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Q:
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
A. Hypersecretion only
B. Hyposecretion only
C. Hyposecretion and hypersecretion
Q:
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.
A. monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
B. monoamine; unbound (free)
C. steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP)
D. steroid; unbound (free)
E. catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Q:
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
A. Insulin
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Estrogen
D. Glucagon
E. Oxytocin (OT)
Q:
Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?
A. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
B. cAMP activates protein kinases
C. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
D. G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor
E. Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Q:
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
A. Negative feedback inhibition
B. The antagonistic effect
C. Up-regulation
D. Enzyme amplification
E. Down-regulation
Q:
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.
A. adrenal glands; intestines
B. liver; kidneys
C. blood; kidneys
D. liver; spleen
E. spleen; kidneys
Q:
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
A. Hormone clearance
B. The cascade effect
C. The synergistic effect
D. The permissive effect
E. The antagonistic effect
Q:
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.
A. cortisol
B. epinephrine
C. norepinephrine
D. angiotensin
E. aldosterone
Q:
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens ones physical or emotional well-being is called __________.
A. stress
B. pathology
C. disease
D. hyperthyroidism
E. hirsuitism
Q:
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.
A. glycogen supplies are depleted
B. energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism
C. fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP
D. energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
E. energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
A. It inhibits fat digestion.
B. It stimulates protein synthesis.
C. It promotes glycogen synthesis.
D. It stimulates glucose intake by most organs.
E. It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
Q:
The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.
A. resistance stage; cortisol
B. resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol
C. alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
D. alarm reaction; cortisol
E. exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine
Q:
Eicosanoids are derived from __________.
A. arachidonic acid
B. leukotriene
C. prostacyclin
D. prostaglandins
E. thromboxanes
Q:
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.
A. hypoparathyroidism
B. hypothyroidism
C. hypocalcemia
D. hypoglycemia
E. hypoxemia
Q:
__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
A. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); oxytocin (OT)
D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
Q:
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.
A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the anterior pituitary
B. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the thyroid gland
D. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland
E. thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
Q:
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
A. GHRH
B. GHIH
C. ACTH
D. CRH
E. TSH
Q:
Which of the following hormones is not a tropin?
A. TSH
B. GRH
C. ACTH
D. PRL
E. TRH
Q:
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
A. calcitonin
B. melanin
C. melatonin
D. hepcidin
E. inhibin
Q:
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
A. thyroid
B. thymus
C. adrenal gland
D. spleen
E. parathyroid
Q:
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
A. thyroid gland
B. pancreas
C. adrenal gland
D. parathyroid gland
E. thymus
Q:
. The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine
B. pancreas; cortisol
C. kidneys; corticosterone
D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone
E. thyroid; calcitonin
Q:
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.
A. glucagon
B. epinephrine
C. estradiol
D. aldosterone
E. cortisol
Q:
Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.
A. glucagon; lowers
B. glucagon; raises
C. insulin; lowers
D. insulin; raises
E. glucocorticoids; raises
Q:
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
A. Glucagon
B. Pancreatic polypeptide
C. Gastrin
D. Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
E. Somatotropin (growth hormone)
Q:
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
A. The adrenal gland
B. The salivary glands
C. The ovary
D. The pineal gland
E. The thymus
Q:
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Progesterone
D. Aldosterone
E. Estradiol
Q:
Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Testosterone
D. Calcitriol
E. Glucagon
Q:
The infundibulum is a ___________.
A. mass of endocrine and neural cells
B. portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
C. bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
D. depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland
E. projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
Q:
The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.
A. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
B. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
C. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
D. hypothalamus; thyroid
E. pituitary glands; thyroid
Q:
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
D. Somatostatin
E. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Q:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.
A. kidneys
B. adrenal gland
C. anterior pituitary
D. hypothalamus
E. pancreas
Q:
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
C. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D. Growth hormone (GH)
E. Oxytocin (OT)
Q:
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.
