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Q:
Newborn baby girls are frequently described as strong, big, active, and alert by their parents.
Q:
Explain which nonverbal behaviors may be employed to exert power and control and examine the link to gender.
Q:
A person’s private sense of, and subjective experience of, his or her gender is called
A. monitoring.
B. internalization.
C. gender identity.
D. ego boundaries.
E. gender constancy.
Q:
Which of the following is true, according to psychoanalytic theorists?
A. Children of both sexes usually form their first identification with an adult woman.
B. Boys identify more closely with their fathers than girls identify with their mothers.
C. For a girl to fully form her identity, she must repress her original identification with her mother.
D. At around the age of one year, male and female development diverges dramatically.
E. All of the above.
Q:
The point at which an individual stops and the rest of the world begins is called a(n)
A. gender identity.
B. gender constancy.
C. ego boundary.
D. masculine speech community.
E. none of the above.
Q:
What has research found about social aggression in girls?
A. It is often physical.
B. It includes spreading rumors.
C. It happens very infrequently.
D. It has decreased in the last 5 years.
E. It tends to end by the time girls are in high school.
Q:
Even when people Kathy hardly knows tell her about their emotions and private lives she feels very connected to them. Kathy could be described as
A. having thick (or rigid) ego boundaries.
B. having thin (or permeable) ego boundaries.
C. having unstable gender constancy.
D. having an androgynous gender identification.
E. having an unstable sense of self.
Q:
Allison is a thirty-year-old mother of two young sons. She and her partner, Mike, both have full time jobs. At work, Allison constantly feels pressure to work hard for promotion to the next level in her career. At home, she worries frequently that she’s not spending enough time with her sons and that her house is never clean enough. What theme of cultural expectations of women is Allison experiencing?
A. Be superwoman.
B. Be sensitive and caring.
C. Appearance still counts.
D. Negative treatment by others.
E. None of the above.
Q:
Derek is frustrated because his girlfriend wants him to speak openly about his feelings, but his male friends make fun of him for showing. Which of the following elements of masculine socialization in the United States best describes both of these pressures Derek feels?
A. Don’t be female.
B. Be aggressive.
C. Follow the boy code.
D. Embody and transcend traditional views of masculinity.
E. Be successful.
Q:
Which of the following is generally true of mothers’ communication with their children?
A. Mothers tend to communicate with children more than fathers.
B. Mothers typically focus on providing comfort, security, and emotional development.
C. Mothers tend to talk about numbers with their sons more often than their daughters.
D. Mothers engage in more eye contact and face-to-face interaction with children than do fathers.
E. All of the above.
Q:
Before leaving for work every morning, Laura spends about 90 minutes styling her hair and applying her makeup. Before bed each night, she carefully selects the outfit she will wear to work in the morning. At Laura’s office, the list of requirements for women in the dress code is two pages long. The requirements for men fill barely half a page. Which theme of femininity does this describe?
A. Appearance still counts.
B. Being superwoman.
C. Being treated negatively by others.
D. There is no single definition of femininity today.
E. Being sensitive.
Q:
Daniel works as a barista at a small coffee house in New York City. He loves his job and his customers love him. He has a very small apartment that he shares with a roommate. His salary allows him to eat at restaurants a few times a month and to visit his sister in another state a couple of times a year. Daniel is mostly satisfied with his life. However, he feels a lot of pressure from his parents, especially his father, to go out and find a job in his college major of economics. Daniel’s father frequently derides the coffee house job and the size of Daniel’s apartment. What theme of masculinity is described here?
A. Don’t be female.
B. Be successful.
C. Be aggressive.
D. Be sexual.
E. Be self-reliant.
Q:
Responsiveness
Q:
Girls typically define their femininity in negative terms—as not masculine or not male.
Q:
Power
Q:
Men tend to have relatively firm ego boundaries.
Q:
What is the relationship level of meaning and how is it conveyed nonverbally? In your answer, be sure to define the three dimensions of relationship level meaning and give examples of each.
Q:
The author of your Gendered Lives textbook states, “members of both sexes often feel pressured to meet current cultural ideals of physical appearance.” Discuss what this means. As part of your answer, be sure to identify and explain the form of nonverbal communication directly relevant to the statement. Be able to discuss gender and race-ethnic variations (if any) in relationship to physical appearance.
Q:
Your book states that toys are powerfully gendered artifacts for children, socializing them into masculine and feminine behaviors from an early age. Describe why toys are so powerful and important and how they influence a child’s gender socialization.
Q:
Paralanguage includes spoken words.
Q:
Women are generally better at reading anger in the faces of others than are men.
