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Q:
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines?
A. They both have villi, but only the small intestine has microvilli.
B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.
C. The small intestine has simple columnar epithelium and the large intestine does not.
D. Intestinal crypts are only found in the large intestine.
E. The large intestine has larger circular folds than the small intestine.
Q:
Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon?
A. The gastrocolic reflex
B. The duodenocolic reflex
C. Chyme filling the duodenum
D. Chyme filling the stomach
E. The colorectal reflex
Q:
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________.
A. the gastrocolic reflex
B. the duodenocolic reflex
C. mass movement
D. haustral contraction
E. defecation
Q:
The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.
Q:
__________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas __________ is a long-term regulator.
A. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
B. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
D. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
Q:
Which of the following are macronutrients?
A. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
B. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
E. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water
Q:
__________ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas __________ yield about 9 kcal/g.
A. Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
B. Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
C. Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
D. Carbohydrates; fats and proteins
E. Carbohydrates and fats; proteins
Q:
Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?
A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
B. Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
C. Trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
D. Trypsin, pepsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
E. Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin
Q:
Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________.
A. fat droplets; micelles
B. fat droplets; chylomicrons
C. micelles; fat globules
D. micelles; chylomicrons
E. fat globules; micelles
Q:
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.
A. carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals
B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
C. proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
D. triglycerides, starches, and proteins
E. proteins, fats, and minerals
Q:
The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.
A. circular folds; ceca
B. taeniae coli; haustra
C. haustra; taeniae coli
D. internal sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages
E. internal sphincters; ceca
Q:
Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora?
A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet
B. Synthesis of vitamin K
C. Production of some of the gases found in flatus
D. Digestion of cellulose
E. Formation of part of the feces
Q:
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces.
A. 2
B. 14
C. 30
D. 55
E. 80
Q:
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?0-2013
A. Circular folds (plicae circulares)
B. Intestinal length
C. Microvilli
D. Villi
E. Rugae
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true?
A. It milks the chyme toward the colon.
B. It allows a bolus to move down the esophagus.
C. It churns and mixes residue in the descending colon.
D. It churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices.
E. It propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.
Q:
The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach.
A. villi; pyloric glands
B. rugae; Peyer patches
C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits
D. goblet cells; parietal cells
E. pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve
Q:
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.
A. liver; small intestine
B. small intestine; stomach
C. mouth; stomach
D. mouth; small intestine
E. stomach; small intestine
Q:
The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.
A. lactase; glucose
B. peptidases; proteins
C. lipases; micelles
D. lactose; lactase
E. nucleases; nucleotides
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)?
A. It is a uniport carrier.
B. It is an antiport carrier.
C. It uses solvent drag to transport glucose and sodium.
D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
E. It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in the opposite direction.
Q:
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________.
A. small intestine; large intestine
B. small intestine; liver
C. stomach; small intestine
D. stomach; large intestine
E. small intestine; small intestine
Q:
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.
A. triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol
B. low density lipoproteins (LDL)
C. chylomicrons
D. emulsification droplets
E. micelles
Q:
A hepatic triad consists of __________.
A. the right, left, and common hepatic ducts
B. the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct
C. the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts
D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
E. a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid
Q:
Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function.
A. bile salts
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. phospholipids
E. neutral fats
Q:
The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.
A. duodenum; neutral fats
B. ileum; bilirubin
C. gallbladder; cholesterol
D. pancreas; bile salts
E. liver; cholesterol
Q:
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________.
A. insulin
B. cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. secretin
D. glucagon
E. gastrin
Q:
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
A. Trypsinogen
B. Chymotrypsinogen
C. Deoxyribonuclease
D. Sodium bicarbonate
E. Enterokinase
Q:
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
A. Triglycerides
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. Minerals
E. Water-soluble vitamins
Q:
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
A. Salivary amylase
B. Pancreatic amylase
C. Pepsin
D. Trypsin
E. Dipeptidase
Q:
Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.
A. gastric pits
B. surface of the gastric mucosa
C. intestinal crypts
D. brush border of the small intestine
E. cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine
Q:
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells.
A. intrinsic factor; parietal
B. bile salts; chief
C. lecithin; hepatic
D. hydrochloric acid; parietal
E. enterokinase; mucous
Q:
Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.
A. chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
C. parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells
D. parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells
E. enteroendocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
Q:
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.
