Q&A Hero

Q: Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? A. Oval window B. Cochlear duct C. Auditory canal D. Auditory (Eustachian) tube E. Tympanic cavity

Q: Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway? A. Cochlear duct spiral organ ossicles oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane fibers of cochlear nerve B. Auditory canal tympanic membrane oval window cochlear duct ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve C. Cochlear duct oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve D. Tympanic membrane auditory canal ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve E. Auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve

Q: Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? A. Ossicles B. Cochlear hair cells C. Tympanic membrane D. Fibers of the cochlear nerve E. Tectorial membrane

Q: Each upward movement of the basilar causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. Mg2+

Q: A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur? A. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end B. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end C. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end E. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end

Q: When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________. A. cochlea B. saccule C. semicircular ducts D. utricle E. spiral organ (organ of Corti)

Q: When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving? A. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane B. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane C. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane D. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

Q: What is the crista ampullaris associated with? A. Static equilibrium when standing still B. Static acceleration in linear acceleration C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration D. Hearing high-pitch sounds E. Vision related to color

Q: Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear? A. Tympanic membrane B. Helix C. Incus D. Semicircular duct E. Tensor tympani muscle

Q: Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ? A. Cochlea B. Vestibule C. Semicircular duct D. Stapes E. Tympanic cavity

Q: The incus articulates with which bone(s)? A. Malleus and stapes B. Malleus C. Stapes D. Malleus, stapes, and temporal E. Malleus, stapes, and tympanic

Q: Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A. Stereocilium B. Inner hair cell C. Tectorial membrane D. Round window E. Basilar membrane

Q: The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures? A. Scala vestibuli B. Scala tympani C. Cochlear duct D. Anterior semicircular duct E. Vestibule

Q: Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________. A. tactile (Meissner) discs B. tactile corpuscles C. lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles D. free nerve endings E. end (Krause) bulbs

Q: Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system? A. Endogenous opioid B. Dynorphin C. Enkephalins D. Endorphins E. Bradykinin

Q: Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons? A. Midbrain B. Thalamus C. Spinothalamic tract D. Hypothalamus E. Postcentral gyrus

Q: Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals? A. Nociceptors B. The spinothalamic tract C. Lower motor neurons D. Second-order neurons E. The reticulospinal tract

Q: In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential? A. Taste hairs B. Sensory nerve fibers C. Supporting cells D. basal cells E. Gustatory cells

Q: Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye? A. Lingual papilla B. Taste (gustatory) cell C. Taste hair D. Taste bud E. Taste pore

Q: Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? A. Salty B. Umami C. Bitter D. Sweet E. Sour

Q: What do pheromones stimulate? A. Hair cells B. Supporting cells C. Taste cells D. Olfactory cells E. Olfactory glands

Q: Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? A. Parietal lobe B. Insula C. Occipital lobe D. Frontal lobe E. Temporal lobe

Q: What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? A. Touch B. Smell C. Taste D. Vision E. Equilibrium

Q: The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations? A. 5 to 20 Hz B. 10 to 10,000 Hz C. 20 to 20,000 Hz D. 5 to 200,000 Hz E. 100 to 100,000 Hz

Q: What is a sensation? A. A response of a sensory receptor B. A response of a sensory organ C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus D. An unconscious response to a stimulus E. A response to any conscious stimulus

Q: Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________. A. thermoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. mechanoreceptors E. proprioceptors

Q: Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries. A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. proprioceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoreceptors

Q: You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon? A. The sensory projection of the sense of smell B. The projection pathway of the sense of smell C. The tonic nature of the sense of smell D. The phasic nature of the sense of smell E. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant

Q: Which organ does not have nociceptors? A. Brain B. Heart C. Kidney D. Liver E. Stomach

Q: Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Q: The ossicles belong to the middle ear.

Q: The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical.

Q: The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.

Q: The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.

Q: The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball.

Q: Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium.

Q: Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light.

Q: Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin.

Q: The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy. A. chemical B. mechanical C. thermal D. electrical E. nuclear

Q: The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________. A. action potential B. graded potential C. local potential D. sensory potential E. receptor potential

Q: Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors.

