Q&A Hero

Q: Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born.

Q: Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cell of the mammary acini.

Q: Which of the following is a part of the internal female genitalia? A. Vagina B. Clitoris C. Labia majora D. Labia minora E. Mammary gland

Q: In which structure does fertilization usually occur? A. Urethra B. Uterus C. Ovary D. Urinary bladder E. Uterine tube

Q: Which of the following structures is composed of a theca folliculi, granulosa cells, a zona pellucida, and a secondary oocyte? A. Primary follicle B. Secondary follicle C. Tertiary follicle D. Corpus luteum E. Corpus albicans

Q: What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus? A. Uterine tube B. Vagina C. Urethra D. Vas deferens E. Copulatory duct

Q: Which uterine layer is composed of a simple columnar epithelium containing tubular glands? A. Fimbrium B. Myometrium C. Endometrium D. Cervix E. Perimetrium

Q: Which of the following is not a component of the vulva? A. Vaginal orifice B. Mons pubis C. Clitoris D. Cervix E. Labia minora

Q: In the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, which arteries rhythmically constrict and dilate causing endometrial ischemia? A. Uterine B. Arcuate C. Spiral D. Internal iliac E. Ovarian

Q: After puberty, which epithelium lines the vagina? A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Stratified squamous epithelium C. Transitional epithelium D. Simple columnar epithelium E. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Q: Where does an embryo usually attach to its mother? A. To the endometrium B. To the perimetrium C. To the myometrium D. To the lining of the uterine tube E. To the lining of the vagina

Q: Unlike men, women lack a refractory period and may experience successive orgasms.

Q: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to grow and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Q: Progesterone stimulates uterine contractions.

Q: Sildenafil (Viagra) prolongs erection by __________. A. activating nitric oxide (NO) production B. inactivating guanylate cyclase C. stimulating production of cGMP D. inhibiting degradation of cGMP E. inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production

Q: Which of the following is not a change in the male body that results from puberty? A. Deepening of the voice B. Gain in muscle mass C. Growth of the scrotum and penis D. Acne E. These are all changes associated with male puberty.

Q: Which of the following is not a function of the sustentacular cells? A. They secrete inhibin. B. They secrete androgen-binding protein. C. They secrete testosterone. D. They protect and support the germ cells. E. Their tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier.

Q: In the female fetus, the absence of testosterone results in the development of the external genitalia into clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora.

Q: The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder.

Q: The vagina has no glands but it is moistened by mucus from glands in the cervical canal.

Q: Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary.

Q: Inhibin modulates the secretion of LH.

Q: The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels.

Q: The ovarian cycle typically lasts about 28 days, with day 1 considered to be the first day after ovulation.

Q: Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.

Q: The proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries.

Q: In the excitement phase, the uterus rises from its forward-tilted (anteverted) position.

Q: Which of the following explains the neural mechanism of an erection? A. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. B. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. C. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. D. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. E. It is an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cerebral cortex.

Q: Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the __________. A. excitement phase B. erection of the penis C. climax (orgasm) D. plateau phase E. resolution phase

Q: The haploid result of meiosis I is called a __________. A. spermatogonium B. secondary spermatocyte C. primary spermatocyte D. spermatid E. sperm

Q: In the process of spermiogenesis, __________ become __________. A. spermatocytes; spermatozoa B. spermatozoa; spermatids C. spermatogonia; spermatocytes D. spermatocytes; spermatids E. spermatids; spermatozoa

Q: In meiosis, each parent cell produces __________. A. two haploid cells B. four haploid cells C. two diploid cells D. four diploid cells E. haploid cells that are identical to the parent cell

Q: The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis begins with a __________ and ends with four __________. A. sperm cell; interstitial cells B. sperm cell; sustentacular cells C. secondary spermatocyte; spermatocytes in general D. secondary spermatocyte; germ cells E. germ cell; gametes

Q: At the end of meiosis I there are __________, whereas at the end of meiosis II there is/are __________. A. two diploid cells; one diploid cell B. two diploid cells; one haploid cell C. two diploid cells; four haploid cells D. two haploid cells; four haploid cells E. two haploid cells; one diploid cell

Q: Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction? A. It reduces the size of the gametes. B. It produces at least one gamete that is mobile. C. It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation. D. It ensures that each daughter cell doubles the number of chromosomes. E. It changes the genetic composition of each chromosome.