A. it saves one step in their synthesis
B. gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
C. they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly
D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
E. they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly
Q:
The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
A. relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
B. stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
C. stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
E. relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon
Q:
__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.
A. Enterokinase; pepsin
B. Gastrin; secretin
C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Gastric lipase; histamine
E. Secretin; pepsin
Q:
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.
A. cephalic
B. gastric
C. intestinal
D. gastrointestinal
E. mesenteric
Q:
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed.
A. pancreas
B. stomach
C. liver
D. spleen
E. small intestine
Q:
Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.
A. 20; 32
B. 16; 20
C. 28; 20
D. 32; 20
E. 32; 32
Q:
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?
A. Cementum, root canal, enamel
B. Enamel, root canal, dentin
C. Dentin, enamel, cementum
D. Enamel, dentin, pulp
E. Crown, enamel, dentin
Q:
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
A. Mucus
B. Lysozyme
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
E. Protease
Q:
The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.
A. lingual; labial
B. submandibular; lingual
C. submandibular; sublingual
D. sublingual; parotid
E. lingual; sublingual
Q:
The swallowing center is located in the __________.
A. mouth
B. oropharynx
C. esophagus
D. medulla oblongata
E. enteric nervous system
Q:
The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.
A. central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system
B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
C. autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
D. voluntary; also voluntary
E. involuntary; also involuntary
Q:
Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.
A. pharyngeal constrictors
B. the upper esophageal sphincter
C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
D. esophageal glands
E. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters
Q:
The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
A. gastric rugae
B. antrum
C. pyloric sphincter
D. fundic region
E. cardiac region
Q:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.
A. mucous
B. regenerative (stem)
C. parietal
D. chief
E. enteroendocrine
Q:
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?
A. Water
B. Vitamins
C. Proteins
D. Minerals
E. Cholesterol
Q:
Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion?
A. Tongue
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Salivary glands
E. Spleen
Q:
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
A. Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
B. Serosa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa
C. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria
D. Mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria
E. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa
Q:
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________.
A. falciform ligament
B. mesentery
C. greater omentum
D. lesser omentum
E. esophageal hiatus
Q:
An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________.
A. proteins; nucleotides
B. amino acids; proteins
C. polysaccharides; amino acids
D. nucleic acids; nucleotides
E. fatty acids; cholesterol
Q:
The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________.
A. autonomic nervous system; serosa
B. central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae
C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
D. visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa
E. visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa
Q:
The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found.
A. keratinized; lingual papillae
B. keratinized; lingual frenulum
C. nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
D. nonkeratinized; tonsils
E. nonkeratinized; vallate papillae
Q:
The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells.
Q:
Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.
Q:
Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.
Q:
The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts.
Q:
The large intestine is longer than the small intestine.
Q:
The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________.
A. ingestion
B. compaction
C. digestion
D. absorption
E. secretion
Q:
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________.
A. mesenteries
B. mucosae
C. submucosae
D. muscularis mucosae
E. muscularis externa
Q:
The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________.
A. lumen
B. muscularis externa
C. submucosa
D. mucosa (mucous membrane)
E. serosa
Q:
The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________.
A. lumen
B. muscularis externa
C. submucosa
D. mucosa (mucous membrane)
E. serosa (mesentery)
Q:
Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root.
Q:
Both chemical and mechanical digestion start in the mouth and continue in the stomach.
Q:
Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid.
Q:
Absorption of many nutrients starts in the stomach.
Q:
The liver is the body's largest gland.
Q:
Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum.
Q:
The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is its longest segment.
Q:
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?
A. By secreting more bicarbonate ions
B. By secreting more hydrogen ions
C. By secreting more sodium ions
D. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
E. By reabsorbing more ammonia
Q:
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________.
A. metabolic alkalosis
B. metabolic acidosis
C. urinary alkalosis
D. urinary acidosis
E. respiratory acidosis
Q:
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Digestive alkalosis
Q:
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Lymphatic alkalosis
Q:
Emphysema can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Digestive alkalosis
Q:
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?
A. Hyperventilation
B. Hypoventilation
C. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
D. Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
Q:
The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue.
Q:
The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system.
Q:
Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex.
Q:
Which of the following characterizes a weak base?
A. It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH.
B. It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH.
C. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
D. It resists changes in OH-.
E. It lowers the pH.
Q:
When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they __________ at the same time.
A. secrete potassium
B. secrete sodium
C. reabsorb potassium
D. secrete chloride
E. reabsorb sodium
Q:
Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids?
A. The protein buffer system
B. The bicarbonate system
C. The phosphate system
D. The carbonic acid system
E. The ammonium buffer system