Q: The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control. A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. hypothalamus D. midbrain E. pituitary gland

Q: Autonomic function receives input from all these except __________. A. spinal cord B. cerebral cortex C. hypothalamus D. medulla oblongata E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system

Q: __________ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing. A. Facial B. Trigeminal C. Vagus D. Celiac E. Splanchnic

Q: Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction? A. Pupillary constriction B. Glycogen synthesis C. Increased gastric motility D. Reduced urinary output E. Reduced heart rate

Q: The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.

Q: Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.

Q: The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.

Q: Most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron.

Q: The parasympathetic division stimulates digestion.

Q: Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor.

Q: Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell, and touch.

Q: Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area.

Q: Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers.

Q: Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.

Q: Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers? A. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division B. Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division C. Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division D. All motor fibers of the somatic motor system E. Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division

Q: Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS? A. Pupil diameter B. Heart rate C. Salivary gland activity D. Adrenal medulla activity E. Gastrointestinal motility

Q: Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to __________. A. increase heart rate B. decrease heart rate C. produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries D. produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle E. produce bronchodilation

Q: Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation? A. Acetylcholine B. Nicotine C. Muscarine D. Norepinephrine E. Thyroxine

Q: Muscarinic receptors bind __________. A. epinephrine B. norepinephrine C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) D. acetylcholinesterase E. acetylcholine

Q: The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it. A. acetylcholine; excite B. norepinephrine; excite C. monoamine oxidase; inhibit D. acetylcholine; inhibit E. acetylcholinesterase; excite

Q: Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block? A. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor B. Nicotinic receptor C. Muscarinic receptor D. Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor E. Beta receptor

Q: Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________. A. blood clotting B. blood flow to the skeletal muscles C. sweating D. hair erection E. gastrointestinal motility

Q: __________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions. A. Orgasm B. Bronchodilation C. Gastrointestinal secretion D. Heart rate E. Vasomotor tone

Q: Sympathetic fibers do not release __________. A. acetylcholine B. nitric oxide (NO) C. substance P D. neuropeptide Y E. norepinephrine

Q: Sympathetic effects tend to last __________ than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that __________. A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Q: The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called __________. A. noradrenalinase B. adenosine C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) D. norepinephrinase E. catchol-O-methyltrasferase (COMT)

Q: A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ___________. A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) B. postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) C. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) D. postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) E. somatic; norepinephrine (NE)

Q: Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely __________. A. activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities B. block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis C. stimulate b-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant E. inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression

Q: A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called __________, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons. A. glycine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. melatonin E. adenosine

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system? A. Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord. B. It does not arise from the spinal cord. C. It innervates smooth muscle. D. It innervates glands. E. It does not arise from the brainstem.

Q: If a cell has a1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to __________. A. acetylcholine (ACh) B. norepinephrine (NE) C. adrenaline D. alpha adrenaline E. nicotine

Q: Sympathetic fibers arise only from the __________ region(s) of the spinal cord. A. cervical, thoracic, and lumbar B. thoracic and lumbar C. thoracic D. cervical E. lumbar

Q: The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the __________ levels of the spinal cord. A. cervical and thoracic B. thoracic and lumbar C. thoracic, lumbar and sacral D. sacral, lumbar and coccygeal E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

Q: Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS? A. It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. B. It has long postganglionic fibers. C. It has long preganglionic fibers. D. Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column. E. It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect.

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A. Its effects are local. B. The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs. C. It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS. D. It has short preganglionic fibers. E. It has short postganglionic fibers.

Q: Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter in a paravertebral ganglion? A. Preganglionic sympathetic fiber B. Postganglionic sympathetic fiber C. Somatic motor fiber D. Preganglionic parasympathetic fiber E. Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber

Q: Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system? A. Preganglionic neuron B. Postganglionic neuron C. Splanchnic nerve D. Oculomotor nerve E. Facial nerve

Q: Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with __________. A. no neurons B. somatic neurons C. parasympathetic neurons D. 10-20 postganglionic neurons E. effectors directly

Q: The solar plexus is used as a name for the __________. A. spinal nerve route B. carotid plexus C. the celiac and mesenteric ganglia D. splanchic nerves E. sympathetic nerve route