Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Human Resource
Q:
Ketogenesis would be the HIGHEST:
a. after a high-CHO meal.
b. after a high-protein meal.
c. after a high-fat meal.
d. during prolonged starvation.
Q:
Ketones are produced from:
a. cholesterol.
b. hormones.
c. amino groups.
d. acetyl-CoA.
Q:
When fatty acids are completely oxidized the end products are:
a. fatty acid and glycerol.
b. carbon dioxide, energy, and water.
c. urea and acetate.
d. carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate.
Q:
What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria (i.e., what is the end product of beta-oxidation)?
a. glycerol
b. pyruvate
c. acetyl-CoA
d. triacylglycerol
Q:
What is the carrier molecule needed for mitochondrial membrane transport of long-chain fatty acids and their CoA derivatives?
a. carnitine
b. creatine
c. creatinine
d. cysteine
Q:
Lp(a) is a genetic variant of _____; its presence _____ a genetic predisposition to heart disease.
a. LDL, increases
b. HDL, decreases
c. LDL, decreases
d. HDL, increases
Q:
Trans unsaturated fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they
a. are unnatural and only formed during fat processing.
b. cause excess blood clotting.
c. elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL.
d. were found to cause sudden cardiac arrest in women.
Q:
Which drug therapy is associated with reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
a. insulin
b. niacin
c. gene therapy
d. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Q:
The HDL accomplishes its function in reverse cholesterol transport in two ways. Choose the phrase that does NOT describe one of these.
a. increased apoC-2 activity to reduce its triacylglycerol content
b. increased activity of LCAT on vascular endothelial cells
c. increased activity of transferring cholesterol to other lipoproteins
d. using its apoE component to bind to LDL receptors
Q:
Reverse cholesterol transport that removes cholesterol from peripheral cells and returns it to the liver is carried out by _____.
a. LDL
b. HDL
c. VLDL
d. lipoprotein lipase
Q:
Abnormal LDL receptors fail to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream, resulting in _____.
a. suppression of acyl-CoA cholesteryl acyl transferase (ACAT)
b. suppression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase
c. hypertriglyceridemia
d. familial hypercholesterolemia
Q:
Which of the choices listed below is NOT a reaction of the hepatocyte to an excess amount of free cholesterol?
a. increase ACAT activity to store cholesterol
b. decrease HMG-CoA reductase activity
c. down-regulate the apoB-100/E receptors
d. decrease LPL activity
Q:
The key to the cell's internalization of LDL is the interaction between the receptors and _____.
a. cholesterol acyltransferase
b. HMG-CoA reductase
c. apolipoprotein B-100
d. apolipoprotein C-100
Q:
Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol to tissues for use in construction of membranes or steroid hormones?
a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. chylomicrons
Q:
Which of the following lipoproteins are normally NOT present in blood in the fasting state?
a. VLDL
b. chylomicrons
c. LDL
d. HDL
Q:
Select the best choice to fill in each blank and complete the statements.A diet rich in simple sugars increases the hepatic formation of de novo fatty acids and the neutral lipids called (1)_____ from glucose. These neutral lipids are transported from the liver to the adipose tissues by lipoproteins called (2)_____, whose signal apolipoprotein is (3)_____.(1) a. cholesterolb. phospholipidsc. triacylglycerols(2)a. LDLsb. VLDLsc. chylomicrons(3)a. B-100b. B-48c. A-1
Q:
Which apolipoprotein is key to the delivery of triacylglycerol to tissues?
a. apo-C2
b. apoA-1
c. apoE
d. apoB-100
Q:
In response to excess dietary carbohydrate and chylomicron remnants, the liver synthesizes _____ to transport triacylglycerol.
a. chylomicrons
b. VLDLs
c. LDLs
d. HDLs
Q:
All of the following are functions of apolipoproteins EXCEPT:
a. stimulating enzymatic reactions that regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins.
b. stabilizing circulating lipoproteins in the blood.
c. decreasing the density of the lipoprotein.
d. conferring specificity for recognition by receptors on cells.