Q: At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail? A. Spermatozoon B. Spermatid C. Primary spermatocyte D. Secondary spermatocyte E. Spermatogonium

Q: Sperm cells get energy to power their movement from __________, which is contributed by the __________. A. prostaglandins; prostate gland B. sucrose; bulbourethral gland C. fructose; seminal vesicles D. seminogelin; prostate gland E. semen; seminiferous gland

Q: Male infertility (sterility) refers to _________. A. the inability to fertilize an egg B. low sperm count C. a lack of seminal fluid during ejaculation D. low levels of testosterone E. the inability to have an erection

Q: The acrosome contains enzymes used to __________. A. dissolve the mucosa of the vagina B. dissolve the mucosa of the uterus C. dissolve the stickiness of the semen D. penetrate the vagina E. penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum

Q: __________ have 46 chromosomes, whereas __________ have 23. A. Spermatids; spermatozoa B. Primary spermatocytes; spermatids C. Secondary spermatocytes; primary spermatocytes D. Spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes E. Type A spermatogonia; type B spermatogonia

Q: A sperm count any lower than __________ million sperm per mL of semen is usually associated with infertility (sterility). A. 250 to 500 B. 200 to 250 C. 100 to 200 D. 50 to 100 E. 20 to 25

Q: Dilation of the __________ causes the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis to become erect. A. helicine arteries B. internal pudendal (penile) arteries C. dorsal arteries D. dorsal veins E. deep arteries

Q: The orgasm-emission phase of the male sexual response is stimulated by __________. A. efferent sympathetic signals from the sacral region of the spinal cord B. efferent sympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord C. efferent parasympathetic signals from the sacral region of the spinal cord D. efferent parasympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord E. efferent somatic signals from the thoracic region of the spinal cord

Q: Changes called male climacteric are a consequence of a(n) __________. A. increased secretion of estrogens B. increased secretion of progesterone C. decreased secretion of testosterone D. increased secretion of FSH and LH E. increased secretion of GnRH

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier? A. It prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells. B. It prevents heat loss from the testes. C. It prevents blood from getting to the testes. D. It maintains testis temperature at 35 C. E. It maintains testis temperature at 37 C.

Q: By volume, most of the semen is produced in the __________. A. testes B. penis C. prostate gland D. seminal vesicles E. bulbourethral glands

Q: Which of the following are not found in or around the seminiferous tubules? A. Interstitial (Leydig) cells B. Germ cells C. Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells D. Spermatids E. Corpus cavernosum cells

Q: The penile urethra is enclosed by the __________. A. corpus cavernosum B. corpus spongiosum C. trabecular muscle D. prepuce E. frenulum

Q: Men have only one __________. A. bulbourethral gland B. prostate gland C. ejaculatory duct D. seminal vesicle E. corpus cavernosum

Q: Why would an enlarged prostate gland interfere with urination? A. It inhibits urine production. B. It develops calcified deposits that block the urethra. C. It produces thicker prostatic secretions that block the urethra. D. It inhibits the micturition reflex. E. It compresses the urethra.

