Q&A Hero

Q: Attributions made regarding why events took place have important implications for dealing with the problem. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Distinctiveness is the degree to which a person behaves similarly in different situations. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Consistency is the degree to which a person engages in the same behaviors at different times. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: A manager who is a perfectionist tends to look for perfection in subordinates. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Managers perceiving the behavior and individual differences of employees are often influenced by their own traits. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: According to attribution theory, it is the event itself, not the perceived cause of the event, that influences a person's behavior. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Research has found that attractive women in management receive higher performance reviews and pay raises than do attractive women in non-managerial positions. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Stereotypes are frequently based on little or inaccurate information. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Stereotyping and prejudice are equivalent terms. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: At times, prejudice can be traced to direct experiences with members of the rejected group. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Stereotyping is never productive. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Schemas typically inhibit management sense making of information. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: A manager has a responsibility to manage within a framework that permits perceptual differences to be voiced without fear or impatience. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: The Golem effect starts with an expectation of negative performance. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Subordinates recognize the frequency they receive rewards for good performance at the same level as their supervisors feel they offer them. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: If interviewers rate candidates who are similar in appearance, background, and interests higher than candidates who are dissimilar, they are making a "self-promotion" perception error. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Peter Drucker's perception is that the United States is exporting low-skill, low-paying jobs and importing high-skill, high-paying jobs. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: The stimuli that a person focuses on is based on what he or she chooses to pay attention to at a particular moment. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Different individuals will perceive the same thing in different ways because each gives his or her own meaning to stimuli. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Q: Some employees go out of their way to create a bad impression of themselves. Why would they do such a thing, and what do they hope to gain?

Q: Jones and Pitman suggested that individuals engage in five impression management tactics. List these tactics.

Q: Explain what the fundamental attribution error is and then describe a situation in which it occurs.

Q: An interviewer uses himself as the standard against job candidates are compared. Describe the perceptional error that the situation exemplifies.

Q: What is the halo effect?

Q: What is the difference between selective attention and divided attention?

Q: Can stereotypes and prejudice be helpful?

Q: What is scapegoating?

Q: Define the term "prejudice."

Q: What "laws" help determine how information is perceived.

Q: Like everyone, managers use schemas to make better sense of information. List three of the schemas discussed in the text.

Q: How can managers use "schemas" to reduce perceptual inaccuracies?

Q: What is the difference between the Pygmalion and Golem effects?

Q: Describe the Pygmalion effect.

Q: Once relevant stimuli are selected, individuals categorize and group them so that they make sense. There are four general laws that apply. List these laws.

Q: What is the Golem effect? What should managers do to decrease the chance a Golem perspective may impact the performance of their team?

Q: Terry is conducting her first interview. She has never been formally trained in the process. Why may she rate a candidate that engages in the same hobby as she does above another similarly qualified applicant?

Q: Dean Jones sees that every student in a Management class received an "A." She assumes that the class must have been too easy because students don't work hard. This is an example of __________________. A) an internal error B) a high loci bias C) self-serving bias D) a fundamental attribution error

Q: According to _______, individuals engage in five impression management techniques. A) Golem B) Goffman C) Jones and Pittman D) Shaffer

Q: Applying the Jones and Pittman research, a person acting in ways in order to appear powerful is using the ________ impression management tactic. A) intimidation B) supplication C) ingratiation D) self-promotion

Q: Joe wishes to be thought of as going above and beyond the call of duty. This is an example of the __________ impression management tactic. A) exemplification B) supplication C) ingratiation D) self-promotion

Q: A job applicant making comments that compliment the interviewer, such as "I've been so impressed with your work," is an example of: A) Self-promotion B) Opinion conformity C) Enhancement of another D) Justifications

Q: A job applicant claiming responsibility for successful past events, such as "My work led to a large sale," is an example of: A) Self-proclamation B) Personal stories C) Entitlements D) Justifications

Q: "We lost over 30 percent of the market, but the economy went sour for everyone" would be an example of a job applicant using the _____________ tactic of impression management. A) externalizing B) excuses C) overcoming obstacles D) justifications

Q: Which of the following impression management techniques do job applicants use most often? A) Self-promotion B) Excuses C) Opinion conformity D) Justifications

Q: Jane pretends she does not know how to prepare a presentation in order to get her teammate to do the work. This is an example of the __________ impression management tactic. A) exemplification B) supplication C) ingratiation D) self-promotion

Q: _______ proposed that impression management is a theatrical process. A) Jones and Pittman B) Golem C) Drucker D) Goffman

Q: With _______________, individuals seek to be viewed as dedicated by going above and beyond the call of duty. A) exemplification B) supplication C) ingratiation D) self-promotion

Q: When a person is in the presence of others, there is a reason to mobilize _______________ in order to create a positive impression. A) resources B) style C) creativity D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: The self-serving bias leads us to conclude when we succeed that our success was _______________. A) due to factors beyond our control B) a result of our outstanding efforts C) a one-time event D) due to the assistance of others

Q: Managers manage impressions of themselves by _________. A) how they talk B) their office location and furniture C) by the individuals they select as employees D) All of the choices are correct

Q: Mike received two test grades back. When he shares the results, he states that he studied harder than everyone else in the class to earn the "A." When talking about the test he scored a "C" on, Mike explains it away by saying the test was too long for the time allotted. Mike's statements are an example of ______ bias. A) fundamental B) self-serving C) mixed loci D) internal

