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Q:
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
A. the plasma membrane
B. desmosomes
C. tight junctions
D. gap (communicating) junctions
E. ground substance
Q:
__________ secrete __________ into __________.
A. Goblet cells; mucus; the blood
B. Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts
C. Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts
D. Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
E. Exocrine glands; mucus; the blood
Q:
Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.
A. mucous; serous
B. merocrine; holocrine
C. apocrine; mixed
D. endocrine; exocrine
E. serous; mucous
Q:
__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
A. Endocrine; Exocrine
B. Mucous; Serous
C. Cytogenic; Apocrine
D. Mucous; Cutaneous
E. Merocrine; Holocrine
Q:
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.
A. areolar
B. simple acinar
C. simple coiled tubular
D. compound acinar
E. compound tubuloacinar
Q:
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________.
A. simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue
B. areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
C. epithelium and lamina propria
D. areolar tissue and lamina propria
E. simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue
Q:
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.
A. mucous
B. serous
C. synovial
D. cutaneous
E. basement
Q:
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called __________.
A. the lamina propria
B. endothelium
C. a synovial membrane
D. a serous membrane (serosa)
E. a mucous membrane (mucosa)
Q:
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells.
A. hyperplasia
B. neoplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. metaplasia
E. atrophy
Q:
The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood.
A. ectoderm; stem cells
B. mesoderm; mesenchyme
C. endoderm; mesenchyme
D. mesoderm; fibroblasts
E. ectoderm; mesenchyme
Q:
Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.
A. unipotent
B. multipotent
C. pluripotent
D. totipotent
E. omnipotent
Q:
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.
A. neoplasia
B. metaplasia
C. atrophy
D. differentiation
E. hyperplasia
Q:
Skeletal muscle is described as __________.
A. striated and voluntary
B. striated and involuntary
C. nonstriated and voluntary
D. nonstriated and involuntary
E. fibrous and containing ground substance
Q:
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________.
A. entire cell; organelle; tissue
B. organelle; entire cell; part of a cell
C. organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules
D. complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell
E. complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
Q:
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.
A. blood
B. fibrous connective tissue
C. adipose tissue
D. reticular tissue
E. transitional tissue
Q:
The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.
A. chondroblasts; plasma cells
B. mast cells; fibroblasts
C. osteocytes; chondroblasts
D. chondroblasts; fibroblasts
E. adipocytes; plasma cells
Q:
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________.
A. hyperextensible joints
B. a small cranium
C. elastic bones
D. stronger bones
E. viscous blood
Q:
Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
A. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
B. Proteoglycans
C. Chondroitin sulfate
D. Hyaluronic acid
E. Collagen
Q:
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in __________.
A. blood and hyaline cartilage
B. blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue
C. ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin
D. tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
E. areolar tissue, tongue, and bones
Q:
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.
A. dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
B. plasma; formed elements
C. elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage
D. spongy bone; compact (dense) bone
E. adipose tissue; reticular tissue
Q:
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _________.
A. helping to transfer charges in the nervous system
B. holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
C. giving bone its brittle, inorganic structure
D. providing the major structural support of tendons and ligaments
E. acting as an energy reserve for muscle contraction
Q:
Blood functions to __________________.
A. allow for heart contraction and relaxation
B. store energy for the heart
C. provide support to the heart
D. line the heart chambers
E. transport nutrients to the tissues
Q:
__________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.
A. Blood
B. Areolar tissue
C. Osseous tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
E. Adipose tissue
Q:
__________________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
A. Excitable
B. Responsive
C. Adipose
D. Epithelial
E. Connective
Q:
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________.
A. fibroblasts
B. chondrocytes
C. neuroglia
D. myocytes
E. osteocytes
Q:
Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because __________.
A. smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract
B. skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract
C. cardiac muscle maintains a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract
D. striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract to the other
E. skeletal muscle sphincters contract and allow materials to move through the digestive tract
Q:
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________.
A. dense regular connective tissue
B. dense irregular connective tissue
C. elastic cartilage
D. fibrocartilage
E. ligaments
Q:
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue.
A. interstitial
B. muscle
C. adipose
D. epithelial
E. nervous
Q:
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
A. Reticular tissue
B. Hyaline cartilage
C. Dense regular connective tissue
D. Dense irregular connective tissue
E. Areolar tissue
Q:
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.
A. stratified squamous
B. stratified cuboidal
C. simple cuboidal
D. simple columnar
E. pseudostratified columnar
Q:
The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________.
A. epithelium; connective tissue
B. epithelium; extracellular material
C. epithelium; intracellular material
D. extracellular material; intracellular material
E. interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid
Q:
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.
A. simple squamous
B. simple cuboidal
C. simple columnar
D. keratinized stratified squamous
E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Q:
Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
A. simple columnar
B. stratified columnar
C. pseudostratified columnar
D. simple cuboidal
E. stratified cuboidal
Q:
__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare.
A. Simple columnar; stratified columnar
B. Stratified squamous; stratified columnar
C. Pseudostratified; stratified squamous
D. Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous
E. Stratified squamous; simple squamous
Q:
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.