Q: The penis is innervated by the __________ nerve. A. internal pudendal B. obturator C. penile D. ventral E. external pudendal

Q: Which of the following does not play a role in thermoregulation of the testes? A. The bulbospongiosus muscle B. The cremaster muscle C. The pampiniform plexus of veins D. The countercurrent heat exchanger E. The dartos muscle

Q: When do the testes start secreting testosterone? A. In the first trimester of fetal development B. In the first trimester after birth C. In the first three years after birth D. In the first three years of adolescence E. After the first ejaculation

Q: Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics? A. Estrogen B. Inhibin C. Luteinizing hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone E. Testosterone

Q: Which of the following is an androgen? A. Estrogen B. Progesterone C. Testosterone D. Luteinizing hormone (LH) E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Q: __________ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete __________. A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); LH B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP) C. Luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP) D. Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone E. Luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen

Q: Which hormone suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion? A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) B. Testosterone itself C. Inhibin D. Luteinizing hormone (LH) E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Q: The __________ has/have no androgen receptors and do/does not respond to it. A. germ cells B. muscular tissue C. sustentacular cells D. hypothalamus E. pituitary gland

Q: Which of the following is inhibited by testosterone? A. Libido B. Development of secondary sex organs C. Development of secondary sex characteristics D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion E. Sperm production

Q: Which of the following are primary sex organs? A. Ova B. Uterine tubes C. Breasts D. Ovaries E. Scent glands

Q: Which of the following is a secondary sex organ? A. Testis B. Ovary C. Vagina D. Facial hair E. Distribution of body fat

Q: Gonads begin to develop __________ weeks after fertilization. A. 2 to 3 B. 5 to 6 C. 8 to 9 D. 20 to 24 E. 36 to 38

Q: Whether an organism will be genetically male or female is determined by __________. A. hormonal, genetic and environmental factors B. prenatal hormone exposure C. the egg D. the sperm E. the egg and sperm equally

Q: The gene that codes for the testis-determining factor (TDF) is found in or on the __________. A. Y chromosome B. X chromosome C. gonadal ridges D. fetal testes E. mesonephros

Q: The penis is homologous to the __________. A. labia minora B. mons pubis C. urethra D. vagina E. clitoris

Q: The __________ is the gonad and the __________ is the gamete. A. testis; ovary B. testis; semen C. testis; sperm D. sperm; semen E. semen; sperm

Q: Descent of the testes is stimulated by the __________. A. presence of Y chromosome B. presence of the X chromosome C. absence of the X chromosome D. presence of testosterone E. presence of estrogens

Q: The __________ is an example of the female external genitalia. A. scrotum B. clitoris C. uterine tube D. seminal vesicle E. vagina

Q: The __________ is the small, bilateral organ found lateral to the membranous urethra. A. seminal vesicle B. urethra C. bulbourethral gland D. prostate gland E. ejaculatory duct

Q: The golf-ball sized structure found inferior to the urinary bladder, and surrounding the most proximal portion of the urethra, is called the __________. A. seminal vesicle B. urethra C. bulbourethral gland D. prostate gland E. ejaculatory duct

Q: The __________ is the site of sperm maturation and storage. A. spermatic cord B. epididymis C. rete testis D. seminiferous tubules E. ductus (vas) deferens

Q: The deep region of the penis, surrounding the urethra, that engorges with blood during an erection is known as the ___________. A. epididymis B. corpus spongiosum C. corpus cavernosum D. scrotum E. ductus (vas) deferens

Q: Which of the following is the correct pathway of sperm cells from their formation to ejaculation? A. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, urethra, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens B. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, urethra C. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra D. Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra E. Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra, ductus deferens

Q: When it is cold, the __________ contracts and draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm. A. cremaster muscle B. pampiniform plexus C. corpus spongiosum D. perineum E. corpus cavernosum

Q: The countercurrent heat exchanger that prevents arterial blood from overheating the testes is the __________. A. rete testis B. epididymis C. pampiniform plexus of veins D. blood-testis barrier E. scrotal portal system

Q: Sexual reproduction entails the union of two gonads to form a zygote.

Q: The presence of the Y chromosome guarantees the development of male secondary sex organs.

Q: The mechanism that keeps the testes cooler than the body's core temperature is called descent of the testes.

Q: The scrotum contains the testes and spermatic cords.

Q: Sperm travels to the ampulla of the ductus deferens before reaching the spermatic cord.