Q: Mike has a tendency to underestimate the importance of external factors and overestimate the importance of internal factors when making attributions regarding the behavior of others. This is an example of the _________ attribution error. A) internal B) self-serving C) fundamental D) mixed loci

Q: Joe has a tendency to assume that events occur due to items outside of the individual's control. This is ______ attribution. A) an internal B) a high loci C) an external D) a fundamental

Q: A shop floor supervisor attributes a high injury rate to employee carelessness and does not even consider the possibility that the injuries may be the result of the equipment being in poor repair. This is an example of the ______ error. A) Theory X B) situational attribution C) fundamental bias D) fundamental attribution

Q: The behavior of others can be examined on the basis of its distinctiveness, consistency, and _______________. A) consensus B) intensity C) frequency D) validity

Q: Carlos is being pressed to complete an assignment on time and in order to accomplish that goal is overlooking certain details and ignoring requests from other managers. This is an example of __________ factors impacting perceptual accuracy. A) situational B) kinesics C) halo D) Golem

Q: Mike discovers in the interview process that he and Rob, although years apart, went to the same school, were the same major and even played the same position on the school's polo team. Mike "knows" that these activities have made him the successful manager he is today and hires Rob on the spot. The hiring of Rob is an example of ___________. A) Golem error B) similar-to-me error C) self-serving bias D) the halo effect

Q: Research on "similar to me" perception suggests all of the following except: A) Knowing oneself makes it easier to see others accurately. B) One's own characteristics affect the characteristics identified in others. C) Knowing others makes it easier to identify faults in oneself. D) Persons who accept themselves are more likely to see favorable aspects of others.

Q: Attribution theory attempts to explain the __________ of behavior. A) who B) what C) where D) why

Q: The press of time, the attitudes of the people you work with, and other situational factors all influence perceptual _______________. A) accuracy B) attitudes C) reality D) dissonance

Q: Jack is completing Mike's annual performance evaluation. Mike always is in the office first and has the coffee ready for Jack when he comes in. Jack smiles thinking what a great employee Mike is for going to the extra effort and getting in early. With little thought, Jack ranks Mike high on all performance categories. Jack's rankings may have been impacted by the _______ effect. A) Golem B) kinesics C) coffee D) halo

Q: ________________ occurs when a person must divide his or her mental efforts among tasks, each of which requires some amount of attention (multitasking). A) Selective attention B) Divided attention C) Attention prioritization D) Unbalanced attention

Q: Employees who _______________ capture a manager's attention more quickly. A) are superior performers B) are more respected C) make forceful requests D) All of the choices are correct.

Q: When managers are overly focused on one issue or are busy multitasking, they'll tend to perceive less information and rely more on stereotypes. This may be an example of ______ decreasing the manager's effectiveness. A) selective attention B) attention distribution C) divided attention D) attention maximization

Q: Perceptual groupings ____ create inaccuracies. A) always B) can C) rarely D) never

Q: When managers employ a profile schema of the characteristics of good, poor, and outstanding employees they are using a(n) _________ schema to compare present employees and job candidates. A) person-based B) role-based C) self-based D) events-based

Q: When managers allow generalizations about their own prowess, competencies, and preferences based on a current or previous experience influence perceptions they are using a(n) ___________ schema A) person-based B) experience-based C) self-based D) events-based

Q: Joe will not assign employees over 50 to his international project team because as he says, "Old people don't have enough energy to travel around the world overseeing various projects." Joe may be applying a(n) _____________ schema. A) person-based B) role-based C) self-based D) events-based

Q: Bob has to conduct a performance review two days from now. He has written a script of sorts for the session and has been rehearsing its delivery. Which schema is Bob using? A) Events-based B) Self-based C) Role-based D) Person-based

Q: A department manager has a job opening that involves lots of travel. He doesn't mention it to the women in the department because he assumes that women don't want to be away from their families. Which schema is the manager applying? A) Events-based B) Self-based C) Role-based D) Person-based

Q: Which schema would a manager most likely use when interviewing job applicants? A) Events-based B) Self-based C) Role-based D) Person-based

Q: The _______ effect is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy. A) Pygmalion B) halo C) Drucker D) Stillman

Q: Coach Smith is told one of his new players is a gifted athlete. The coach immediately focuses on that player and spends additional time helping him develop his skills. As the coach expected, the player turned out to be an excellent addition to the team. This example shows the __________ effect. A) Pygmalion B) Golem C) closure D) projection

Q: Coach Smith is told one of his new players is a slacker and a trouble maker. The coach immediately treats that player in a dismissive manner and the player indeed turns out to be a marginal performer. This example shows the __________ effect. A) Pygmalion B) Golem C) closure D) projection

Q: The law of __________ reflects the tendency to group sensations into figures and backgrounds. A) nearness B) similarity C) closure D) figure and ground

Q: A student is presented a picture that contains a collection of black spots on a white background. The student perceives that the picture is of a Dalmatian (a spotted dog). This may be an example of the law of ____________. A) nearness B) similarity C) closure D) figure and ground

Q: According to the law of __________, stimuli that are similar in size, color, shape, or form tend to be grouped together. A) nearness B) similarity C) closure D) figure and ground

Q: All other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together. This is referred to as the law of __________. A) nearness B) similarity C) grouping D) assemblage

Q: A self-fulfilling prophecy that causes a person to behave in a positive manner to meet expectations is called the ________ effect. A) Hawthorne B) Positive Projection C) Golem D) Pygmalion

Q: The law of _______________ states that all other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together. A) closure B) nearness C) similarity D) figure and ground