy, adults can experience different roles in life during the a. Tryout Twenties b. Turbulent Thirties c. Flourishing Forties d. Middlescence

Q: A _________is defined as a group of people born at about the same time in history who share common experiences. a. cluster b. collective c. culture d. cohort

Q: Forty-two-year-old Kristine is unhappy at work and at home and feels that many of the dreams she had for herself have been replaced with a boring job and a demanding family. According to Levinson, Kristine is probably experiencing a. early adult transition. b. isolation. c. generativity. d. a midlife crisis.

Q: According to Levinson's study of men from varying backgrounds, their lives are made up of a cycle of stable and __________ periods. a. intimate b. cross-cultural c. stagnate d. transitional

Q: Middle-aged adults who do not meet the challenge of contributing to the next generation experience frustration and lack fulfillment. According to Erikson, these adults are experiencing a. role confusion. b. isolation. c. stagnation. d. despair.

Q: Evan and his wife, Julie, have two kids. Julie recently quit her stressful job as an accountant to stay home with the kids. She says this change in her life allows her to nurture the kids and help them develop their own identities. According to Erikson, Julie has resolved a conflict in which stage of adult development? a. Identity vs. role confusion b. Intimacy vs. isolation c. Generativity vs. stagnation d. Integrity vs. despair

Q: According to Erikson, before Marshall can develop intimacy with another person, he must have established his a. identity. b. integrity. c. isolation. d. generativity.

Q: Fifteen-year-old Abby is secure and has a strong sense of self. According to Erikson, she has achieved a. intimacy. b. identity. c. isolation. d. generativity.

Q: Erikson's first stage of adult development, ____________________, involves establishing and maintaining close relationship with a life partner. a. identity vs. role confusion b. intimacy vs. isolation c. trust vs. mistrust d. generativity vs. stagnation

Q: The best way to determine the success of your self-monitoring ability is to examine __________ and consider the effectiveness. a. others' abilities to self-monitor. b. the context and determine whether you should self-monitor. c. your own self-monitoring. d. your parents' self-monitoring.

Q: There is a developmental change in self-monitoring. Compared to younger people, older people's scores on self-monitoring measures a. increase. b. decrease. c. become more stable. d. become less stable.

Q: ______________ self-monitors rarely change their dress or persona from one situation to another. a. Low b. High c. Outward d. Inward

Q: When Chance goes dancing, he wears tight jeans and sleeveless shirts so his tattoos are clearly visible. However, he would never dream of dressing this way at the office. His change of clothing depending on the situation is an example of a. the private self. b. self-monitoring. c. personality dilemma. d. outward self.

Q: Becky presents a vivacious, bubbly personality when she is out with acquaintances but a more serious, subdued self when alone. Respectively, these two selves are called _______ and a. personality 1; personality 2. b. private self; public self. c. public self; private self. d. outward self; inward self.

Q: Which of the following strategies is useful in reducing the size of the blind area in a Johari Window? a. Ignore feedback provided by others. b. Reject feedback provided by others. c. Ask for and be open to feedback from others. d. Respond defensively to feedback from others.

Q: Winston and Samantha have been married for 20 years. The Johari Window that represents their relationship has a large open area, which suggests a. they are keeping secrets from one another. b. there is trust. c. they are cautious about what they will share with one another. d. there are unaware of how they communicate with one another.

Q: Typically, the strongest and most lasting relationships have __________ in the Johari Window. a. small open areas b. large hidden areas c. large open areas d. large unknown areas

Q: Brandon is unaware that he is short tempered and often overreacts to events around him, yet others see this behavior clearly. Which block in the Johari Window do these behaviors represent? a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown

Q: In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is hidden from you and from others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown

Q: In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you but not by others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown

Q: In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you and also by others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown

Q: The ___________________ is a visual representation of the parts of yourself that are known to you and known to others. a. self-concept b. Sahara door c. Johari Window d. chi square table

Q: Tamara has lived away from home for several years and works as a critical care nurse at a local hospital. Tamara, her husband, and her coworkers believe she is a caring and nurturing person, yet her mother still sees Tamara as a selfish and immature teenager. Her mother's perception is an example of a. self-concept. b. self-presentation. c. obsolete information. d. symptomatic information.

Q: Regardless of whether you are an individualist or a collectivist, when using social comparison to evaluate yourself objectively, it is important to compare yourself to others who a. know you. b. are better than you. c. who are similar than you. d. are unknown to you.

Q: Comparing ourselves to impossibly high standards can lead to a. higher self-esteem. b. improved self-efficacy. c. inaccurate perceptions of failure. d. improved social relations.

Q: Amanda is an avid quilter and has noticed her quilts are much nicer and more detailed than those of her peers. On a trip to a quilt museum, she noticed the work of other more advanced quilters was even more detailed than hers. Evaluating her work based on the work of peers and experts is known as a. self-assessment. b. social comparison. c. self-esteem. d. social efficacy.

Q: ________ involves evaluating yourself based on how you think you compare to others. a. Self-concept b. Self-verification c. Social comparison d. Social efficacy

Q: Development of self-knowledge relies on continually a. maintaining our self-concept even if it isn"t accurate. b. examining the accuracy of our self-concept. c. considering all information from our self-concept, including inaccurate or outdated characteristics. d. avoiding new information so that our self-concept remains stable.

