Q&A Hero

Q: The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________. A. brush border B. glycocalyx C. cholesterol coat D. phospholipid bilayer E. cell-adhesion molecule

Q: __________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area. A. Cilia; microvilli; flagella B. Microvilli; cilia; flagella C. Microvilli; flagella; cilia D. Flagella; microvilli; cilia E. Flagella; cilia; microvilli

Q: Cells were first discovered when a scientist named __________ observed cell walls in cork under a microscope. A. Robert Hooke B. Theodor Schwann C. Louis Pastuer D. Galen E. Galileo

Q: Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called __________ cells. A. squamous B. stellate C. columnar D. spheroid E. fusiform

Q: Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get? A. A cell's lifespan B. Nutrients available in the environment of a cell C. The relationship between its volume and length D. The relationship between its length and surface area E. The relationship between its volume and surface area

Q: The fluid outside of a cell is called __________. A. cytosol B. intracellular fluid C. extracellular fluid D. cytoplasm E. nucleoplasm

Q: Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell? A. Cytoplasm B. Nucleus C. Plasma membrane D. Interstitial fluid

Q: One example of pinocytosis is the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endothelial cells.

Q: Both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a two layer membrane.

Q: In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle.

Q: Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.

Q: The Golgi complex makes peroxisomes, but not lysosomes.

Q: A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion.

Q: Which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory? A. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. B. All cells come only from preexisting cells. C. All cells occupy space. D. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. E. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

Q: Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ____________. A. organelles B. inclusions C. microtubules D. microfilaments E. centrioles

Q: The most important advantage of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) over the light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.

Q: If a cell doubled in diameter, it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain.

Q: In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF.

Q: A cell's second messengers serve to transport material through the plasma membrane.

Q: Microvilli and cilia differ in their function, but have the same internal structure.

Q: Ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical.

Q: The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate.

Q: The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier.

Q: _________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs. A. Lysosomes B. Microvilli C. Inclusions D. Peroxisomes E. Golgi vesicles

Q: Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. The Golgi complex D. The nucleus E. Ribosomes

Q: Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell? A. Cholesterol B. The nucleus C. The plasma membrane D. The Golgi complex E. The cytoskeleton

Q: Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton? A. Microfilaments B. Microtubules C. Cilia D. Intermediate filaments E. Terminal web

Q: Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi complex D. Mitochondrion E. Nucleolus

Q: Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae? A. Mitochondrion B. Rough ER C. Smooth ER D. Golgi complex E. Nucleolus

Q: Which of the following is not considered an inclusion? A. Lysosome B. Fat droplet C. Glycogen granule D. Bacterium E. Dust particle

Q: Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction? A. An increase in reactant concentration B. An increase in product concentration C. A decreased temperature D. Enzyme inhibition

Q: Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons. A. four B. two C. eight D. six

Q: Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions. A. hydrolysis B. dehydration synthesis C. anabolic D. endergonic

Q: Which of the following is not a nucleotide? A. RNA B. GTP C. ATP D. cAMP

Q: What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Nucleus C. Centriole D. Lysosome E. Mitochondrion

Q: Muscle cells contain numerous __________ to serve their high demand for ATP. A. ribosomes B. lysosomes C. mitochondria D. inclusions E. Golgi vesicles

Q: Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Nucleus D. Mitochondrion E. Golgi complex

Q: __________ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________. A. Mitochondria; microtubules B. Ribosomes; intermediate filaments C. Nucleoli; microfilaments D. Centrioles; microtubules E. Inclusions; centrosomes

Q: __________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________. A. Smooth ER; rough ER B. The Golgi complex; rough ER C. Smooth ER; the Golgi complex D. The Golgi complex; smooth ER E. Ribosomes; smooth ER

Q: Minerals are found in all of the following except __________. A. bones and teeth B. vitamins C. thyroid hormone D. electrolytes

Q: An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a(n) __________. A. anion B. cation C. free radical D. isotope

Q: The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except _________. A. weight per volume B. percentage C. molarity D. pH

Q: The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy. A. kinetic B. potential C. elastic D. radiant

Q: Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________. A. pyruvate; fatty acids B. lactic acid; glycerols C. eicosanoid; steroids D. glycerol; fatty acids E. sterol; fatty acids

Q: __________ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be __________. A. Triglycerides; hydrophobic B. Steroids; hydrophilic C. Bile acids; fat-soluble D. Eicosanoids; water-soluble E. Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Q: Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? A. Glucose B. Cholesterol C. Amino acid D. Protein E. Disaccharide

Q: Proteins perform all of the following functions except __________. A. catalyze metabolic reactions B. give structural strength to cells and tissues C. produce muscular and other forms of movement D. regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells E. store hereditary information

