Q&A Hero

Q: Sociometer theory suggests that a. each relationship has its own sociometer. b. multiple relationships share the same sociometer. c. relationships seem uniformly positive or uniformly negative. d. sociometers are unrelated to self-esteem.

Q: When relations are difficult or strained, or the individual is not feeling supported or accepted, the sociometer indicates a. high self-esteem. b. low self-esteem. c. an accurate self-concept. d. an inaccurate self-concept.

Q: ________ suggests that self-esteem acts as a gauge or monitor that measures the level of acceptance a person feels from his or her environment. a. Social comparison b. Positive regard c. Self-efficacy d. Sociometer theory

Q: According to Mark Leary, self-esteem a. describes positive and negative possible selves. b. is our tendency to seek out information consistent with our self-concept. c. acts as a gauge that measures the levels of acceptance a person feels. d. is a relatively stable set of beliefs you have about yourself.

Q: _________ is/are the emotional component of the self. a. Self-concept b. Self-esteem c. Self-descriptors d. Possible self

Q: For individualists, self-concept descriptions are primarily a. personality traits. b. relationships with others. c. context-dependent. d. family oriented.

Q: Jackie's description of himself involves connectedness to social groups (i.e., brother, member of the football team, etc.). He is probably from a _______ culture. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. high power distance d. low power distance

Q: People from individualistic cultures describe themselves a. in relation to others. b. distinct from others. c. only in abstract terms. d. interdependently.

Q: Sandra's success in school comes from hours of study. Sandra knows if she doesn"t study, the chances of getting a scholarship are slim. Instead of college, she"ll continue working part time at a local fast food restaurant. The perception of knowing what can happen is a. self-concept. b. self-enhancement. c. possible self. d. self-esteem.

Q: In Kyle's future, he sees himself as a first-rate quarterback and practices every chance he gets. This perception of himself as a great quarterback is an example of a. self-concept. b. self-enhancement. c. possible self. d. self-esteem.

Q: The basic human need to feel good about ourselves is also known as a. possible selves. b. self-verification. c. self-concept. d. self-enhancement.

Q: Since Nathan was a child, he has always considered himself a terrific singer. Parents and friends have reinforced his perceptions. After trying out for a national singing contest, the judges emphatically said NO! Which of the following concepts best explains why Nathan has a hard time believing the truth? a. The self b. Self-verification c. Self-concept d. Culture

Q: Sandra's mother applauds her daughter's success in school, especially in chemistry, despite all of her involvement in extracurricular activities. She did comment, however, that Sandra waited until the last minute to study for her recent exam. According to self-verification theory, if Sandra perceives herself as a well-organized student who does well in school, which information from her mother is she LEAST likely to retain? a. Sandra is good in school. b. Sandra is good in chemistry. c. Sandra is involved in extracurricular activities. d. Sandra waited until the last minute to study.

Q: To organize information about the self, we use a. self-esteem. b. self-concept. c. self-enhancement. d. self-esteem.

Q: Jean describes herself as a student who likes to cook, thinks family is important, and is stubborn. Which of these descriptors is as example of a value or a belief? a. Student b. Likes to cook c. Thinks family is important d. Stubborn

Q: Jason describes himself as a student who likes foreign films, thinks education is important, and is open-minded. Which of these descriptors is an example of a trait? a. Student b. Open-minded c. Likes foreign films d. Thinks education is important

Q: The __________ is the sum total of who and what you are. a. self-esteem b. self-awareness c. self-efficacy d. self

Q: One of the benefits of Sven's job at the software company in Denmark is its family leave policy. He was allowed several weeks off with pay when his first child was born. These kinds of policies are most likely to occur in a ___________ culture. a. low power distance b. collectivistic c. masculine d. feminine

Q: Annette meets Carson at a night club, and the first thing she asks is, "What do you do for a living?" Clearly, Annette comes from a ___________ culture. a. low power distance b. collectivistic c. masculine d. feminine

Q: One way feminine cultures differ from masculine cultures is feminine cultures a. place a greater emphasis on wealth. b. have higher job stress. c. place more emphasis on job status. d. place more emphasis on quality of life.

