Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following structures appears as a large bulge just rostral to the medulla? A. Pons B. Midbrain C. Cerebellum D. Medulla oblongata E. Hypothalamus

Q: Which structure forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Epithalamus D. Pituitary gland E. Midbrain

Q: From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order? A. Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid B. Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater C. Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid D. Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater E. Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater

Q: Which of the following is not a function of CSF? A. To regulate the chemical environment of the nervous tissue B. To rinse metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue C. To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue D. To protect the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted E. To allow the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight

Q: Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the __________ ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the __________. A. lateral, third, and fourth; superior sagittal sinus B. lateral, and third; superior sagittal sinus C. lateral, third, and fourth; central canal of the spinal cord D. lateral; central canal of the spinal cord

Q: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to which of the following? A. Platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells B. Sodium, potassium, and chloride C. Urea and creatinine D. Glucose and oxygen E. Antibiotics

Q: The amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger, fear, pleasure, and pain.

Q: The Wernicke area recognizes spoken and written language.

Q: The vision association area resides primarily in the temporal lobe.

Q: All cranial nerves lead to structures in the head and neck.

Q: There are three cranial nerves involved in eye movement and two in the sense of taste.

Q: The following are all major components of the brainstem except the _________. A. diencephalon B. pons C. medulla oblongata D. midbrain E. cerebellum

Q: The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by __________. A. many sulci B. many gyri C. the brainstem D. the longitudinal fissure E. the corpus callosum

Q: The epidural space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Q: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) helps prevent hemorrhages in the nervous tissue of the brain.

Q: The blood-CSF barrier is composed of dense regular connective tissue lining the ventricles.

Q: Purkinje cells are unusually large neurons found in the cerebellum.

Q: The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.

Q: The medulla oblongata is the most rostral part of the brain.

Q: The forebrain consists of the cerebrum and the diencephalon.

Q: Structures in the midbrain control homeostasis and relay sensory signals to specific regions of the cerebral cortex.

Q: In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to __________ and the hamstrings to __________. A. contract; relax B. contract; contract C. relax; contract D. relax; relax

Q: A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord, is called a(n) _________ reflex arc. A. intersegmental B. contralateral C. ipsilateral D. polysynaptic E. monosynaptic

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the tendon reflex? A. It causes a muscle that is being stretched to contract. B. It makes the contralateral motor neurons contract. C. It makes the ipsilateral motor neurons relax. D. It prevents overcontraction of a muscle. E. It causes a tendon to contract.

Q: Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay? A. A polysynaptic reflex B. The cross extension reflex C. The withdrawal reflex D. The flexor reflex E. The tendon reflex

Q: Tendon organs are __________. A. chemoreceptors B. visceral receptors C. proprioceptors D. pain receptors E. nociceptors

Q: Which of the following is not a distal branch of the spinal nerve? A. Anterior ramus B. Posterior ramus C. Posterior root D. Meningeal branch E. Communicating rami

Q: Both cerebrum and cerebellum have gray matter in their surface cortex and deeper nuclei, and white matter deep to the cortex.

Q: Which of the following groups of muscles has the most muscle spindles? A. Muscles of the hand B. Muscles of the back C. Muscles of the thigh D. Muscles of the middle-ear E. Muscles of the torso

Q: The cerebellum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci.

Q: Which of the following is not a property of reflexes? A. Reflex responses are very predictable. B. Reflexes are responses to sensory inputs. C. Reflexes are quick responses of the nervous system. D. Reflexes are not voluntary. E. Reflexes do not require a stimulus.

Q: A nurse pricks your finger to type your blood. You flinch at the pain, pulling your hand back. This is called the __________ reflex. A. painful B. stretch C. flexor (withdrawal) D. tendon E. crossed extension

Q: Reflex arcs that only use two neurons are called ____________ reflex arcs. A. ipsilateral B. contralateral C. polysynaptic D. monosynaptic E. autonomic

Q: The flexor (withdrawal) reflex employs a ___________, which maintains a sustained contraction. A. parallel after-discharge circuit B. diverging circuit C. converging circuit D. closed circuit E. reverberating circuit

Q: If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of a(n) __________ reflex. A. bilateral B. intersegmental C. withdrawal D. crossed extensor E. contralateral

Q: The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by __________. A. a stretch reflex B. alpha motor neurons C. gamma motor neurons D. anulospiral endings E. secondary afferent (group II) fibers

Q: The fibers that carry the action potentials that cause skeletal muscle to contract are __________. A. gamma motor neurons B. anulospiral endings C. intrafusal fibers D. extrafusal fibers E. alpha motor neurons

Q: You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little, but a reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the __________ reflex. A. tendon B. crossed extension C. withdrawal D. stretch (myotatic) E. flexor (withdrawal)

Q: A mixed nerve consists of both __________ and ___________. A. myelinated; unmyelinated fibers B. glial cells; nerve cells C. afferent; efferent fibers D. association; integration neurons E. spinal; cranial fibers

Q: Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve has the somas of only sensory neurons? A. Posterior (dorsal) root B. Anterior (ventral) root C. Posterior ramus D. Anterior ramus E. Meningeal branch

