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Q:
What is RQ and how is it important? Your answer should define RQ and clearly state how it is used and what it tells someone. Be sure to provide examples of RQ values and how they are interpreted.
Q:
Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism.Hormones1) GI hormones2) insulin3) epinephrine4) glucagon5) glucocorticoidsPrimary Functionsa. stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis b. amplify the response of pancreatic beta-cells to glucose c. stimulate gluconeogenesis by acting on the muscle to enhance release of alanine d. stimulates removal of glucose from the blood and anabolic reactions e. primarily stimulates muscle glycogenolysis
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.During fasting conditions, glucagon induces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase as a means to increase gluconeogenesis in muscles.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.All tissues prefer glucose first, and then fatty acids, to meet their energy needs.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.The Cori cycle would be active under anaerobic conditions, such as excessive muscle exertion.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.Muscle supplies its own glucose for energy needs by first using glycogen stores, and then converting amino acids into glucose.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.During very prolonged starvation nearing death, the body shifts from using protein for energy to using fat stores.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.Glucagon and insulin control metabolic pathways that reflect a fasting and fed state, respectively; the primary signal to initiate this hormonal control is the glucose concentration in the bloodstream.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.Based on the respiratory quotient calculation, the breakdown of any macronutrient for energy involves the use of carbon dioxide and the generation of oxygen and water.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.Acetyl-CoA is a branch point for a number of metabolic processes, including metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid, and cholesterol.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.A fasted state is characterized by protein synthesis.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.The three major systems involved in metabolic integration are the (1)nervous, (2)endocrine, and (3)vascular systems.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.Gluconeogenesis occurs exclusively in the liver.
Q:
In the fasted state, you would find:a. dephosphorylated glycogen synthase.b. an increase in the amount of hexokinase.c. allosteric inhibition of phosphofructokinase by NAD.d. induction of pyruvate carboxylase.e. more than one of the above
Q:
If someone consumes a high-protein diet to meet energy needs, he/she will use _____ oxygen relative to the amount of CO2 he/she is generating (Hint: think RQ).
a. less
b. more
c. equal
d. not enough information
Q:
Which of the following conditions is attributed to a primary failure of the β-cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin?
a. hyperinsulinism
b. hyperglycemia
c. hyperlipidemia
d. hyperphosphatemia
Q:
Training enhances utilization of fat as the primary energy substrate during submaximal exercise due to
a. enhanced activity of glycolytic enzymes.
b. enhanced activity of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes.
c. enhanced glucose uptake.
d. decreased carnitine acyltransferase.
Q:
What is the limitation that shifts the predominant use of fat for energy at low-intensity exercise to the predominant use of carbohydrate oxidation at high-intensity exercise?
a. rate of production of ATP
b. rate of mobilization of fatty acids from the adipocytes
c. rate of transamination of amino acids
d. rate of muscle glycogen breakdown
Q:
During exercise, which of the following contributes only minimally to the amount of ATP used by working muscles?
a. muscle glycogen
b. blood glucose
c. plasma fatty acids
d. oxidation of amino acids
Q:
What is the term used to describe the intensity of the workload that places the highest possible demand on working muscles?
a. respiratory quotient
b. VO2 max
c. ATP-CP
d. lactic acid system
Q:
What is the preferred source of energy used by muscles to spare protein during prolonged starvation?
a. ketones
b. glucose
c. fatty acids
d. amino acids
Q:
After three days of starvation, what proportion of the energy needs of the brain is supplied by ketones?
a. one-eighth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half
Q:
The primary stimulus for glucagon secretion is
a. alanine.
b. glucose.
c. cortisol.
d. epinephrine.
Q:
Which of the following actions of insulin occurs only after hours or days?
a. membrane changes for glucose transport
b. inhibition of activity of catabolic enzymes
c. repression of synthesis of catabolic enzymes
d. promotion of cell replication
Q:
Under the influence of insulin, which of the following pathways is increased?
a. glycogenesis
b. glycogenolysis
c. phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
d. phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase
Q:
Which hormone has the primary responsibility for directing energy metabolism in the fed state?
a. growth hormone
b. ACTH
c. glucagon
d. insulin
Q:
Which of the following is NOT transported by the vascular system?