Q:
Children’s toys are becoming increasingly gender-neutral; many toy stores and toy catalogs no longer separate “toys for girls” and “toys for boys.”
Q:
Men tend to take up more physical space than women do.
Q:
Artifacts can be a tool to challenge traditional notions of masculinity and femininity.
Q:
Paralanguage
Q:
Artifacts
Q:
Territoriality
Q:
Kinesics
Q:
Haptics
Q:
Proxemics
Q:
Body image disorders only affect women.
Q:
Stace frowns at another boy and turns his back in disgust. Stace’s nonverbal communication is demonstrating the liking dimension of relationship level meaning.
Q:
Carrie and Jennifer are talking in the hallway between classes. Carrie is making eye contact with Jennifer, nodding intently while Jennifer speaks, and occasionally asks questions to clarify what Jennifer is saying. Carrie is using nonverbal communication to regulate interaction.
Q:
Verbal communication conveys the majority of the total meaning during an interaction.
Q:
According to research presented in the Gendered Lives text, which of the following is true about smiling?
A. Women generally smile more than men.
B. Smiling is an example of haptics.
C. African American women are socialized to smile more than Caucasian women.
D. Men generally smile more than women.
E. Research has shown that men and women smile about the same amounts.
Q:
During conversation, Alyssa holds steady eye contact with her friend to indicate she is listening. Alyssa’s eye contact is an example of
A. haptics.
B. proxemics.
C. kinesics.
D. artifacts.
E. power.
Q:
There are several common communication problems that may occur when people from different gendered speech communities interact. List and describe 3 of them.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about body image?
A. In general, men and boys are more satisfied with the way they look than are women and girls.
B. Men increasingly access noninvasive cosmetic treatments such as Botox and Dysport injections.
C. Men are increasingly seeking to meet body ideals by exercising and taking fitness supplements.
D. Binge eating seems to be increasing among men.
E. All of the above.
Q:
People from which demographic group are most likely to strive to achieve unrealistic body ideals?
A. African American women
B. Caucasian women
C. African American men
D. Caucasian men
E. A and B
Q:
The CEO at the company you work for has a spacious corner office all to herself while the rest of the employees share offices or work in cubicles. What form of nonverbal communication is indicating a power differential here?
A. kinesics
B. haptics
C. proxemics
D. territoriality
E. environmental factors
Q:
Which of the following has been advanced as an explanation for gender- and sex- related differences in ability to decode and interpret others’ nonverbal communication?
A. Men and women have biological sex-related differences in brain functioning that influence their ability to understand nonverbal communication.
B. As part of their socialization to be sensitive to and build relationships, females learn to decode nonverbal communication.
C. According to standpoint theory, women must learn to interpret others in order to survive as subordinate members of society.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above. There are no gender- and sex-related differences in ability to decode and interpret others’ nonverbal communication.
Q:
Three-year-old Kate falls and scrapes her knees on the playground. Her mother runs to her, scoops her up into her arms, and cuddles Kate until she stops crying. What aspect of nonverbal communication is being used here?
A. kinesics
B. artifacts
C. the responsiveness dimension of relationship level of meaning
D. the liking dimension of relationship level of meaning
E. haptics
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways nonverbal communication can function?
A. to regulate interaction
B. to establish liking
C. to supplement verbal communication
D. to establish power
E. to give a detailed description of an event
Q:
Which of the following is true about men’s clothing?
A. It is generally not as colorful or bright as women’s.
B. Pockets are used for decorative touches, but not utilitarian purposes.
C. They tend to fit close to the body.
D. Shoes are meant to flatter the legs at the expense of comfort.
E. All of the above.
Q:
Which of the following statements about haptics are accurate?
A. Men are more likely to initiate friendly touch than women are.
B. Parents tend to touch daughters more often and more gently than they do sons.
C. Touch is a type of nonverbal that does not differ much at all across cultures.
D. Women tend to be more likely to use physical force than men.
E. Haptics is a type of nonverbal communication that includes how much space a person uses.
Q:
Female athletes are less susceptible to developing eating disorders than are the rest of the female population.
Q:
Wood argues that language defines men and women differently. Explain the different ways men and women are defined and provide examples to support your claims.
