Humanities

Q: According to Aristotle the good is a. The end to which all things aim. b. The best option available. c. That which gives the best consequence. d. That which makes one happy.

Q: According to Philippa Foot a virtue is a perfection of a. Mind. b. Action. c. Reasoning. d. Will.

Q: Which virtue does Philippa Foot identify as benefiting community rather than self? a. Temperance b. Charity c. Wisdom d. Courage Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: Confucius' ethics is presented in a text known as a. the Nicomachean Ethics b. Summa Theologica c. the "noble eightfold path" d. the Analects

Q: Which of the following is among the intellectual virtues included in Buddhism's "noble eightfold path?" a. mindfulness b. practical wisdom c. right speech d. faith

Q: Which of the following pairs are the two main virtues emphasized in Confucian ethics? a. Courage and loyalty b. Compassion and propriety c. Wisdom and wit d. Prudence and temperance

Q: According to Aristotle, virtues allow a person to fulfill essential human purposes. a. True b. False

Q: In Aristotle's theory, each virtue corresponds to exactly one opposing vice. a. True b. False

Q: Virtues are positive traits of character. a. True b. False

Q: For Aristotle, eudaimonia is a kind of happiness. a. True b. False

Q: Eudaimonia is identical to pleasure. a. True b. False

Q: According to MacIntyre, virtues depend on the practices of a culture. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as an example of the kinds of questions virtue ethics focuses on? a. How to treat ones co-workers. b. How honest one should be. c. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue. d. What is fair in a particular situation.

Q: Virtue Ethics helps us determine a. Whether an action is moral. b. Whether a form of ethical reasoning is virtuous. c. How to calculate between consequential and nonconsequential reasoning. d. How we ought to be.

Q: According to the text, in the USA to say we value courage, patriotism, and loyalty would suggest we are a. A society willing to stand for what we believe. b. A warlike society. c. A just society. d. A prosperous society.

Q: Pride is the virtue between _____________ and _____________. a. Humility and vanity. b. Humility and arrogance. c. Vanity and meekness. d. Meekness and arrogance.

Q: According to Thomas Aquinas (in your reading from the text), "Good has the nature of _____________, while evil has a contrary nature." a. an end b. a means c. scientific truth d. indeterminacy

Q: Which of the following is another word for telos. a. nature b. essence c. goal d. human

Q: The opposite of virtue is weakness. a. True b. False

Q: Virtue ethics emphasizes how we should determine what is the right thing to do. a. True b. False

Q: In virtue ethics, the primary goal is to be a good person. a. True b. False

Q: The virtue of courage should enable one to face danger. a. True b. False

Q: One problem for natural rights theory is that not everyone agrees on what human nature requires. a. True b. False

Q: The idea that the basic moral law can be known by human reason is a fundamental tenet of natural law theory. a. True b. False

Q: Laws of nature always refer to a natural law theory of ethics. a. True b. False

Q: According to Thomas Aquinas, reason naturally inclines human beings to be good. a. True b. False

Q: According to natural rights theory, moral requirements cannot be grounded in human nature. a. True b. False

Q: Evolutionary theory may present a challenge to natural law theory. a. True b. False

Q: Civil law is prescriptive and as such tells us how we ought to behave. a. True b. False

Q: Aristotle was the first philosopher to develop a complex ethical philosophy related to the ideas of natural law theory. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: Which of the following philosophers does NOT agree that there is such a thing as human nature? a. St. Augustine. b. Locke. c. Sartre. d. Aristotle.

Q: The Declaration of Independence draws on the theory of a. Plato. b. Locke. c. Aristotle. d. Hobbes. Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: The natural state of human liberty is a state of license according to Locke. a. True b. False

Q: The idea that we know what the basic moral law requires by looking to human nature is a tenet of natural law theory. a. True b. False

Q: Existentialists like Sartre believe that essence precedes existence. a. True b. False

Q: For Locke every person has a distinct right to punish those who transgress the natural law. a. True b. False

Q: Locke argued all humans should be treated equally because we all have the same basic nature. a. True b. False

Q: Using Kant's first form of the categorical imperative, explain why Kant believes that lying is always wrong.

Q: What is the difference between a categorical imperative and a hypothetical imperative? Why does Kant believe that moral obligations should be described as categorical, rather than hypothetical?

Q: Using Kant's second form of the categorical imperative, explain why it should be wrong to steal bread in order to feed a starving child.

Q: The key moral principle for the Stoics was to a. seek just, love mercy, and to walk humbly with God. b. create the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number. c. "know thyself." d. "follow nature."

Q: According to your text, which of the following is NOT a view that Aquinas and Aristotle shared in common? a. That the moral good consists in innate tendencies of our nature. b. That human nature is radically evil. c. That humans are biological beings. d. That humans are sentient animals.

