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Q:
Social learning theory
Q:
Lilly Ledbetter:
Q:
Cognitive development theory
Q:
Performative theory says that gender is not a thing we have, but is instead a thing we do.
Q:
Affirmative action is a quota system that states a number of minorities that must be hired, admitted, or promoted, regardless of qualifications.
Q:
Biological theory says that genes, hormones, and brain structure are the basis of gender difference.
Q:
The glass escalator is the idea that when women take jobs in male dominated fields, they are often quick to rise through the ranks of those fields.
Q:
Biological theory suggests that men and women’s brains are formed and develop differently, resulting in different behaviors and characteristics.
Q:
Topic or question should be authored by a student. See pages 7-8 of this manual for details on this activity.
Q:
Men and women have hormonal cycles that can affect their behavior.
Q:
Women’s careers can be hampered by which of the following informal practices? A. male mentors who attempt to impose male values and styles on women B. workplace environments that focus on families and relationships C. informal networks that require women to join men in games of golf and other sports, activities most women do not enjoy D. segregation into jobs that offer little or no opportunity for advancement E. all of the above
Q:
According to psychodynamic theories, the first relationship we have fundamentally influences how we define our gender identity.
Q:
Both Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin were judged based on their adherence (or lack thereof) to the sex object stereotype during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign.
Q:
According to psychodynamic theorists, gender identity becomes fixed early in life.
Q:
Fortune 500 companies that have a strong record of promoting women to executive levels outperform other Fortune 500 companies.
Q:
According to standpoint theory, all perspectives on social life are equally insightful.
Q:
In the United States, companies are required to grant leaves to care for new babies or sick family members as mandated by the FMLA.
Q:
Queer theory states that identity categories are limiting and meaningless.
Q:
Because men have dominated in the workplace in the past, many informal networks are largely or exclusively male.
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why women workers tend to lack mentor relationships?
A. Fewer women and minorities hold senior positions in many organizations.
B. Men are often reluctant to mentor women for fear of gossip and innuendo.
C. Men often assume that women are less serious about their careers.
D. Some men are less comfortable with women than men.
E. All of the above.
Q:
Parents’ roles in children’s gender development are seen as unimportant by cognitive development theory.
Q:
________ are policies that judge effectiveness based on intention rather than results.
A. Affirmative action
B. Quotas
C. Equal opportunity laws
D. Informal networks
E. All of the above
Q:
The best way to explain sex and gender is through interpersonal and cultural theories.
Q:
At work, Nick feels pressure to be a pillar of strength among his colleagues. When he runs into trouble with a project, he feels like he cannot ask for help because others expect him to be independent and doing so may suggest he is not competent. What stereotype of men in the workplace does this kind of pressure reflect?
A. sturdy oak
B. breadwinner
C. iron man
D. fighter
E. glass wall
Q:
According to standpoint theory
A. people with the most social privilege are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
B. people who are privileged in some ways but disadvantaged in others are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
C. people with the least social privilege are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
D. no group is more likely than another to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
Q:
Brendan is struggling to understand how to use the new reporting software his company has adopted. Rather than asking the IT director for help, Brendan keeps doing Google searches to try to answer his questions. Brendan is exhibiting what stereotype of men in the workplace?
A. fighter
B. sturdy oak
C. breadwinner
D. athlete
E. cowboy
Q:
David is a stay-at-home father of two young daughters who attends a “mommy and me” playgroup for young children and their caregivers. He is the only male caregiver to attend the group. According to standpoint theory, which statement(s) best explain(s) this scenario?
A. As members of different genders, David and the female caregivers have developed different ways of thinking about parenting, different techniques for parenting, and different skills for parenting.
B. David and the mothers’ viewpoints are limited and partial.
C. David may view parenting differently from the mothers’ perspectives based on their different standpoints.
D. It would be possible for David and the mothers in the group to work to understand the others’ standpoints.
E. All of the above
Q:
Brown v. Board of Education led to what efforts to redress inequities in the United States?
A. equal opportunity laws
B. affirmative action
C. quotas
D. goals
E. sexual harassment laws
Q:
Children learn who they are and what that means in their culture through interaction with parents, teachers, and friends. Through this, they learn gender roles for men and women and may internalize them. Which theory does this definition best describe?
A. cognitive development
B. social learning
C. psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic)
D. biological
E. symbolic interactionism
Q:
Equal opportunity laws
A. apply to groups, not individuals, that have suffered discrimination.
B. deal only with the present—not historical—discrimination.
C. are judged by results, not intent.
D. are the same thing as affirmative action.
E. state how many minorities must be hired, promoted, or admitted at an institution.
Q:
Kate explains, “When I was a little girl, I always wanted to be outside playing and getting dirty. However, my mom dressed me in fussy clothes with lots of ruffles and bows, and dressy shoes that were hard to play in. If I did manage to go outside and I got my clothes and shoes dirty, my mom would be upset with me. I hated wearing those clothes, but I saw how happy it made my mom when I wore them and kept them clean, so I kept on wearing them.”
A. social learning theory
B. cognitive development theory
C. queer theory
D. symbolic interactionism
E. standpoint theory
Q:
Anna and Ben are up for the same promotion at work. When it comes time to make a decision, the management committee chooses Ben for the position because they think Anna’s commitment to being a good mother to her children would prevent her from wanting to take on more responsibilities at the office. Anna has just encountered what?
A. glass walls
B. FMLA
C. affirmative action
D. the glass ceiling
E. none of the above
Q:
“Glass wall” is a metaphor to describe
A. the invisible barrier to women’s advancement in the workplace.
B. a new technology that lets supervisors monitor employees.
C. the difference in pay that women and men receive for the same job.
D. sex segregation of jobs based on stereotypes of women.
E. leave policies that discourage men from taking family leave.
Q:
Affirmative action laws
A. attempt to redress past discrimination for members of historically marginalized groups.
B. apply only to individuals, not groups that have experienced discrimination.
C. judge organizations by the intent of their hiring, admission, and promotion practices rather than end results.
D. sometimes result in unqualified candidates being hired, admitted, or promoted.
E. Mandate a number of people that must be hired, admitted, or promoted at an organization.
Q:
Gender schema theory claims that by the age of two, children use the concept of gender to organize their understandings.
Q:
When parents who seek to promote traditional gendered behaviors in their children reward tomboys for wearing frilly dresses or punish effeminate boys for playing with Barbies, they are assuming which theory of gender?
A. biological theory
B. psychodynamic theory
C. social learning theory
D. symbolic interaction theory
E. standpoint theory
Q:
When LaKisha does not get a promotion she was expecting, she asks her supervisor to explain what happened. He tells her that the partners in the firm felt that the promotion would have created a lot of pressure on her and they wanted to protect her from that. The partners’ evaluation of LaKisha reflects which stereotype of women?
A. victim
B. mother
C. sex object
D. child
E. none of the above
Q:
At age 3, Bonnie realizes she is female and she wants to become skilled at being a girl. She begins to watch her mother and older sister and to model her behaviors after theirs. Bonnie’s efforts to learn how to act feminine are best explained by which theory?
A. cognitive development
B. social learning
C. psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic)
D. biological
E. both B and C
Q:
The assumption that careers must follow linear, full-time patterns
A. is based on work-patterns of previous eras that assumed a typical employee was a male worker with a stay-at-home wife.
B. leads many women to choose to forego having families.
C. negatively affects both men’s and women’s career trajectories.
D. correctly assumes that workers are most productive and successful when they remain invested in and committed to a job for a long period of time and without interruption.
E. has been rejected by most contemporary major corporations.
Q:
Unlike sex, gender is a relational concept. Explain what this means and the implications of it, and give an example that illustrates your point.
Q:
The author of your textbook writes that gendered orientations influence four dimensions of long-term love relationships: modes of expressing care, needs for autonomy and connection, responsibility for relational maintenance, and power. Discuss how heterosexual couples may differ from same-sex couples on two of the four dimensions.
Q:
What is the difference between being transgendered and transsexual?
Q:
Describe the division of labor in a typical heterosexual household. Why does the division exist in this form? Do you think it is possible for the division of labor in the home to be exactly equal? Why or why not?
Q:
Describe three cultural structures and practices that reflect and promote a culture’s views of gender and sex.
Q:
Reflect on a nonromantic, close, same-sex friendship. In what ways does your friendship match or deviate patterns of friendships described in the book?
Q:
Which of the following is generally true?
A. Most women use only the right lobe of their brain.
B. Most men use only the left lobe of their brain.
C. Most men’s brains are more highly integrated than most women’s brains.
D. A and B
E. None of the above
Q:
One way to pose questions for this (and several other) chapters is to present them as advice column questions, with the students being the “experts” who respond. Another similar option is to present a question as if it is the student’s friend asking him/her for advice since the friend knows the student is in a Gender and Communication class. Students tend to enjoy these questions and they give them the opportunity to integrate the material in ways that are applicable to their lives. It is often helpful to integrate material from several chapters in the questions. Some examples include:
Q:
Research into female hormones asserts that
A. estrogen causes women’s bodies to produce “good” cholesterol and to make blood vessels flexible.
B. estrogen strengthens the immune system, making women less susceptible to immune disorders, infections, and viruses.
C. estrogen causes more fat tissue to form around a woman’s hips, providing cushioning for a fetus during pregnancy.
D. estrogen causes the liver to process alcohol more slowly, making women quicker to feel the effects of alcohol.
E. all of the above
Q:
In the movie When Harry Met Sally, Harry says to Sally that men and women cannot be friends. Your book discusses some challenges and benefits of cross-sex friendships. Note at least two challenges and two benefits of cross-sex friendships. For each of the challenges you mention, note one way that friends could help to navigate that potential issue.
Q:
Which of the following is/are true of queer theory?
A. Queer theory critiques what we consider to be normal and abnormal.
B. Queer theory applies to only gay people, not heterosexual people.
C. Queer theory focuses on sexuality as the most important identity marker.
D. Queer theory advocates for more defined identity categories.
E. All of the above
Q:
The Lilly Ledbetter Act of 2009
A. bars employers from retaliating against employees who ask about pay schedules.
B. states that wage discrimination occurs whenever an employee receives discriminatory pay.
C. overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine.
D. requires federal employers to provide maternity leave for all employees.
E. expands the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).
Q:
Identify general patterns of similarities and differences in how masculine and feminine communication occurs within same sex friendships. (To make this question more challenging and integrate Chapter 7 material, add: Explain how these differences grow out of gendered family socialization.)
Q:
Socialization into gendered speech communities can make it challenging for men and women to be friends.
Q:
Intersexed
Q:
Gay and lesbian couples tend to share perspectives on how to communicate affection.
Q:
Transsexual
Q:
Male deficit model
Q:
Cisgendered:
Q:
Second shift
Q:
Feminine ruler:
Q:
Patriarchy
Q:
Alternative paths model
Q:
Transgendered
Q:
The Mommy Myth
Q:
Popular psychology books often profile the behaviors and characteristics of the
“opposite sexes.” Based on your understanding of material from Chapter 1, how would you critique this labeling of men and women? Make sure your answer demonstrates your understanding of essentializing, androgyny, and sex and gender. The framework for the answer to this essay may be found throughout Chapter 1.
Q:
Psychological responsibility
Q:
The term “cis” has come to be used to designate a person who fits conventional gender categories. Explain how cis is used and why it is an important word.
Q:
Define levels of meaning in communication and provide a concrete example of each level of meaning.
Q:
In a heterosexual relationship, the male partner would be the one most likely to be responsible for remembering the child’s doctor’s appointments.
Q:
Gender identity is the same thing as one’s biological sex.
Q:
Typically, men do not value friendships as much as women.
Q:
Most transsexuals experience a change in their sexual orientation after transitioning.
Q:
Cross-sex friendships tend to benefit women more than men.
Q:
Content and relational levels of meaning
Q:
Men who have sex with a lot of partners tend to be judged more harshly than women who do the same.
Q:
Essentializing
Q:
Gay and lesbian relationships tend to follow a best-friend model with the additional dimensions of sexuality and romance.
Q:
Sex
Q:
Lesbians report greater satisfaction with their romantic relationships than either gay men or heterosexuals.
Q:
Gender