a. regulatory hormonal messages from the endocrine system
b. oxygen from the respiratory system
c. regulatory neural messages from the nervous system
d. organic nutrients and minerals from the digestive system
Q:
What is the primary communication system that assesses the body's status in relation to its environment and relays appropriate commands to tissues/ organs?
a. endocrine system
b. nervous system
c. vascular system
d. respiratory system
Q:
What amino acid plays an important role in controlling toxicity from ammonia released during amino acid catabolism by the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction?
a. glutamine
b. glycine
c. serine
d. valine
Q:
In which organ does urea synthesis occur?
a. kidney
b. spleen
c. liver
d. pancreas
Q:
Which amino acid produced by transamination of pyruvate with glutamic acid provides a disposal route for nitrogen produced from the catabolism of muscle amino acids?
a. histidine
b. tyrosine
c. tryptophan
d. alanine
Q:
Amino acids used primarily by muscle for synthesis of dispensable amino acids and for protein synthesis are
a. branched-chain amino acids.
b. aromatic amino acids.
c. basic amino acids.
d. acidic amino acids.
Q:
The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy because
a. it lacks enzymes for oxidation of fats.
b. it lacks mitochondria.
c. glycerol cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
d. fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
Q:
A protein-sparing shift in metabolism from gluconeogenesis to lipolysis occurs during the
a. early fasting state.
b. fasting state.
c. starvation state.
d. fed state.
Q:
Which amino acid is considered purely ketogenic?
a. methionine
b. histidine
c. tryptophan
d. leucine
Q:
Amino acids from muscle breakdown provide the chief substrate for which metabolic process?
a. glycolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. glycogenesis
d. pentose phosphate pathway
Q:
How long does it take for the postabsorptive state to evolve into the fasting state?
a. 12-18 hours
b. 24-36 hours
c. 18-48 hours
d. 36-72 hours
Q:
The lack of which muscle enzyme causes glucose, when phosphorylated in the muscle, to be trapped?
a. glucose-6-phosphatase
b. glycerol-3-phosphatase
c. 6-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
d. glucokinase
Q:
Which of the following amino acids is glucogenic in the post-absorptive state?
a. taurine
b. leucine
c. alanine
d. lysine
Q:
In the human, most triacylglyerols are synthesized by the
a. adipose tissue.
b. heart.
c. liver.
d. brain.
Q:
Which cells lack a metabolic mechanism to convert glucose into energy stores?
a. skeletal muscle
b. liver
c. adipose tissue
d. central nervous system
Q:
Which Krebs cycle intermediate can move from the mitochondria into the cytoplast to become the initiator of fatty acid synthesis?
a. alpha-ketoglutarate
b. citrate
c. succinyl-CoA
d. fumarate
Q:
What intermediate's formation in the Krebs cycle is interrelated with the biosynthesis of heme?
a. succinyl-CoA
b. oxaloacetate
c. citrate
d. fumarate
Q:
What is the final common catabolic pathway for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat?
a. acetyl-CoA; oxidation
b. gluconeogenesis; glycolysis
c. Krebs cycle; electron transport
d. lipolysis; ketogenesis
Q:
7. In general, most amino acids are absorbed from thea. stomach.b. duodenum and jejunum.c. ileum.d. colon.
Q:
Briefly describe why glutamine is directed more toward the kidneys than the liver during starvation.
Q:
Compare and contrast the body's adaptive response to starvation with the body's response to sepsis.
Q:
Changes in hormone balance serve as the primary mechanism for adjustment to starvation. What changes occur and how do they facilitate adjustment to starvation?
Q:
Molecules called adipokines are secreted by _____ and they act to _____.
a. hepatocytes; promote gluconeogenesis
b. immune system cells; lower basal metabolic rate
c. white adipose tissue; promote inflammation
d. immune system cells; inhibit inflammation
Q:
What are the two amino acids primarily released from muscle during starvation?
a. leucine and isoleucine
b. alanine and glutamine
c. threonine and phenylalanine
d. arginine and histidine
Q:
Explain the concept of the first limiting amino acid in a protein and how this concept might be used to ensure adequate protein nutriture.
Q:
What are the indicators of visceral protein status and why are some more sensitive to changes than others?
Q:
Explain why serum levels of ALT and AST are good indicators for trauma or disease, and specify which tissues relate to which aminotransferase.
Q:
Several companies are now enriching enteral and parenteral nutrition products with glutamine. What is the rationale for this procedure?