Q:
What organ provides the major site for lipoprotein formation from exogenously derived lipids?
a. pancreas
b. adipose tissue
c. intestine
d. liver
Q:
What is the carrier for medium-chain fatty acids in portal circulation?
a. triacylglycerides
b. cholesterol
c. chylomicrons
d. albumin
Q:
The process by which bile salts are absorbed in the ileum and return to the liver is called _____ of the bile salts.
a. micelle induction
b. resecretion
c. conjugation
d. enterohepatic circulation
Q:
Polymolecular aggregates called micelles are small enough to _____.
a. enter the enterocytes
b. stabilize circulating lipoproteins in the blood
c. enter the intramicrovillus spaces to interact with the brush border
d. confer specificity for recognition by receptors on cells
Q:
Choose the correct sequential order for participants in lipid digestion.
a. colipase, pancreatic lipase, bile, micelles
b. bile, colipase, pancreatic lipase, micelles
c. bile, enterokinase, colipase, micelles
d. micelles, bile, pancreatic lipase, colipase
Q:
Choose the list of molecules that would be found in a micelle.
a. vitamin A (retinol), glycerol, 2-monoacylglycerols, linolenic acid
b. glycerol, butyric acid, cholesterol, 2-monoacylglycerols
c. linolenic acid, 2-monoacylglycerols, cholesterol, vitamin D
d. fructose, glucose, glycerol, vitamin A
Q:
In the small intestine, which enzyme hydrolytically activates a pancreatic zymogen so that lipid digestion can occur?
a. pepsin
b. trypsin
c. colipase
d. maltase
Q:
What are some products of the reaction catalyzed by pancreatic lipase?
a. 2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids
b. free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol
c. 2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, phospholipids
d. free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesteryl esters
Q:
Which enzyme will act on corn oil in the small intestine?
a. pancreatic lipase
b. lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase
c. cholesterol esterase
d. lipoprotein lipase
Q:
How does orlistat reduce absorption of dietary fat?
a. by replacing dietary fat with a synthetic, indigestible substitute
b. by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase
c. by binding free fatty acids and causing their excretion
d. by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
Q:
All of the following are required for fat digestion EXCEPT _____.
a. pancreatic lipase
b. colipase
c. bile
d. lysolecithin
Q:
Undigested lipid in the stomach creates satiety because it
a. speeds the rate of emptying of the stomach.
b. delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents.
c. enhances gastric motility.
d. suppresses GIP and secretin.
Q:
Choose the best description of the action of bile.
a. Bile hydrolyzes ester bonds of the triacylglycerols.
b. Bile anchors into dietary lipid so that pancreatic lipase can act.
c. Bile emulsifies dietary lipid to increase its surface area.
d. Bile digests the ester bond of the dietary cholesteryl ester.
Q:
Gastric lipase is important for the suckling infant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. It can readily penetrate milk fat globules without bile salt stabilization.
b. It hydrolyzes short-chain fatty acids from the sn-3 position.
c. It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity.
d. It is highly stable in an acid environment.
Q:
Sphingomyelins are important phospholipids found in the _____.
a. pacemaker of the heart
b. kidney tubules
c. myelin sheath of nerves
d. human blood groups A, B and O
Q:
Phospatidylinositol is a membrane phospholipid that can _____.
a. anchor surface proteins to the plasma membrane
b. create 2 second messengers in cell signaling
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
Glycerophosphatides serve which of the following functions?
a. source of stored energy
b. constituent of cell and organelle membranes
c. precursor for long-chain n-3 fatty acids
d. constituent of myelin sheaths
Q:
The use of prebiotics for blood glucose regulation:
a. is not currently recommended.
b. is recommended for those with prediabetes but not diabetes.
c. has been proposed but not investigated through research.
d. is more effective than the use of other dietary fibers.
Q:
Dosages of ~2.5 to 10-15 g/day of prebiotics taken for at least _____ are required to increase the intestinal flora population.
a. 3 months
b. 1 month
c. 2 weeks
d. 1 week
Q:
Which of the following is a mechanism for the constipation relief provided by fructooligosaccharides and inulin?
a. decreases in microbial mass
b. decreases in osmotic pressure in the colon
c. shortened transit time
d. increased time available for water absorption
Q:
At this time, what is the state of the evidence for prebiotics use to prevent or treat diarrhea?
a. data is promising but inconclusive
b. most studies find no benefit
c. benefits were found for adults but not infants
d. no clinical trials in this area have been conducted
Q:
Prebiotics are naturally abundant in:
a. cow's milk yogurt.
b. asparagus.
c. mayonnaise dressings.
d. oatmeal.
Q:
The main benefits of prebiotics relate to their capacity to promote the _____ of bacteria and production of _____.
a. growth; amino acids
b. growth; fatty acids
c. death; amino acids
d. death; fatty acids
Q:
Which of the following is considered a prebiotic?
a. brans
b. galactose
c. fructans
d. lactose
Q:
Regulation of herbal supplements in the United States
a. is separate from the regulation of vitamins.
b. guarantees that the herbal supplements are safe and effective.
c. falls under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.
d. requires that therapeutic claims be clearly listed on the label.
Q:
Interactions have been reported between gingko biloba and
a. aspirin and warfarin.
b. oral contraceptives.
c. diuretics.
d. hypertensive medications.
Q:
Soy is rich in
a. glucosinolates.
b. lignans.
c. organosuphides
d. isoflavones.
Q:
Flavonoids are phytochemicals that can function in the body as
a. free radicals.
b. saponins.
c. antioxidants.
d. conjugates.
Q:
The kind and amount of phytochemicals in a plant varies with
a. environmental conditions during plant growth.
b. stage of ripeness.
c. storage conditions.
d. all of the above
Q:
Phytochemicals are
a. new vitamins being found in plants.
b. non-nutrient plant compounds that are biologically active.
c. mineral compounds derived from plants.
d. another name for herbal medicines.
Q:
All of the following are among the seven top-selling herbs in America EXCEPT
a. hawthorn.
b. ginkgo biloba.
c. saw palmetto.
d. ginseng.
Q:
Suggest a hypothesis as to why boiled red potato while hot has a glycemic index of 89 and the same cooked potato when cold has a lower glycemic index of 56.
Q:
Make an argument defending the statement: To remain healthy, it is best to eat foods containing a variety of fiber types each day.
Q:
Dr. Smith has prescribed a high-fiber diet (35-40 g/day) with special emphasis on the water-insoluble fibers for Mr. Brown. How would this diet protect against colorectal cancer? Give examples of foods that contain water-insoluble fibers.
Q:
Discuss four health claims relating to fiber that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Q:
What associations have been found between high fiber intake and obesity? What mechanisms may be at work? How clear/consistent is the evidence?
Q:
What are the components that make up non-fermentable dietary fiber and in what foods are each found?
Q:
Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of the production of short-chain fatty acids.
Q:
Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of their prebiotic function.
Q:
What are the components that make up fermentable dietary fiber and in what foods are each found?
Q:
Consistent evidence shows that soluble fibers can lower the levels of cholesterol in many people with high serum cholesterol. Discuss the three mechanisms by which fibers are proposed to lower serum cholesterol.
Q:
Discuss the four significant characteristics of dietary fiber that affect its physiological and metabolic roles.
Q:
Fill in the appropriate information in the following table with three different fiber components. The physico-chemical property and physiological effect associated with each fiber component must match. The physico-chemical property and the physiological effect you give for each fiber component must be different.Fiber componentPhysico-chemical propertyPhysiological/metabolic effectpectina.b.c.adsorptiond.e.f.slow the proliferation & differentiation of colon cancer cells
Q:
Three short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon are: _____, _____ and _____.