Q:
Speech community
Q:
“Salad bowl” metaphor
Q:
The Point of the Story
Q:
Voice
Q:
Gender-linked language effect
Q:
Agenda-setting
Q:
Polarized thinking
Q:
We have not provided essay bullets for the following essays because the answers should attempt to synthesize the entire course. We hope these questions provide helpful examples to provoke such responses. Identify one issue you consider especially important in the ongoing cultural conversation about gender. Explain why you regard this issue as particularly pivotal now and how different resolutions of it might affect social life. Throughout your Gendered Lives textbook and especially in the final chapter, Julia T. Wood encourages you to become an active and critical member of society. Explain what this means pertinent to individual and social views of gender. Discuss how laws and organizational policies that regulate leaves from work influence gender roles in families. In your essay, explain both how laws and policies shape family life and how family life sculpts the kinds of laws and policies that are endorsed in the society. Queer performative theory argues that gender is performed; at the same time, gender performances are enacted within a context that defines the possibilities that exist and what gender means. Reflect on an instance of gender performance that you think may broaden gender norms and discuss how this performance works with cultural norms to push gender boundaries. This gender performance may be real (Lady Gaga comes to mind) or hypothetical. Drawing on all of your readings and class discussions, and especially on Chapters 3 and 4, define and discuss the sameness-difference (or sexual equality-sexual difference) debate. What are the positions in this debate and what are the social, legal, and personal implications of the different positions? Class discussions and the textbook have emphasized this point: gender is constructed. Explain what it means to claim that gender is constructed. Your response should define gender and describe HOW gender is constructed and how it is changed over time. In addition, your response should discuss what viewing gender as a social construction implies for individual action and agency. Include specific examples of how gender is constructed, reproduced, and changed. What does feminism mean to you? Are you a feminist? Consider the conversations and readings that we have done over the semester. The textbook and the class have discussed ways gender norms have changed as a result of feminist and men’s movements. Name what you believe to be the three most significant changes that have resulted from these movements and explain why you believe they are significant.
Q:
Minimal response cues
Q:
Stereotype
Q:
Male generic language
Q:
Compare and contrast the rules of communication that are promoted in games typically played by boys and games typically played by girls. Discuss the implications of these games for communication by adult women and men.
Q:
One of the connections between language and gender identified in your textbook is that language evaluates gender. What implications does this insight have for individuals’ language use?
Q:
Your friend Marcie tells you that she is frustrated with her boyfriend. She says, “Lucas never wants to talk about us—really he doesn’t want to talk about anything! His idea of a great time together is going to a basketball game. Honestly, why doesn’t he realize that talk is the basis of a relationship?” Given what you know about speech communities and models of closeness, how might you respond to Marcie about her assumptions and alternatives she might make instead? Be sure to use specific terms and material from class.
Q:
When home on break, you hear a friend use male-generic language. When you tell your friend it is sexist, your friend wants to know why. Based on what you have learned in this class, how might you explain to your friend that using such language is problematic?
Q:
Direct power
Q:
The common belief that women are more talkative than men is supported by research.
Q:
Which of the following are metaphors that seek to recognize diversity in the United States without obscuring difference?
A. a melting pot
B. a cake mix
C. a Venn diagram
D. a quilt
E. all of the above
Q:
Speakers socialized in a masculine speech community tend to use talk to gain and show status.
Q:
Which of the following statements about difference does your book support?
A. Difference causes strife in organizations.
B. We should seek to minimize differences and emphasize commonalities.
C. Diversity already exists, and it can be a tool to enrich relationships and organizations.
D. Diversity is declining in the United States.
E. The melting pot is the best metaphor to describe difference in the United States.
Q:
Children’s play is very important in how they become socialized into speech communities.
Q:
Masculine speech community members are less likely than feminine speech community members to want to talk about the “state of the relationship.”
Q:
The current generation will have very little opportunity to enact change concerning gender.
Q:
Women tend to interrupt others more than men.
Q:
Differences are valuable and desirable.
Q:
Research has shown people think male generic language includes men and women.
Q:
Agenda-setting is an important way to influence cultural views of gender.
Q:
Making time to think about issues raised in this book is part of developing your voice.
Q:
Tag question
Q:
Which of the following is true about taking voice and enacting change?
A. Change comes primarily through the use of direct power – making people do what they would not do on their own.
B. The only people with the ability to engage in agenda setting have formal power, such as newspaper editors and television producers.
C. Taking voice and enacting change are processes.
D. The responsibility for taking voice and enacting change around gender norms rests primarily with men.
E. The responsibility for taking voice and enacting change around gender norms rests primarily with women.
Q:
Masculine speakers tend to make eye contact, nod, and say things like “tell me more,” while speaking to others.
Q:
Your Gendered Lives textbook states that the forms of influence you have on cultural views of gender include
A. individual choice, policy change, and political movements.
B. traitorous identity, teaching children, and empowering others.
C. addressing backlash, profeminist movements, and feminist movements.
D. direct power, agenda setting, and voice.
E. participating in backlash, personal choice, and agenda setting.
Q:
Girls’ games tend to lack clear structure and external goals.