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Q:
The process that makes it possible for sperm to penetrate the egg is called __________.
A. sperm migration
B. capacitation
C. the cortical reaction
D. morulation
E. cleavage
Q:
In the slow block to polyspermy, sperm penetration releases an inflow of __________, which in turn stimulates the __________.
A. Cl-; corona radiata
B. K+; zona pellucida
C. Na+; fertilization membrane
D. Ca2+; fertilization membrane
E. Ca2+; cortical reaction
Q:
During implantation, the embryoblast undergoes gastrulation.
Q:
The embryonic stage extends from 16 days through the end of week 8.
Q:
The chorion forms the fetal part of the placenta.
Q:
The placenta begins to form after week 8.
Q:
Trophoblastic nutrition refers to the nutrition of the conceptus before it implants.
Q:
Older people may require lower drug doses than younger people because __________.
A. their organs are more sensitive to drugs
B. they have lower rates of renal clearance
C. they do not absorb as much drug from the small intestine
D. there is less tissue mass to treat
E. a lifetime of mutations results in unpredictable drug reactions
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding telomeres?
A. Telomeres are cytoplasmic enzymes involved in senescence.
B. Telomeres are antioxidants that slow the progress of senescence.
C. Telomeres are DNA segments at each end of a chromosome.
D. Telomeres are proteins that cap the ends of the chromosomes.
E. Telomeres are motor molecules that guide embryonic cells to the right destinations.
Q:
The observation that there is a limit to how many times a cell can divide is the basis for the __________ theory of senescence.
A. autoimmune
B. free radical
C. cross-linking
D. replicative
E. abortive
Q:
Which of the following systems shows the least overall senescence?
A. Muscular system
B. Endocrine system
C. Integumentary system
D. Reproductive system
E. Urinary system
Q:
Senescence of the immune system makes older people more susceptible to cancer and infectious disease because of a decline in __________.
A. alpha and beta globulins
B. red blood cells and platelets
C. complement proteins
D. prothrombin and fibrinogen
E. antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells
Q:
Which of the following is not a known benefit of regular exercise?
A. Maintained joint mobility
B. Maintained strength
C. Decreased incidence of hypertension
D. Maintained endurance
E. Prolonged life expectancy
Q:
Which of the following is not a known cause of congenital anomalies?
A. Infectious disease in the mother during pregnancy
B. A genetic disorder
C. Exposure to teratogens during pregnancy
D. Smoking during lactation
E. Smoking during pregnancy
Q:
Sperm must travel to the distal end of the uterine tube to encounter the egg before it dies.
Q:
The slow block refers to the mechanism that prevents fertilization of another egg when one is already pregnant.
Q:
The fertilization membrane is the endometrial tissue that receives the conceptus.
Q:
Cleavage results in daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Q:
Only autosomal trisomies involving chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 are survivable. Why would this be?
A. These are relatively short chromosomes.
B. These are relatively long chromosomes.
C. These are relatively gene-poor chromosomes.
D. These are redundant chromosomes.
E. These chromosomes have no genes.
Q:
Urine retention is a greater problem for elderly men than for elderly women because men __________.
A. can develop benign prostatic hyperplasia
B. have larger bladders
C. have weaker urinary sphincters
D. have narrower ureters
E. have fewer glomeruli
Q:
Which of the following is not a reason muscular weakness tends to develop in old age?
A. Aged muscle has less glycogen, myoglobin, and creatine phosphate.
B. There are fewer motor neurons in the spinal cord.
C. Aged muscle fibers have fewer myofibrils.
D. There are fewer and smaller mitochondria in aged muscle.
E. The myocytes of aged muscle no longer synthesize myosin.
Q:
During climacteric, women secrete __________.
A. less estrogen and progesterone
B. more estrogen and progesterone
C. less estrogen and more progesterone
D. more estrogen and less progesterone
Q:
Which of the following is true of the female sexual response?
A. Women do not have a refractory period and may quickly experience additional orgasms.
B. The engorged clitoris can swing upward away from the body like the penis.
C. The vagina has a high concentration of sensory nerve endings.
D. The uterus tilts forward over the urinary bladder during excitement.
Q:
Why do pregnant women often have heartburn?
A. The mother's body is purging itself of toxins to protect the fetus.
B. Elevated levels of estrogens cause morning sickness.
C. There is reduced intestinal motility.
D. As the uterus enlarges it pushes upward on the stomach, causing gastric reflux.
Q:
Women with morning sickness tend to prefer spicy and pungent foods.
Q:
"False labor" is a result of what type of contractions?
A. Graafian
B. Masters Johnson
C. Braxton Hicks
D. Skene
Q:
When an infant suckles at its mother's breast, milk moves through the breast structures in what order?