Q: Crystal is trying to decide whether she should take a job in a large city or a small town. While reflecting on the decision, she realizes she dislikes the fast-paced crowds and noise associated with cities and enjoys the quiet of slower towns. To make her decision, Crystal relied on a. self-verification. b. self-knowledge. c. self-esteem. d. self-speak.

Q: In collectivistic cultures, social situations are perceived as opportunities to a. influence and master others. b. increase uncertainty avoidance. c. decrease uncertainty avoidance. d. develop or strengthen relationships.

Q: Because Cheryl values her family more than personal success, we can say her behavior is more typical of a(n) ________ culture. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. high uncertainty avoidance d. low uncertainty avoidance

Q: Chantal has been dating Eric for a year despite her parents' and friends' disapproval. She knows he is verbally abusive, but also thinks he truly loves her. She often asks herself, "Do I deserve better?" and "How valuable am I?" This last question is an example of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-loathing.

Q: Aidan wants to be a competitive swimmer, so he asks his coach, "What can I do to be the best?" This question is most typical of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-verification.

Q: Asking the question "Who am I?" is most typical of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-verification.

Q: In individualistic cultures, self-efficacy is achieved by mastery typically resulting from a. collaborative efforts within the group. b. successful control of the group. c. interdependence. d. valuing the relationships among group members over individual success.

Q: According to Hughes and Demo (1989), African Americans who report having faced racial discrimination a. have lower self-efficacy beliefs. b. have the same self-efficacy beliefs as those who haven"t faced racial discrimination. c. have higher self-efficacy beliefs from overcoming adversity. d. perform better in school.

Q: Bandura believed children could be taught self-efficacy by a. indiscriminate praise. b. consistent but thoughtful criticism. c. helping them set high but achievable goals. d. helping them set such high goals that they cannot reach them.

Q: Morris has his heart set on going to graduate school. He has been motivated to work harder in classes and research. He has also been working after school to earn extra money. Through his actions, we can assume Morris is high in a. self-concept. b. self-efficacy. c. self-esteem. d. collectivism.

Q: The extent to which we believe we are capable of achieving our goals is known as a. self-concept. b. self-esteem. c. possible self. d. self-efficacy.

Q: Regardless of whether you are from an individualistic or a collectivistic culture, feeling good about oneself is derived from acting in ways that support cultural a. norms. b. self-concepts. c. emotions. d. selves.

Q: For _______, self-esteem is achieved by acting in ways that support one's social groups. a. collectivists b. individualists c. cross-culturalists d. males

Q: For ________, the path to self-esteem involves personal achievement. a. individualists b. collectivists c. men d. women

Q: Mr. and Mrs. Connors are approaching retirement. Mrs. Connors is excited because during this time in her life she will be able to focus on gardening, volunteer work, painting, and her grandchildren. Mr. Connors is apprehensive because he will no longer be working at his much-loved job. The difference in their expectations for retirement may lie in the presence of a. possible selves. b. unconditional positive regard. c. culture. d. stress-related illness.

Q: We all have a(n) ______ level or internal "set point" of self-esteem. a. state b. trait c. unstable d. baseline

Q: Galen has always perceived himself as open-minded. This is an example of ________ self-esteem. a. state b. trait c. stable d. personal

Q: _______ is the type of self-esteem that fluctuates. a. State b. Trait c. Stable d. Personal

Q: Two types of self-esteem are a. stable and unstable. b. continuous and discontinuous. c. trait and state. d. specific and general.

Q: Hillary wants to join the cheerleading squad but is concerned her skills aren"t good enough. What is the best way her mom can encourage her? a. Reinforce her efforts no matter how small b. Provide honest feedback and help her find a dance coach c. Point out the mistakes in her tryout routine d. Provide constant praise

Q: Which of the following strategies can best influence self-esteem? a. Giving constant compliments regardless of performance b. Providing honest feedback and specific skills development c. Providing ego boosters d. Criticizing negative performance

Q: Mrs. Meyers is worried about young Josh's grades and his lack of motivation. If she wants to encourage his success while assisting in the development of self-esteem, according to Rogers, the best strategy is a. unconditional positive regard. b. conditional positive regard. c. physical punishment. d. modeling good study habits.

Q: Marty's dad expresses his love and delight whenever Marty brings home good grades on his report cards. On those rare occasions Marty brings home bad grades, his dad expresses extreme disappointment, often refusing to talk to his son. According to Rogers, this is an example of a. mastery. b. unconditional positive regard. c. conditional positive regard. d. self-esteem.

Q: On a recent shopping trip with his mother, Devin stole a candy bar from a local store. After Mom explained why she was disappointed, she also let him know she still loved him. This is an example of a. mastery. b. unconditional positive regard. c. conditional positive regard. d. self-efficacy.

Q: _______ involves giving positive regard and acceptance at all times and in all situations. a. Conditional positive regard b. Positive reinforcement c. Operant conditioning d. Unconditional positive regard

Q: According to Brown (1998), self-esteem can serve as a measure of our sense of meaning in life. This is also known as a. unconditional positive regard. b. mastery. c. self-concept. d. self-control.