Q: According to Bateson (1994), _____________ must cooperate, which fosters a more feminine society. a. hunting and gathering b. agriculture c. fishing d. industry

Q: According to Bateson (1994), _____________ creates competition for land and resources, which fosters a more competitive, masculine society. a. hunting and gathering b. agriculture c. fishing d. industry

Q: Kanji is from Japan, a ________________ culture which expects a high degree of separation between men's roles and women's roles. a. feminine b. low power distance c. low uncertainty avoidance d. masculine

Q: The concepts of sex and gender are usually differentiated in that sex a. refers to the social differences between men and women, and gender encompasses the biological differences between masculinity and femininity. b. refers to the different behaviors across men and women, whereas gender refers only to the different perceptions associated with masculinity and femininity. c. encompasses educational differences between men and women, and gender defines their occupation. d. refers to the biological differences between men and women, and gender is associated with the social differences between masculinity and femininity.

Q: The _____________ dimension deals with the degree of differentiation between the roles of men and women in a culture. a. individualism-collectivism b. low power distance-high power distance c. masculinity-femininity d. low uncertainty avoidance-high uncertainty avoidance

Q: Carol and James are working on a group project for their Human Relations class. Carol would like a set schedule for when different parts of the project will be completed. James argues that not only would a schedule impair his creativity, she should just trust he will get his portion done on time. Carol's and James' viewpoints best represent _________ and __________ cultures. a. feminine; masculine b. high uncertainty avoidance; low uncertainty avoidance c. individualistic; collectivistic d. complex; simplistic

Q: Individuals from high uncertainty cultures appear a. more reactive to unexpected events. b. less cautious in approaching new situations. c. less resistant to change and new ideas. d. more curious in response to ambiguity.

Q: One way anxiety is reduced in high UA cultures is through a. anxiety avoidance. b. open expression of emotions. c. staying relaxed, which helps channel anxious energy. d. avoiding stability as much as possible.

Q: Individuals from high uncertainty avoidance cultures a. have lower stress. b. suppress their emotions. c. are comfortable with uncertainty. d. need clarity and structure.

Q: Individuals from low uncertainty avoidance cultures a. are motivated to stay busy. b. feel free to express emotions. c. are comfortable with uncertainty. d. need clarity and structure.

Q: Some cultures perceive ambiguity as an ongoing threat to be resisted whereas others perceive ambiguity as normal and nonthreatening. This concept is known as a. certainty avoidance. b. uncertainty avoidance. c. stress avoidance. d. uncertainty acceptance.

Q: Craig enjoys his job and perceives himself to be a valuable employee because his boss often consults him concerning work issues and new policies. Which of the following cultures is most supportive of this kind of work environment? a. High power distance b. High uncertainty avoidance c. Low uncertainty avoidance d. Low power distance

Q: Iman grew up in a high power distance culture. Which of the following statements is uncharacteristic of individuals from that type of culture? a. He respects his teacher and never questions their authority in public. b. He perceives his teacher as a facilitator and enjoys debating him on issues related to his country. c. He only speaks to his teacher when spoken to. d. He rarely thinks critically about the information covered in his class.

Q: To explain the high power distance in France, as compared to other European countries, one can examine its a. climate. b. economy. c. enduring history of aristocracy. d. decrease in technological advances.

Q: In low power distance cultures, there is more ______________, meaning that a person born in a lower class has greater opportunity to achieve higher status than a similar person in a high power distance culture. a. social mobility b. social discussion c. social stagnation d. inequality

Q: In high power distance cultures power is seen as __________, whereas in low power distance cultures, power is seen as a. evil; justified. b. deserving; evil. c. deserving; arbitrary. d. arbitrary; evil.

Q: Individuals who come from a country which deemphasizes hierarchies and tries to reduce the distance between those hierarchies are from a ________ power distance culture. a. high b. low c. moderate d. necessary

Q: Fraternities often have a strict power hierarchy including pledges, members, officers, and the president. An organization such as this where inequality is valued could also be known as a ____________ power distance culture. a. high b. low c. moderate d. necessary

Q: __________ examines how a culture addresses the basic issue of human inequality. a. Collectivism b. Realism c. Power distance d. Economics

Q: Of the three dimensions most often studied with respect to culture, _________ has been the most widely used in cross-cultural research. a. high power distance-low power distance b. masculinity-femininity c. idealism-realism d. individualism-collectivism.