A. Acinus - lactiferous duct - lactiferous sinus - nipple
B. Lactiferous duct - acinus - lactiferous sinus - nipple
C. Lactiferous sinus - lactiferous duct - acinus - nipple
D. Lactiferous sinus - acinus - lactiferous duct - nipple
Q:
How is colostrum different than breast milk?
A. It has one-third less protein.
B. It has one-third less lactose.
C. It has one-third less fat.
D. It has one-third the number of immunoglobulins.
Q:
Which of the following is not a benefit of breast feeding?
A. It is more easily digested and absorbed than cow's milk.
B. It helps clear meconium from the baby's intestine.
C. It reduces the incidence of jaundice in neonates.
D. It prevents colonization of the neonatal intestine with beneficial bacteria.
Q:
Which of the following organ systems faces the greatest physiological challenge in the transitional period after birth?
A. Muscular system
B. Integumentary system
C. Respiratory system
D. Circulatory system
E. Nervous system
Q:
A teratogen is most likely to cause __________.
A. a deformity of the limbs
B. aneuploidy
C. trisomy
D. nondisjunction
E. a mutation
Q:
Which of the following does not have potentially teratogenic effects?
A. Smoking
B. Alcohol
C. Infectious diseases
D. Sunlight
E. X-rays
Q:
Down syndrome (trisomy-21) results from _________.
A. a mutagen
B. nondisjunction
C. a teratogen
D. a sex-linked mutation
E. an autosomal recessive allele
Q:
The most likely outcome of nondisjunction is the production of a gamete receiving __________.
A. no chromosomes
B. 46 chromosomes
C. 44 chromosomes
D. 23 chromosomes
E. 22 chromosomes
Q:
The ovary receives blood from which artery/arteries?
A. Ovarian
B. Uterine
C. Ovarian and uterine
D. Broad
E. Ovarian and broad
Q:
The __________ sometimes expels copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate.
A. prostate gland
B. paraurethral glands
C. bulbourethral glands
D. vestibular bulb
E. vaginal epithelium
Q:
During the plateau phase of the sexual response, the glans and clitoris swell as the deep arteries dilate and the __________ engorge with blood.
A. uterine walls
B. vaginal walls
C. corpora cavernosa
D. corpus spongiosum
E. vestibular glands
Q:
During __________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia.
A. excitement
B. detumescence
C. orgasm
D. resolution
E. pregnancy
Q:
In early pregnancy, what hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum?
A. Human chorionic gonadotropin
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone
C. Human chorionic somatomammotropin
D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E. Progesterone
Q:
Pregnancy kits test for the presence of what hormone?
A. Progesterone
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin
C. Estrogen
D. Leutinizing hormone
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Q:
Contraceptive pills mimic the ___________ feedback effect of ___________.
A. positive; FSH and LH
B. positive; estrogens and progesterone
C. negative; FSH and LH
D. negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
E. negative; estrogens and progesterone
Q:
Between weeks 3 and 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a __________.
A. trophoblast
B. zygote
C. blastocyst
D. embryo
E. fetus
Q:
Which form of estrogen is the most potent in pregnancy?
A. Estriol
B. Estrone
C. Estradiol
D. Androstenedione
E. Equilinin
Q:
Which of the following provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development?
A. The uterus
B. The myometrium
C. The endometrium
D. The blastocyst
E. The placenta
Q:
What is the longest stage of labor?
A. The dilation stage
B. The expulsion stage
C. The placental stage
D. The postpartum stage
E. The puerperium stage
Q:
Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the ___________, which leads to the release of ___________ from the pituitary.
A. mammary acini; oxytocin
B. mammary acini; prolactin
C. nipple and areola; oxytocin
D. nipple and areola; prolactin
E. nipple and areola; progesterone
Q:
Why is breast milk superior to cow's milk for an infant?
A. Cow's milk provides fewer calories per mL.
B. Cow's milk provides less calcium per mL.
C. Cow's milk provides less phosphorous per mL.
D. Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it.
E. It is a myth; cow's milk is equal in quality to breast milk.
Q:
What is the infant's only source of nutrition during the first 2-3 days postpartum?
A. Casein
B. Colostrum
C. Lactose
D. Meconium
E. Fructose
Q:
The medial pole of the ovary is attached to the uterus by which ligament?
A. Suspensory ligament
B. Ovarian ligament
C. Mesovarium
D. Broad ligament
Q:
The anterior margin of the ovary is anchored by a peritoneal fold called the __________.
A. broad ligament
B. ovarian ligament
C. suspensory ligament
D. mesovarium
Q:
What does the term "menstrual cycle" specifically refer to?
A. The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth
B. The events that recur every month during pregnancy
C. The cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause
D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes
E. The cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormonal changes
Q:
What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as?