A. negative feedback inhibition
B. positive feedback inhibition
C. up-regulation
D. down-regulation
E. antagonistic regulation
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
A. They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects.
B. They secrete their products by way of ducts.
C. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
D. They release their secretions into the blood.
E. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
Q:
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
A. slowly; slowly; widespread
B. quickly; slowly; specific
C. quickly; quickly; widespread
D. quickly; quickly; specific
E. slowly; quickly; specific
Q:
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
A. Neurotransmitters
B. Neuromodulators
C. Hormones
D. Parahormones
E. Paracrines
Q:
The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
A. hypothalamus
B. pituitary gland
C. pineal gland
D. hypophysis
E. adrenal gland
Q:
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
A. posterior pituitary
B. anterior pituitary
C. hypothalamus
D. thyroid
E. thymus
Q:
The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
A. kidney
B. pancreas
C. thyroid gland
D. parathyroid gland
E. adrenal gland
Q:
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
A. CRH
B. GHRH
C. GHIH
D. APRH
E. TRH
Q:
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
A. The chemical properties of the hormone
B. The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
C. The location of the gland that secretes the hormone
D. The location of the target cells in the body
E. The site where the hormone is secreted
Q:
The posterior pituitary secretes _________.
A. prolactin (PRL)
B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. oxytocin (OT)
D. thyroid hormone (TH)
E. growth hormone (GH)
Q:
The anterior pitiurary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.
A. smaller; no nervous
B. larger; a nervous
C. larger; no nervous
D. smaller; a nervous
Q:
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.
A. thyroid gland
B. thyroid hormone
C. hypothalamus
D. posterior pituitary
E. anterior pituitary
Q:
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.
Q:
Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
Q:
Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.
Q:
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
Q:
The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature?
A. The absorption peak of their photopsin
B. The width of their outer segment
C. Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both
D. The number of discs in their outer segment
Q:
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.
Q:
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
Q:
Testosterone is a gonadotropin.
Q:
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.
Q:
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
Q:
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
Q:
Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.
Q:
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Q:
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.
Q:
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.
Q:
What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway?
A. Optic nerve fibers
B. Rods and cones
C. Ganglion cells
D. Bipolar cells
E. Amacrine cells
Q:
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
Q:
Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________.
A. superior colliculus
B. optic chiasm
C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
D. optic foramen
E. midbrain
Q:
Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________.
A. activity of the extrinsic eye muscles
B. change in the curvature of the lens
C. constriction of the pupil
D. ciliary muscle activity
E. light adaptation
Q:
Which of the following are unencapsulated endings?
A. Free nerve endings
B. Tactile corpuscles
C. End bulbs
D. Muscle spindles
Q:
Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?
A. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
B. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
C. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex
D. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex
Q:
Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?
A. Conjunctiva
B. Palpebra
C. Lacrimal apparatus
D. Superior oblique
E. Cornea
Q:
Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye?
A. Aqueous humor
B. Vitreous body
C. Lens
D. Retina
E. Cornea
Q:
Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the __________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
A. scleral venous sinus
B. posterior chamber
C. anterior chamber
D. lacrimal punctum
E. tarsal gland opening
Q:
Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
A. macula lutea
B. optic disc
C. fovea centralis
D. ora serrata
E. lens
Q:
When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________.
A. emmetropia
B. accommodation
C. refraction
D. myopia
E. diplopia
Q:
An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image?
A. Hyperopia
B. Myopia
C. Presbyopia
D. Emmetropia
E. Astigmatism
Q:
Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision?
A. Bipolar cells
B. Rods
C. Cones
D. Ganglion cells
E. Pigment cells
Q:
What event causes rhodopsin to go from violet to clear in color?
A. Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal
B. Cis-retinal bends to become trans-retinal
C. Trans-retinal straightens to become cis-retinal
D. Trans-retinal bends to become cis-retinal
Q:
Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods?
A. Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other.
B. Rods do not function in bright light.
C. No images are perceived within the optic disc.
D. Cones do not detect black and white.
E. Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.
Q:
What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials?
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Ganglion cells
D. Bipolar cells
E. Horizontal cells
Q:
Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision?
A. A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution.
B. Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.
C. Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.
D. Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities.
E. There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones.
Q:
Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?
A. Otolithic membrane
B. Semicircular canals
C. Saccule
D. Utricle
E. Vallate papillae
Q:
What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?
A. Photoreceptor - bipolar - ganglion
B. Ganglion - bipolar - photoreceptor
C. Photoreceptor - ganglion - bipolar
D. Ganglion - photoreceptor - bipolar
Q:
Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm.
A. 4 to 70
B. 40 to 700
C. 400 to 700
D. 400 to 7,000
E. 4,000 to 7,000