Q:
What is meant by protein turnover? What general types of protein compounds are made in cells via protein synthesis? How do amino acid catabolism and dietary amino acids factor into protein turnover?
Q:
During fasting conditions, the circulating levels of glutamine and alanine are elevatedwhy is this? Hint: this question is focused primarily on the muscle, but also includes other tissues.
Q:
What is the role of the liver in amino acid metabolism? Discuss 3 things that occur in the liver as amino acids from the portal vein enter the liver. Your answer should include the types of compounds that are synthesized, and the metabolic reactions involved.
Q:
Transamination and Deamination. What are these two reactions in amino acid metabolism (draw a diagram if that is helpful)? Why are they important? (Hinttransamination is important for two reasons; deamination, essentially one.) How do different tissues factor into these reactions?
Q:
Match the category of physiological proteins with their function.Category1) enzymes2) hormones3) structural proteins4) immunoproteins5) transport proteinsFunctiona. chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes b. combine with nutrients and regulate their circulation and their flow into and out of cells c. bind to antigens and inactivate them or cause them to be destroyed d. catalysts that change the rate of reactions occurring in the body e. fibrous and contractile proteins found in bone, teeth, skin, muscles, blood vessels, hair
Q:
A mutation in the genetic code (i.e., DNA) could result in the wrong amino acid inserted into the synthesis of a given protein, thereby affecting the ability of the protein to function properly due to changes in its conformation.
Q:
Total body water increases steadily from birth to 12 months of age, when it begins to decrease at a similar rate in all adults.
Q:
The amino acid profile of the blood is relatively constant.
Q:
In addition to protein synthesis, the brain uses amino acids for the synthesis of other N-containing compounds such as neurotransmitters.
Q:
Adequate synthesis and secretion of bile are important in the digestion and absorption of amino acids.
Q:
True/FalseWhen BCAAs are catabolized to their corresponding keto acid in muscle, the nitrogen must be transported directly to the kidney as glutamine.
Q:
True/False
A variety of transporters exist on cell membranes to handle all of the different types of amino acids.
Q:
True/FalseDietary proteins must be completely hydrolyzed to free amino acids, because only free amino acids are absorbed by the enterocyte.
Q:
True/False
For a transport protein that spans a cell membrane, one would expect to find hydrophobic amino acids clustered together within the membrane.
Q:
True/FalseUnder fasting conditions, one would expect to find large amounts of free ammonia in the bloodstream due to the breakdown of amino acids for energy.
Q:
True/FalseUrea synthesis only occurs in the liver and kidneys.
Q:
True/FalseThe liver is the site for transamination of all amino acids.
Q:
What is the current Tolerable Upper Intake Level established for protein and amino acids?
a. Ingestion of a diet supplying > 30% energy from protein
b. Two times the RDA
c. 42 mg/kg/d
d. No Tolerable Upper Intake Level has been established.
Q:
When evaluating protein quality, which of the following measures represents the gain in body weight on a test protein divided by the grams of protein consumed?
a. chemical score
b. BV
c. PER
d. NPU
Q:
One of the more common ways to evaluate protein quality in a food that does not involve nitrogen balance studies is:
a. chemical score.
b. net dietary protein calories percentage.
c. biological value.
d. net protein utilization.
Q:
Legumes are limited in sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. What food group is considered complementary because it supplies these amino acids?
a. fruits
b. nuts
c. grains
d. starchy vegetables
Q:
What two major systems are used for protein degradation in most cells?
a. mitochondrial and cytosolic
b. u-calpain and m-calpain
c. GTP-requiring and GTP-independent
d. lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteosomal
Q:
What percentage of resting energy expenditure is attributed to protein synthesis and degradation?
a. 9%
b. 10-25%
c. 30-40%
d. 45-55%
Q:
Which amino acid, when oxidized, spares the essential gluconeogenic precursors pyruvate and lactate?
a. cysteine
b. alanine
c. leucine
d. glutamine
Q:
A genetic defect diminishing branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity results in
a. phenylketonuria.
b. homocysteinuria.
c. cystathioninuria.
d. maple syrup urine disease.
Q:
A particular amino acid is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes and so it is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients. The important amino acid is
a. tryptophan.
b. glutamine.
c. glycine.
d. asparagine.