Q: When compared to individualistic cultures, collectivistic cultures enjoy ________ loyalty in family and social groups. a. greater b. marginally less c. the same d. significantly

Q: One advantage to living in an individualistic culture is the focus on a. sharing. b. interdependence. c. personal choice. d. family.

Q: Darren had his first lemonade stand at six; his first dog washing job at 10 and his first lawn service company at 12. More than likely Darren lives in a(n) _____________ culture. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. feminine d. low power distance

Q: The value of independence in individualistic cultures also influences elderly adults by a. increasing the likelihood that an adult child would take care of his or her elderly parents. b. increasing the likelihood that elderly individuals will move into convalescent homes, rather have adult children take care of them. c. decreasing the likelihood that adults will reach older adulthood. d. increasing the likelihood that adult children will quit full-time employment to care for elderly parents.

Q: In individualistic countries, the relationship between the individual and his or her group is a. independent. b. collectivistic. c. collaborative. d. interdependent.

Q: In collectivist countries, the relationship between the individual and his or her group is a. independent. b. collectivistic. c. autonomous. d. interdependent.

Q: According to a study of more than 50 countries, ____ and _____ countries are the most collectivistic. a. Scandinavian; Finnish b. Eastern European; African c. North American; Western European d. South American, Asian

Q: Sandra turned down her dream job interview at a Fortune 500 accounting firm to be at her niece's baptism. Choosing family over one's personal success is more reflective of someone in the _________ culture. a. individualistic b. high power distance c. masculine d. collectivistic

Q: Cultures placing higher value on the individual are called __________cultures. a. self-centered b. individualistic c. collectivistic d. power limited

Q: Which of the following is an example of a country considered high in collectivism? a. Italy b. India c. Japan d. South Korea

Q: Individuals from collectivistic cultures are more likely to live in _______ families, whereas individuals from individualistic cultures are more likely to live in ________ families. a. nuclear; extended b. extended; nuclear c. stable; unstable d. stable; unstable

Q: Audrey has the opportunity to take a sales position out of state. This promotion will increase her visibility in the company, as well as her salary. Although her spouse is supportive, the career move will take her away from her family two nights a week. In weighing the advantages and disadvantages of this promotion, which value system will she probably use the most in making her decision? a. Individualism-collectivism b. Power distance c. Masculinity-femininity d. Population density

Q: When we make decisions based on how they will affect us individually versus how they may affect others, we are using the ___________ value system. a. individualism-collectivism b. power distance c. masculinity-femininity d. population density

Q: According to your text, your individual ___________ includes such things as nationality, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, hobbies, etc. a. online dating profile b. cultural script c. cultural profile d. rsum

Q: Twenty-six-year-old Anna began teaching at a large university immediately upon completion of her Ph.D. One student said, "You can"t be our physics professor. You"re not a middle-aged white guy." His description of a professor can best be defined as a(n) a. value. b. attitude. c. stereotype. d. comparison.

Q: Assuming that just because a national culture has a certain value that every person who lives in the culture shares that value is known as a a. myth. b. attitude. c. cultural profile. d. stereotype.

Q: Rita is in her early 20s and rents a small apartment near town. Because she is Hispanic, many of her friends assume she lives with her immediate and extended family. This is an example of a(n) a. value. b. attitude. c. stereotype. d. comparison.

Q: Because humans are social as well as biological in nature, our chances of survival improve when we a. work independently. b. belong to a group. c. plan ahead. d. focus on ourselves.

Q: All the men in Ryan's family went to colleges or universities upon completing high school, and his family expects the same from him. Which of the following best describes his future plans? a. The best university regardless of the distance from his family b. A university close to his family c. A trade school so that younger family members may attend college d. Employment immediately after high school

Q: Kala is from a country where education is a privilege, not a guarantee. If she had the opportunity to attend a university, all other things equal, she would probably choose a. a school far from home. b. a school in another country. c. a school close to home. d. not to attend college.

Q: _______ and _______ climates provide greater survival challenges and are, therefore, influential to the values and practices of culture. a. Moderate; cool b. Hot; temperate c. Very hot; very cold d. Stable; unstable

Q: Which of the following statements is true concerning the influence of population density on social structure? a. When people are crowded in a society, greater social structure is needed to maintain order. b. When people are crowded in a society, less social structure increases harmony. c. When people live in sparsely populated areas, greater social structure is needed to provide rules. d. When people live in sparsely populated areas, greater social structure provides strict hierarchies necessary to increase interactions.