Q: The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the __________. A. medullary cone B. cauda equina C. lumbar enlargement D. cervical enlargement E. spinal cord

Q: "Somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from __________. A. bones and muscles B. joints C. proprioceptors D. the viscera E. the skin

Q: Neurosomas of the anterior root are located in the __________. A. gray matter B. posterior root ganglion C. white matter D. anterior rootlets E. anterior root ganglion

Q: A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________. A. nerve fiber; nerves B. nerve fiber; axons C. nerve; axons D. nerve fiber; neurosomas E. nerve; neurosomas

Q: Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex? A. Somatic receptor interneuron afferent nerve fiber efferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle B. Somatic receptor efferent nerve fiber interneuron afferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle C. Somatic receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle D. Somatic receptor efferent nerve fiber afferent nerve fiber interneuron skeletal muscle E. Somatic receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber smooth muscle

Q: The connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle is called the __________. A. myelin B. perimysium C. epineurium D. endoneurium E. perineurium

Q: Which of the following is comprised of anterior rami from C5-T1? A. Cervical plexus B. Brachial plexus C. Coccygeal plexus D. Sacral plexus E. Lumbar plexus

Q: The anterior rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except the _________ region. A. thoracic B. cervical C. lumbar D. sacral

Q: The cervical plexus is the origin of the __________ nerve(s). A. oculomotor B. sciatic C. musculocutaneous D. radial E. phrenic

Q: Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus? A. Axillary B. Sciatic C. Phrenic D. Ilioinguinal E. Obturator

Q: A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likley have nerve damage of the __________ spinal nerve. A. T1 B. T5 C. C5 D. C6 E. L3

Q: Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord? A. Lateral tectospinal tract B. Medial reticulospinal tract C. Ventral corticospinal tract D. Vestibulospinal tract E. Gracile fasciculus

Q: Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________. A. dural sheath and dura mater B. dural sheath and vertebral bones C. dura mater and arachnoid mater D. arachnoid mater and pia mater E. dura mater and pia mater

Q: Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content? A. Gray matter B. White matter C. Arachnoid mater D. Dura mater E. Pia mater

Q: Which of the following is contained within gray matter? A. Glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells B. Glial cells and myelinated fibers C. Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons D. The distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons E. Glial cells only

Q: Motor commands are carried by __________ from the brain along the spinal cord. A. both anterior and posterior roots B. ascending tracts C. spinal nerves D. cranial nerves E. descending tracts

Q: Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the __________. A. thalamus B. dorsal root ganglion C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex E. medulla oblongata

Q: Nerve fibers are insulated from one another by __________. A. perineurium B. endoneurium C. fascicles D. epineurium E. blood vessels

Q: Eyes and ears are innervated by _________ fibers. A. white B. visceral C. somatic D. special E. general

Q: A ganglion is a _________. A. bundle of axons in the CNS B. cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS C. cluster of neurosomas in the PNS D. bundle of axons in the PNS E. cluster of neurosomas in the CNS

Q: There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves. A. 12 B. 24 C. 31 D. 35 E. 62

Q: Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy. A. dural sheath and dura mater B. dural sheath and vertebral bones C. dura mater and arachnoid mater D. arachnoid mater and pia mater E. dura mater and pia mater

Q: Voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the _________ of gray matter. A. anterior horn B. posterior horn C. anterior column D. posterior column E. lateral horn

Q: Somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Q: The stretch reflex is the tendency of a muscle to stretch when it is overcontracted.

Q: A stretch reflex is often accompanied by reciprocal inhibition.

Q: The tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle's contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched.

Q: The crossed extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side.

Q: The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin with a soma in the __________. A. posterior horn of the spinal cord B. anterior horn of the spinal cord C. motor association cortex of the cerebrum D. postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum E. precentral gyrus of the cerebrum

Q: The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in the _________ tracts. A. tectospinal B. corticospinal C. lateral vestibulospinal D. medial vestibulospinal E. spinocerebellar

Q: Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ___________. A. posterior horn B. anterior horn C. posterior column D. anterior column E. posterior root ganglion

Q: Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion? A. Smell B. Hearing C. Touch D. Taste E. Vision

Q: Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord? A. Cervical B. Thoracic C. Lumbar D. Pelvic E. Sacral

Q: Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord? A. Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts B. Mediate a reflex, such as the withdrawal of a hand from pain C. Conduct sensory information up to the brain D. Conduct motor information down the cord E. Coordinate the alternating contraction of several muscle groups associated with locomotion

Q: Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? A. A fracture of vertebra C2 B. A fracture of vertebra C6 C. A fracture of vertebra T5 D. A fracture of vertebra T12 E. A fracture of vertebra L4

Q: The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the __________. A. anterior horn B. anterior root of a spinal nerve C. posterior root of a spinal nerve D. posterior horn E. spinal nerve

Q: The middle layer of the meninges is called the __________. A. gray matter B. white matter C. dura mater D. arachnoid mater E. pia mater

Q: A dermatome is a nerve innervating a specific region in the skin.

Q: Posterior root ganglia contain somas of unipolar neurons.

Q: In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination? A. It grows within a regeneration tube. B. The axonal terminals grow towards the soma until the two severed fragments are reunited. C. The axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron. D. Injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination.