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Q:
Inequality of wealth in a society is just only if people have equal opportunity to attain the positions to which the wealth is attached.
Label as Characteristic of a Libertarian (L), Socialist (S) or Liberal (LL) position (In some cases more than one answer is right--give all which are right):
Q:
Process view of justice
Q:
Distributive justice has to do with
a. How justice is divided within a society.
b. How goods are allocated among persons.
c. How likely one is to get a fair trial.
d. A major in college.
Q:
According to Robert Nozick, principles that require distribution of social benefits according to moral merit, usefulness to society, or another natural dimension are best described as which of the following?
a. Historical.
b. Efficient.
c. Patterned.
d. Egalitarian.
Q:
To suggest that Tom has a right to the money that is earned as a result of his innovative idea comes under which form of ethical reasoning?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Natural law
c. Categorical imperative
d. Relativism
Q:
According to Rawls, justice is
a. Equality.
b. Fairness.
c. Mutual agreement.
d. Impossible unless enforced by a sovereign.
Q:
In Rawls' experiment of original position, the people most likely to choose Society A are
a. Risk takers.
b. People with a lot of money.
c. Old souls.
d. People who believe in karma.
Q:
Libertarians typically hold a process view of justice rather than an end state view.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to Rawls's maximin principle for decision-making under ignorance, people will choose that society with the least gap between the rich and the poor.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians tend to emphasize negative rights, while socialists tend to stress positive rights.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to John Rawls in A Theory of Justice, it is always unjust for some people to be very wealthy and others to be poor.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians favor a minimalized government.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The method Rawls uses to derive principles for determining what social institutions are just is an appeal to an imaginary situation in which people would choose principles not knowing certain possibly biasing things about themselves.
a. True
b. False
Q:
John Rawls derives his principles of justice by asking what principles people who are concerned about the welfare of others would choose.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians do not believe that governments should try to equalize end states of wealth.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Q:
To suggest that allowing people to earn as much money as they can because doing so gives people incentive to be maximally productive comes under which form of reasoning?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Natural law
c. Categorical imperative
d. Relativism
Q:
Rawls believes justice is to social institutions as
a. Money is to economics.
b. Medicine is to hospitals.
c. Taxes are to government.
d. Truth is to scientific systems.
Q:
The morality of inequality of opportunity is a(n) _______ ethical concern, while the morality of inequality of outcome is a(n) ________ ethical concern?
a. Natural law, relative
b. Categorical imperative, natural law
c. Natural law, utilitarian
d. Utilitarian, relative
Q:
Rawls's second principle of justice requires that an inequality in goods in a society is just provided that the people have merited what they have.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Rawls argues that the right to the most extensive equal basic liberties may be reduced if doing so benefits the worst-off in society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to a process view of economic justice, a social distribution of wealth is just if and only if the disparities in wealth are due to differences in merit, achievement, or contribution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A libertarian conception of economic justice relies on notions of a negative right (a right not to be interfered with), while a socialist conception stresses a positive right (a right to have basic necessities).
a. True
b. False
Q:
An "end state" view of economic justice is one that is concerned about how things turn out in terms of distribution of wealth in a society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain the distinctions and relationships between the terms 'prejudice,' 'racism,' and 'structural racism.'
Q:
The people in the original position of choosing behind a "veil of ignorance" do not know any biasing things about themselves but do know that they would want what any person would want.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following objections to affirmative action programs is raised by consequentialist critics?
a. They are fundamentally unfair.
b. They are tantamount to reverse discrimination.
c. They mainly benefit middle-class rather than lower-class African Americans.
d. They violate principles of equality and impartiality.
Q:
The people affected by secondary racism or sexism are
a. Directly affected by discriminatory words and acts.
b. Less severely affected than victims of primary racism.
c. Invariably silent sufferers, because the forms of discrimination are so subtle.
d. Indirectly affected by differential policies that have an unintended discriminatory effect.
Q:
According to the principle of equality, it is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits unless which of the following is demonstrated?
a. That they are illegal immigrants.
b. That they or their families have materially benefited from past discrimination.
c. That they or their families have materially suffered from past discrimination.
d. That they are relevantly different in ways that justify differential treatment.
Q:
All of the following are examples of types of affirmative action except:
a. Firing employees to reach racial balance.
b. Setting quotas to reach a more representative racial balance.
c. Using preferences among equally qualified candidates.
d. Enlarging the pool of candidates before choosing on the basis of qualifications.
Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
Q:
Critics of racialism generally agree that race is
a. a social construct.
b. a necessary evil.
c. no longer a factor in social policymaking.
d. a legitimate basis for unequal treatment (in accordance with the principle of equality).
Label the following examples of arguments regarding Preferential Treatment as appealing to considerations of Justice (J), or to Consequentialist considerations (C)
Q:
By using race or sex to favor some groups we are using an irrelevant characteristic and this is not right.
Q:
If we hire people according to their sex or race, they will have less self-esteem than if they are hired on competence.
Q:
It is not fair to prefer a woman or minority group member over a more well qualified applicant for this is to use an irrelevant difference as a basis for differential treatment.
Q:
Simply trying to get rid of overt unjust discrimination has not had the desired effect of bringing certain groups into the mainstream, and thus more drastic measures are necessary.
Q:
Just as race or sex were wrongly used in the past to treat people differently, so also is their use just as inherently wrong in present form in preferential treatment programs.
Q:
The fact that some people because of past discrimination are now in a socially disadvantaged position is a relevant reason to treat them differently but now in ways that advantage them.
Q:
We ought to realize that if we continue with programs of preferential treatment there will likely be a white male backlash and this will make it even more difficult to achieve racial or sexual equality.
Q:
If young girls and blacks, for example, have more role models in certain professions, they will be more likely to seek those positions, and if this is possible only through affirmative action programs, then we ought to support such programs.
Q:
Compare and contrast critical race theorists' critique of racial bias (such as Appiah's) and critiques of gender biases (such as Butler's). What similarities can you find in their understandings of race and gender, respectively, and how do these understandings influence their agendas for correcting the problems of racism and gender discrimination?
Q:
What was the significance of the Bakke decision and the University of Michigan cases?
a. They reaffirmed the separation of church and state by denying Catholic schools the right to federal tax dollars.
b. They forbade the use of racial quotas in school admissions, but allowed some consideration of race in admissions decisions.
c. They forbade the use of race considerations in school admissions, but allow gender quotas in admissions decisions.
d. They forbade any consideration of race in school admissions decisions.
Q:
Which amendment to the US Constitution gave black women the right to vote?
a. 24th
b. 19th
c. 14th
d. 13th
Q:
Why is female genital mutilation (FMG) an issue of sexual morality? What does this issue suggest to us about the relationships between sexual morality and other moral issues, such as autonomy, human rights, gender constructions, and so on? Present your own moral evaluation of FMG, being clear to explain the moral perspectives (e.g., consequentialist, deontological, utilitarian, natural law, care ethics) that are most relevant to your evaluations.
Q:
According to the principle of equality, in order to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits one need only show that there are real differences between them.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Slavery was prohibited by the Nineteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Affirmative action programs presume that past discrimination and its resulting present disadvantage are relevant reasons for differential treatment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The U.S. Supreme Court concluded in the Bakke decision that consideration of race in school admissions was unconstitutional.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When giving a consequentialist argument for affirmative action one need show only that these programs can have good consequences.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are still wide disparities in employment statistics between whites and Blacks in the U.S.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the principle of equality, a society that preferred women for the respected and highly paid position of financial advisor would be justified in doing so if it could be proven that women by nature were more talented in such matters than men.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The principle of equality is a nonconsequentialist moral principle.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Arguments for affirmative action based on reasons of compensatory justice must show that compensation to members of certain groups is justified.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Biases may be unconscious.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Q:
What was ruled in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education?
a. That affirmative action in elementary schools was illegal and unconstitutional.
b. That students could not be rejected from college on religious grounds.
c. That affirmative action at Brown University was inherently discriminatory.
d. That "separate but equal" educational facilities were unconstitutional.
Q:
"It is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny to some of them significant social benefits unless we can show that there is a difference between them that is relevant to the differential treatment." This quote supports the principle of
a. Justice.
b. Equal pay for equal work.
c. Equality.
d. Reverse discrimination.
Q:
Which point does Fullinwider intend to make with the Land of Giants thought experiment?
a. That Affirmative Action is the only viable strategy.
b. That people who benefit from discriminatory practices realize that the practices are morally wrong.
c. That those who seem like giants today will be viewed as small people tomorrow.
d. That well-intentioned people may perpetuate discrimination that is invisible to them.
Q:
Compare Mill's and Bentham's views on prostitution. Describe each of their arguments for and/or against prostitution. Highlight any similarities and differences between them, and be sure to describe which moral perspective (i.e., consequentialism, deontological, utilitarian, natural law, care ethics, etc.) each uses to justify their positions.
Q:
Which if the following is not a reason given for female circumcision?
a. Control over reproduction
b. Increasing sanitation
c. Reducing sexual pleasure
d. Protecting virginity
Q:
The belief that gay and lesbian should live openly in same-sex relationships, because doing so invites homophobic people to become more open and inclusive, comes under ________ reasoning.
a. Utilitarianism
b. Egoism
c. Virtue ethics
d. Kantian reasoning
Q:
Which of the following is the best example of the categorical imperative?
a. Homosexual sex is unnatural.
b. We were not designed to have sex with same sex partners.
c. If everyone practiced homosexual sex, there would be no children.
d. Homophobia is destructive to children.
Label the following as examples of Utilitarian (U), Kantian (K), or Natural Law (NL) arguments regarding sexual morality:
Q:
The purpose of sex is reproduction, so all non-coital sexual acts (e.g., masturbation, or homosexual acts) are wrong.
Q:
The only way to entice that person into a sexual relation would be to falsely promise faithfulness and exclusivity, and that would be wrong.
Q:
Knowing myself, I will only feel good about sex with someone with whom I am in love. So, that is what I should guide my decisions by.
Q:
To the extent that sadomasochistic sex is enjoyable for some and hurts no one, there is nothing wrong with it.
Q:
"The very same things that make non-coital sex valuable for heterosexual partnersexpression of affection, experience of mutual pleasure, physical and emotional well-being, and so onmake it valuable for same-sex couples as well. . . ."
Q:
No one should use another simply for his or her own sexual gratification.
Q:
In order for a sexual relation with another person to be morally good, one must be honest and the relation must be voluntary.
Q:
Certain sexual practices are unnatural and thus wrong.
Q:
The only proper context for sex given its nature is as part of a committed personal relation.
Q:
Explain Corvino's objections against the NNL argument against homosexuality. What is the "NNL" argument, as Corvino explains it? What are the strengths and/or weaknesses of both the NNL and Corvino arguments? Be sure to indicate which moral perspective (i.e., consequentialist, deontological, utilitarian, natural law, care ethics, etc.) is employed in each argument.
Q:
Comprehensive sex education for teens in the United States seems to have led to
a. Decreased sexual activity.
b. Increased sexual activity.
c. An increase in teen pregnancy.
d. A reduction in teen pregnancy.
Q:
"Early-term fetuses do not have as much moral value as late- term fetuses." Which Method II is assumed by this claim?
a. Potentiality.
b. Being like humans.
c. Being human.
d. Actuality.
e. Evolving value.
Q:
Which of the following is not an objection to the disapproval of homosexuality based on nature?
a. Homosexuality, polygamy, and transsexuality are part of the natural world.
b. Homosexuality is not typically considered as "sick" as incest or child abuse, which are mainly heterosexual.
c. We use our bodily organs for many things other than their "natural" purposes.
d. Heterosexual couples who do not have children are viewed with pity, not disapproval.
Q:
"Though human, this fetus does not have the potential to develop the abilities of a person, for it has no upper brain. Thus, it does not have full rights to life." Which Method II is assumed by this claim?
a. Potentiality.
b. Being like humans.
c. Being human.
d. Actuality.
e. Evolving value.
Q:
"Some human beings simply do not have full moral status, because they do not actually have the ability to think and communicate (for example, those in a persistent vegetative state)." Which Method II is assumed by this claim?
a. Potentiality.
b. Being like humans.
c. Being human.
d. Actuality.
e. Evolving value.
Q:
What relevance does the morality of abortion have to whether or not there should be laws regulating abortion?
Q:
Present an argument in support of abortion (either your own argument or one from your text) that does not rely depend on the moral status of the fetus. Explain the type of moral reasoning used in the argument (e.g., consequentialist, deontological, natural law, care ethics).
Q:
Present an argument against abortion (either your own argument or one from your text) that uses the Method I approach to the question of moral status. Explain the type of moral reasoning used in the argument (e.g., consequentialist, deontological, natural law, care ethics).
Q:
Present an argument either in support of or against abortion that uses the Method II approach to the question of moral status. You may formulate your own argument or present one from your text. Explain the type of moral reasoning used in the argument (e.g., consequentialist, deontological, natural law, care ethics).
Q:
Whether or not sex is appropriate only within a married or committed relation according to a natural law perspective will depend on whether this is the most fitting or only fitting context for sex given what we are like.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Couples who cohabitate before getting married are more likely to divorce for this reason alone.
a. True
b. False