Q: Most cross-cultural researchers believe that a specific culture's values are often related to the natural resources available in a certain geographic region. For example, a. when there are few natural resources, people may work more competitively. b. when there are many natural resources, people become less interdependent. c. when there are many natural resources, people become less independent. d. when there are few natural resources, people become more interdependent.

Q: Gwen is looking forward to getting married in May, a date that is quickly approaching. Her mother reminds her, "Don"t forget what your grandmother said: Something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue." This saying is an example of a(n) a. survival challenge. b. historical tradition. c. population density. d. independent algorithm.

Q: "Do these jeans make me look fat?" Wendy often tells friends the truth, even when it hurts their feelings. Maleka tells little white lies, reassuring her friends they look good, regardless of the actual outcome. What value conflict is most likely at work here? a. Honesty vs. dishonesty b. Harmony vs. disharmony c. Honesty vs. harmony d. Understanding vs. lack of understanding

Q: The biggest challenge in identifying the value behind another person's behavior is to a. figure out what positive outcome the person is aiming for. b. investigate who taught them the behavior. c. relating it to our own value system. d. define it as a "good" or "bad" value.

Q: Amanda and Morgan were discussing premarital sex. Amanda believes that one should not have sex before marriage. Morgan believes that having sex before marriage is permissible under certain circumstances. Amanda replied suddenly, "Gee, Morgan. I thought you had values." What is Amanda really saying? a. Morgan doesn"t have any values. b. On the topic of premarital sex, Morgan doesn"t have any values. c. Morgan's values about premarital sex are similar to Amanda's values. d. Morgan's values about premarital sex are different from Amanda's values.

Q: Marcus likes taking his Great Dane, Brutus, to the dog park. Although the community value is leashing all dogs, Marcus interprets this value as only applicable to those owners with dangerous dogs. Therefore, Brutus walks leash-free. Another name for his interpretation of the value is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. value. d. expectation of the situation.

Q: Marcus likes taking his Great Dane, Brutus, to the dog park because the community value is keeping the park clean. He is often offended when other dog owners fail to clean up after their pets. Feeling offended by their inaction is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. belief. d. expectation of the situation.

Q: Whenever Maya, an American, tries to talk to her British boyfriend, Daniel, about a problem, he refuses and says, "It will fix itself." The first step in understanding this cultural difference in communication style may be to understand the _________(s) that form the foundation of their culture. a. attitude b. perception c. value d. behavior

Q: According to your text, although sexual modesty is a value, the idea that people should wear clothing to preserve modesty is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. belief. d. expectation of the situation.

Q: The multiple definitions of culture, as well as the multiple disciplines that study culture (i.e., anthropology, sociology, history, etc.), suggest that culture is a. individualistic. b. complex. c. idiosyncratic. d. simplistic.

Q: Which of the following factors is NOT a characteristic of culture? a. Nationality b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Genetics

Q: Understanding human relations begins informally as early as a. childhood. b. adolescence. c. college age. d. young adulthood.

Q: Jason thinks using pick-up lines in bars is the best way to meet women. He bases this information only on his friend Paul's experience with meeting his girlfriend, Brenna. This is an example of a. empirical evidence. b. anecdotal evidence. c. personal experience. d. cultural norms.

Q: Marcie wants to be able to interact effectively with diverse others in a variety of situations. This is an example of the study of a. verbal communication. b. anecdotal evidence. c. human relations. d. human development.

Q: Empirical evidence differs from anecdotal evidence in that empirical evidence a. makes sense. b. is grounded in combined experiences or observations of many individuals. c. is based on one person's experience. d. cannot be demonstrated in research.

Q: Researchers relying on _____ base decisions on data that have been collected from many people using precise measurements. a. intuition b. personal experience c. anecdotal evidence d. empirical evidence

Q: Jane wants to better understand why her friend Margaret chooses the boyfriends she does. One way for Jane to gain insight into Margaret's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is through the study of a. biology. b. psychology. c. ethics. d. economics.

Q: Psychology takes into account _________ such as personality and ________ such as social factors that influence how a person evaluates a situation. a. internal influences; external influences b. external influences; internal influences c. unstable influences; stable influences d. social influences; personal influences