Q:
Match the fiber with an appropriate description.Fiber1) pectin2) cellulose3) gum4) lignin5) hemicelluloseDescriptiona. The main noncarbohydrate component of fiber and a three-dimensional polymer of phenol. Found in carrots, berries, and wheat, and insoluble in water.b. A hydrocolloid composed of sugar and sugar derivatives commonly used as a food additive that is secreted from plant injuries or can also be found in oats, barley, and legumes.c. A long linear polymer that provides structure to the cell wall. Found in bran, legumes, root vegetables, and apples.d. Contains a number of sugars in its backbone and side chains. Some are water soluble and some are insoluble; found in bran and whole grains.e. A group of polysaccharides with galacturonic acid as a primary constituent. It is soluble and gel forming; plentiful in many fruits.
Q:
Three short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon are _____.
a. lactate, sodium acetate, and carbon dioxide
b. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci
c. methane, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen
d. acetic, propionic, and butyric
Q:
Which of the following types of foods contributes the most fiber in a usual serving?
a. whole-grain breads
b. legumes, beans
c. meat, dairy
d. leafy vegetables
Q:
What is the desirable amount of dietary fiber recommended for most population groups each day?
a. 10-15 g
b. 20-40 g
c. 50-60 g
d. 70-90 g
Q:
What mineral that is released in the colon by fermentation of fiber is considered to improve the proliferation of normal colon cells, thus inhibiting cancer?
a. zinc
b. riboflavin
c. iron
d. calcium
Q:
Which of the volatile short-chain fatty acids is said to have antineoplastic properties affecting colorectal cancer?
a. acetic
b. propionic
c. butyric
d. capric
Q:
By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids?
a. by increasing growth of bacteria that use the lipids
b. by lowering blood cholesterol
c. by adsorbing/interacting with lipids
d. by reducing mineral absorption
Q:
Fiber lowers serum cholesterol concentrations by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT _____.
a. decreased transit time
b. increased excretion of bile acids in the feces
c. a shift of bile acid pools toward chenodeoxycholic acid, which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
d. production of propionic acid from gut fermentation of fiber
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a typical gastrointestinal response to ingestion of dietary fiber?
a. increased glucose absorption
b. delayed gastric emptying
c. increased bile-acid excretion
d. increased fecal bulk
Q:
What characteristics of fiber may protect against developing colon cancer?
a. Fibers adsorb primary bile acids to promote their excretion.
b. Fibers increase fecal bulk and dilute carcinogen concentrations.
c. Fibers can be fermented to butyric acid, which may slow proliferation of cancer cells.
d. All of the above
Q:
Which volatile short-chain fatty acid is believed to lower serum cholesterol by acting as an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis?
a. acetic
b. butyric
c. propionic
d. palmitic
Q:
Which fiber type is poorly fermentable?
a. lignin
b. pectin
c. gums
d. resistant starch
Q:
Which of the following high-fiber foods are most effective in lowering serum cholesterol?
a. corn and wheat
b. chitosan and chitin
c. rice bran and wheat bran
d. oat bran and legumes
Q:
Glycemic control is _____ in response to foods rich in fiber or to fiber supplements.
a. unchanged
b. improved
c. reduced
d. not known
Q:
When fibers form viscous gels in the stomach, which of the following occurs?
a. Gastric emptying is delayed or slowed.
b. Satiety is decreased significantly.
c. Digestion of fats and carbohydrates increases.
d. The nutrient diffusion rate is increased.
Q:
The predominant source of dietary chitin is _____.
a. supplements
b. bran
c. vegetables
d. fruits
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a form of resistant starch?
a. natural starch in cell walls of steel-cut oats
b natural starch in hot corn starch pudding
c. starch crystals in cooled, cooked foods, such as potatoes
d. chemically modified starch, such as cross-bonded starch