Q: A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called __________. A. contamination B. denaturation C. saturation D. sedimentation E. deconformation

Q: Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids. A. monomers; 10 B. molecules; 10 C. polymers; 20 D. macromolecules; 40 E. polypeptides; 20

Q: The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the __________ structure of the protein. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary E. denatured

Q: An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________. A. active site B. receptor C. secondary structure D. terminal amino acid E. alpha chain

Q: __________ is the substrate of __________. A. Glucose; lactose B. Lactase; glucose C. Lactose; lactase D. Galactose; lactose E. Sucrase; sucrose

Q: All enzymes are __________. A. cofactors B. proteins C. lipids D. carbohydrates E. nucleic acids

Q: Nucleic acids are __________ of __________. A. monomers; monosaccharides B. monomers; ATP C. polymers; nucleotides D. polymers; cAMP E. polymers; DNA

Q: ATP__________ endergonic and exergonic reactions. A. opposes B. decomposes C. reduces D. links E. dehydrates

Q: The breakdown of glycogen (an energy-storage compound) is an example of a(n) __________ reaction. A. exergonic B. endergonic C. exchange D. synthesis E. equilibrium

Q: Potential energy stored in bonds is released as __________ energy. A. electromagnetic B. electrical C. chemical D. heat E. kinetic

Q: The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as __________. A. anabolic and endergonic B. catabolic and exergonic C. anabolic and exergonic D. catabolic and endergonic E. anabolic and exothermic

Q: Which one of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction? A. An increase in reactant concentrations B. A rise in temperature C. The presence of a catalyst D. The presence of an enzyme E. A decrease in reactant concentrations

Q: Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones? A. Catabolism B. Anabolism C. Metabolism D. Oxidation reactions E. Reduction reactions

Q: The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction. A. synthesis B. decomposition C. exchange D. anabolic E. reduction

Q: Which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction? A. AB A + B B. A + B AB C. AB + CD AC + BD D. AB A- + B+ E. A + B AB C + D

Q: A(n) __________ is a group of atoms that determines many of the properties of an organic molecule. A. carboxyl group B. functional group C. hydroxyl group D. amino group E. phosphate group

Q: Which of the following is not an organic compound? A. C16H18N3ClS B. Na2HPO3(H2O)5 C. CH4 D. C3H7O2N

Q: A __________ reaction breaks a __________ down into its monomers. A. hydrolysis; polymer B. dehydration synthesis; molecule C. dehydration synthesis; polymer D. polymer; molecule E. condensation; reactant

Q: The formula of an amino group is __________; the formula of a carboxyl group is __________. A. -COOH; -OH B. -CH3; -NH2 C. -OH; -SH D. -NH2; -COOH E. -SH; -H2PO4

Q: Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s) __________. A. maltose; glucose and sucrose B. sucrose; glucose and fructose C. lactose; glucose and galactose D. glycogen; glucose and fructose E. glucose; galactose and fructose

Q: Which of the following is a disaccharide? A. Galactose B. Lactose C. Glucose D. Fructose E. Amylose

Q: __________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide. A. Fructose; sucrose B. Galactose; maltose C. Lactose; glycogen D. Glucose; starch E. Cellulose; glucose

Q: In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. A. enzymes B. proteins C. lipids D. carbohydrates E. nucleic acids

Q: Proteoglycans are composed of __________. A. carbohydrates and fats B. nucleic acids and fats C. carbohydrates and proteins D. proteins and fats E. nucleic acids and proteins

Q: Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond. A. hydrogen B. nonpolar covalent C. polar covalent D. ionic E. Van der Waals

Q: When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________. A. Na+ and Cl- form ionic bonds with each other B. Na+ and Cl- form polar covalent bonds with each other C. Na+ and Cl- form hydrogen bonds with water D. Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken E. Na+ and Cl- become separated by their Van der Waals forces

Q: The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________. A. electrons B. protons C. positrons D. neutrons E. photons

Q: What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another? A. An ionic bond B. A peptide bond C. A hydrogen bond D. A covalent bond E. A hydrolytic bond

Q: Which of these is a cation? Check all that apply. _____ O2 __X__ K+ __X__ Na+ __X__ Ca2+ _____ Cl- Gradable: automatic

Q: __________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight. A. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine B. Carbon, oxygen, iron, sodium, potassium, and chlorine C. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine D. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and potassium E. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

Q: __________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass. A. Cations B. Anions C. Isotopes D. Electrolytes E. Free radicals

Q: When jumping into water you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's __________. A. adhesiveness B. cohesiveness C. hydrophobic tension D. hydrophilic tension E. osmotic equilibrium

Q: Which of these is hydrophobic? A. Glucose B. K+ C. Cl- D. Water E. Fat