Q: How does the idea of natural law contribute to the idea of natural rights? a. Natural law supposedly tells us what allows human beings to flourish. b. The idea of a natural law makes people happy. c. There is no connection between natural law and natural rights. d. The right to life is natural.

Q: According to Cicero, which of the following is true? a. The natural law is relative to culture. b. Natural law is an evolving phenomenon. c. The natural law is timeless. d. There is no such thing as a natural law.

Q: Is it possible to be both an egoist and, at the same time, accept the natural law view of ethics? Explain.

Q: Is it possible to be both a relativist and, at the same time, accept the natural law view of ethics? Explain.

Q: Explain what "teleological" means and how it relates to natural law theory.

Q: For Thomas Aquinas all laws created by humans are derived from natural law. a. True b. False

Q: I should vote for this proposal so that the others will later vote for mine.

Q: If I want to achieve fame and fortune I should work for it.

Q: I ought to tell the truth because the only way I could lie and get away with it is if people generally are honest. I would be expecting others then to behave in ways that I myself would not.

Q: Whether or not you want to tell her the truth, you ought to do so.

Q: According to Kant, because persons are ends they ought not to be used as means to ends. a. True b. False

Q: According to Kant, moral obligations are hypothetical in nature. a. True b. False

Q: Kant's first form of the categorical imperative is derived from the idea that moral obligation as universally binding. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: According to Kant, the highest moral activity happens as a result of a. Acting out of a will to do the right thing. b. Putting the rights of others before our own rights. c. Acting in ways that benefit everyone. d. Acting to prevent harm.

Q: Moral "oughts" are all of the following EXCEPT a. Unconditional. b. Anchored in the fact that all people are alike as persons. c. Necessary. d. Supported by laws.

Q: According to Kant, we are morally responsible for which of the following? a. For people's understandings of our actions. b. For anticipating the effect of our action. c. For the actual result of our action. d. For our motive to do good or bad.

Q: Hypothetical imperatives are a. Complicated philosophical constructs seeking to arrive at moral goal. b. Like suggesting we should use what works to arrive at a goal. c. Actions that, in theory, should always be taken given certain circumstances d. Actions all people should take to arrive at the same goal.

Q: "Act only on that maxim you can will to become universal law" is known as which form of Kant's categorical imperative? a. First b. Second c. Only d. Third

Q: According to your text, which of the following was one of two main questions Kant asked? a. What ought I do? b. How do I choose right action? c. Why should I act? d. How important are people?

Q: Which of the following best paraphrases Kant's second form of the categorical imperative? a. Think before you act. b. Treat others as well as you can without denying yourself what you need. c. Treat yourself well but watch out for others also. d. Don't use people unless it is in their best interest.

Q: According to Kant, which of the following has the highest intrinsic value? a. Beauty b. Justice c. Personhood d. Happiness Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: According to Kant, one can do what is right and that action still may not have "moral worth." a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is NOT a deontological theory of ethics? a. Kant's categorical imperative. b. Egoism. c. Divine command theory. d. Stoicism. Label as Hypothetical (H) or Categorical (C) imperatives.

Q: According to Kant the moral worth of an act is determined by its consequences. a. True b. False

Q: According to Kant, to act with a "good will" means to do what will benefit others. a. True b. False

Q: The reason why it is wrong to make a lying promise, according to Kant, is because this act cannot be willed as a general practice without contradiction. a. True b. False

Q: According to Kant, the shopkeeper who charges an equal price of all her customers because she likes them is acting "out of duty." a. True b. False

Q: During which centuries did Bentham and Mill publish their utilitarian theories? a. The 1600s and 1700s (A.C.E.). b. The 1700s and 1800s (A.C.E.). c. The 1800s and 1900s (A.C.E.). d. The 1900s and 2000s (A.C.E.). Label as the better choice on utilitarian calculations, A or B, using a scale of -10 (very painful) to +10 (very pleasurable) for degrees of pleasure or happiness.

Q: A will bring 5 people each 8 days of pleasure and 3 people each 2 days of pain, B will bring 8 people each 3 days of pleasure and 1 person 3 days of pain.

Q: A makes 10 people very happy and 2 people very unhappy, B makes 8 people moderately happy and 1 person mildly unhappy. Of which kind of reasoning, Act (A) or Rule (R) Utilitarianism, are the following examples?

Q: We ought to observe copyright rules because if we did not then no one's intellectual property would be safe and this would be a very bad outcome.

Q: If everyone cut in that line, then there would be chaos and that would be bad, so I ought not cut in the line but go to the end. Label as the better choice on utilitarian calculations, A or B, using a scale of -10 (very painful) to +10 (very pleasurable) for degrees of pleasure or happiness.

Q: A makes 5 people happy and no one unhappy, B makes 9 people happy and me unhappy. Of which kind of reasoning, Act (A) or Rule (R) Utilitarianism, are the following examples?

Q: I ought to get more sleep because if I don't I will be no good to myself or others.

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