A. fibrous
B. blood
C. basal
D. keratinized
E. goblet
Q:
A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________.
A. pseudostratified; nasal cavity
B. simple cuboidal; esophagus
C. simple columnar; small intestine
D. stratified squamous; anal canal
E. stratified squamous; esophagus
Q:
All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
A. pseudostratified columnar
B. simple columnar
C. stratified columnar
D. stratified cuboidal
E. stratified squamous
Q:
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
A. transitional; stratified squamous
B. stratified squamous; pseudostratified
C. stratified squamous; stratified columnar
D. simple columnar; pseudostratified
E. transitional; simple cuboidal
Q:
__________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the __________.
A. Transitional; tongue
B. Keratinized; tongue
C. Nonkeratinized; skin
D. Keratinized; skin
E. Nonkeratinized; vagina
Q:
__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.
A. Simple columnar; transitional
B. Simple squamous; stratified squamous
C. Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified
D. Pseudostratified; simple squamous
E. Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal
Q:
Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
A. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other.
B. Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.
C. Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material.
D. Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance.
E. Most connective tissues are highly vascular.
Q:
An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.
A. epithelial; cartilage
B. muscular; osseous tissue
C. dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue
D. areolar; cartilage
E. nervous; osseous tissue
Q:
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
A. Very conspicuous fibers
B. The presence of fibroblasts
C. The presence of collagen
D. Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency
E. A calcified matrix
Q:
The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) __________ section.
A. cross
B. oblique
C. transverse
D. sagittal
E. longitudinal
Q:
The __________ gives rise to the __________.
A. mesoderm; digestive glands
B. endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system
C. ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
D. endoderm; mesoderm
E. mesoderm; endoderm
Q:
The clear gel inside a cell is called __________.
A. matrix
B. ground substance
C. interstitial fluid
D. cytosol
E. tissue fluid
Q:
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a __________.
A. fixative
B. histological section
C. spread
D. stain
E. smear
Q:
In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix.
Q:
The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid.
Q:
Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.
Q:
Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements.
Q:
Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues.
Q:
Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of changes in plasma membrane shape.
Q:
Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control.
Q:
Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells.
Q:
Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells.
Q:
The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface.
Q:
The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma.
Q:
Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue.
Q:
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue.
A. connective
B. fibrous
C. nervous
D. epithelial
E. muscular
Q:
Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.
Q:
Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface.
Q:
Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin.
Q:
Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male?
A. 46 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. X and Y chromosomes
D. 46 chromatids
E. 92 DNA molecules
Q:
A cell finishing mitosis has __________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has __________ DNA molecules.
A. 46; 46
B. 46; 92
C. 46; 23
D. 23; 46
E. 23; 23
Q:
If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a(an) __________ allele.
A. homozygous
B. heterozygous
C. recessive
D. dominant
E. suppressed
Q:
Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that __________.
A. women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia
B. the gene is found on the Y chromosome
C. a man can give the allele to his son but not to his daughter
D. a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother
E. a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father
Q:
Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________.
A. pleiotropy
B. sex linkage
C. polygenic inheritance
D. incomplete dominance
E. multiple carriers
Q:
Germ cells have __________ unpaired chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.
A. 23; somatic
B. 23; haploid
C. 23; diploid
D. 46; somatic
E. 46; diploid
Q:
The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 100%
Q:
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________.
A. species DNA
B. population DNA
C. gene pool
D. genetic drift
E. phenotype
Q:
In familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. This exemplifies __________.
A. penetrance
B. codominance
C. pleiotropy
D. complete dominance
E. incomplete dominance
Q:
All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.
A. germ cells; haploid
B. germ cells; diploid
C. somatic cells; haploid
D. somatic cells; diploid
Q:
Which of the following is not found in RNA?
A. Thymine
B. Uracil
C. Ribose
D. Guanine
Q:
Genes produce their products __________.
A. as their products are needed or not
B. at a steady rate all the time
C. only when the appropriate hormone is present
D. when the transcription activator is inhibited by an extracellular signal
Q:
Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met?
A. They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA
B. They are still growing and have ample nutrients
C. They are stimulated by growth factors and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them
D. They have grown large enough and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them
Q:
Chromatin shortens and thickens, coiling into compact rods during __________ of mitosis.
A. telophase
B. anaphase
C. interphase
D. prophase
E. metaphase
Q:
Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?
A. G1, S, G2, mitosis
B. Interphase, mitosis
C. G1, DNA replication, G2, mitosis
D. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
E. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Q:
A karyotype shows the __________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in __________.
A. 23; interphase
B. 23; metaphase
C. 46; prophase
D. 46; metaphase
E. 46; S phase
Q:
Which molecule contains anticodons?
A. An mRNA
B. A DNA molecule
C. A tRNA
D. An rRNA
E. A cDNA