A. A primary oocyte
B. A secondary oocyte
C. A primary follicle
D. A secondary follicle
E. A tertiary follicle
Q:
Which stage of meiosis is an ovulated egg in?
A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Telophase I
D. Prophase II
E. Metaphase II
Q:
When does an ovum finish meiosis?
A. During fertilization
B. During implantation
C. While in a secondary follicle
D. While in a primary follicle
E. While in a tertiary follicle
Q:
Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone?
A. FSH
B. LH
C. Estradiol
D. Progesterone
E. HCG
Q:
In ovulation, after expelling the oocyte the follicle becomes a __________ and secretes __________.
A. corpus albicans; FSH and LH
B. corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone
C. corpus luteum; FSH and LH
D. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
E. corpus albicans; progesterone
Q:
What is a follicle composed of?
A. An organ in the ovary
B. An oocyte
C. An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells
D. A group of granulosa cells
E. A group of follicular cells
Q:
Which follicle stage is characterized by the development of a corona radiata?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Graafian
Q:
When does oogenesis begin?
A. During embryonic development
B. At birth
C. During thelarche
D. During pubarche
E. During menarche
Q:
In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as __________.
A. Primary follicles
B. Secondary follicles
C. Tertiary follicles
D. Graafian follicles
E. Primordial follicles
Q:
During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete __________, which stimulates secretion of __________.
A. estradiol; LH
B. estradiol; FSH
C. estradiol; GnRH
D. progesterone; FSH
E. progesterone; LH
Q:
Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase?
A. GnRH
B. FSH
C. LH
D. Progesterone
E. Estradiol
Q:
What hormone(s) inhibit(s) the secretion of FSH and LH during the female sexual cycle?
A. GnRH
B. Estradiol and progesterone
C. Estradiol
D. Progesterone
E. Androgens
Q:
What do lutein cells develop from?
A. The corona radiata
B. The corpus luteum
C. The theca interna
D. The granulosa cells
E. The corpus albicans
Q:
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one associated with menstrual cramps?
A. Proliferative
B. Secretory
C. Follicular
D. Premenstrual
E. Luteal
Q:
During climacteric, what can cause hot flashes?
A. Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries
B. Vasodilation of cutaneous arteries
C. Vasodilation of cranial arteries
D. Vasoconstriction of cranial arteries
E. Vasodilation of facial arteries
Q:
Which of the following occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. Several follicles are developing an antrum
B. The corpus luteum is shrinking
C. The corpus luteum is enlarging
D. Oogonia are transforming into primary oocytes
E. The oocyte completes meiosis II
Q:
What provides most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement?
A. Seminiferous tubules
B. Vaginal mucosa
C. Vestibular bulbs
D. Greater vestibular glands
E. Lesser vestibular glands
Q:
The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of __________.
A. perimetrium
B. endometrium
C. dense regular connective tissue
D. dense irregular connective tissue
E. myometrium
Q:
Which of these is not found in the vestibule?
A. Urinary orifice
B. Mons pubis
C. Vaginal orifice
D. Labia minora
E. Clitoris
Q:
__________ are found in both male and female external genitalia, but the ___________ is/are only found in the female.
A. Corpora cavernosa; urethral orifice
B. Corpora cavernosa; bulbourethral glands
C. Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs
D. Corpus spongiosum; mons pubis
E. Corpus spongiosum; urethral orifice
Q:
When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts?
A. During the last weeks of fetal development
B. At birth
C. During infancy
D. During puberty
E. During pregnancy
Q:
What determines breast size?
A. The amount of adipose tissue
B. The amount of collagenous fiber
C. The size of lactiferous sinuses
D. The amount of mammary gland tissue
E. Muscle tone
Q:
Where are follicles located?
A. Medulla of the ovary
B. Cortex of the ovary
C. Center of the ovum
D. Epithelium of the endometrium
E. Epithelium of the placenta
Q:
What is the earliest sign of puberty in girls?
A. The onset of breast development
B. The appearance of pubic and axillary hair
C. The appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands
D. The first menstrual period
E. The increase in muscle mass
Q:
Which of the following is considered a "feminizing hormone"?
A. Female gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone
C. Androgen
D. Androgen and progesterone
E. Estrogen
Q:
Which hormone acts primarily on the uterus?
A. Estrogen
B. Androgen
C. Progesterone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
E. Luteinizing hormone
Q:
The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is characteristic of which stage of puberty?
A. Menopause
B. Climacteric
C. Thelarche
D. Pubarche
E. Menarche
Q:
What is the midlife change in estrogen and progesterone levels referred to as?
A. Climacteric
B. Menopause
C. Atresia
D. Menarche
E. Pubarche
Q:
What is the cessation of menstruation referred to as?
A. Menarche
B. Menopause
C. Climacteric
D. Pubarche