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Q:
When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________.
A. Na+ and Cl- form ionic bonds with each other
B. Na+ and Cl- form polar covalent bonds with each other
C. Na+ and Cl- form hydrogen bonds with water
D. Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
E. Na+ and Cl- become separated by their Van der Waals forces
Q:
The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.
A. electrons
B. protons
C. positrons
D. neutrons
E. photons
Q:
What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?
A. An ionic bond
B. A peptide bond
C. A hydrogen bond
D. A covalent bond
E. A hydrolytic bond
Q:
Which of these is a cation? Check all that apply.
_____ O2
__X__ K+
__X__ Na+
__X__ Ca2+
_____ Cl- Gradable: automatic
Q:
__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight.
A. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
B. Carbon, oxygen, iron, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
C. Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
D. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and potassium
E. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus
Q:
__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.
A. Cations
B. Anions
C. Isotopes
D. Electrolytes
E. Free radicals
Q:
Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry.
Q:
A dipeptide is a molecule with two peptide bonds.
Q:
All amino acids have both a carboxyl group and an amino group attached to a central carbon.
Q:
ATP is the body's most important form of long-term energy storage.
Q:
The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is __________.
A. nitrogen
B. hydrogen
C. carbon
D. oxygen
E. calcium
Q:
Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________.
A. 12 neutrons and 11 protons
B. 12 protons and 11 neutrons
C. 12 electrons and 11 neutrons
D. 12 protons and 11 electrons
E. 12 electrons and 11 protons
Q:
The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its __________.
A. protons
B. electrons
C. neutrons
D. protons and neutrons
E. particles
Q:
Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.
A. accept one electron; give up one electron
B. give up one proton; accept one proton
C. share one electron with chlorine; share one electron with sodium
D. become an anion; become a cation
E. give up one electron; accept one electron
Q:
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
E. 16
Q:
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.
Q:
The pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4, which is slightly acidic.
Q:
The high heat capacity of water makes it a very ineffective coolant.
Q:
In an exchange reaction, covalent bonds are broken and new covalent bonds are formed.
Q:
Chemical reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones are called catabolic reactions.
Q:
The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.
Q:
Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.
A. high; high
B. low; low
C. equal; equal
D. low; high
E. high; low
Q:
Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?
A. Pressure
B. Tissue
C. Concentration
D. Electrical
E. Thermal
Q:
DNA is an example of an __________, whereas PET scan is an example of an _________.
A. abbreviation; acronym
B. acronym; abbreviation
C. acronym; eponym
D. eponym; abbreviation
E. eponym; acronym
Q:
Precise spelling is important in anatomy because __________.
A. there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures
B. it's easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly
C. it's important to practice language skills
D. eponyms are difficult to memorize
E. there are many different ways to spell certain terms
Q:
The ileum is ____________, where are the ilium is __________.
A. a muscle; a bone
B. a bone; a muscle
C. part of the hip bone; part of the small intestine
D. a bone in the wrist; a muscle of the back
E. part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone
Q:
Minerals are organic elements extracted from the soil by plants.
Q:
Molecules composed of two or more atoms are called compounds.
Q:
Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are three isotopes of hydrogen.
Q:
Potassium, sodium, and chlorine are trace elements.
Q:
Ionic bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds do.
Q:
The plural of villus (hair) is ____________, whereas the plural of diagnosis is ____________.
A. villuses; diagnosises
B. villi; diagnoses
C. villus; diagnosis
D. villi; diagnosis
E. villuses; diagnosis
Q:
The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is __________.
A. formed from thousands of Italian word roots
B. formed from thousands of French word roots
C. called Nomina Anatomica (NA)
D. formed from thousands of English word roots
E. called Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
Q:
The study of normal body structures is called __________.
A. microscopy
B. pathology
C. physiology
D. anatomy
E. biology
Q:
The study of how hormones function is called __________.
A. histology
B. neuroanatomy
C. neurophysiology
D. pathophysiology
E. endocrinology
Q:
The study of how the body functions is called __________.
A. histology
B. neuroanatomy
C. anatomy
D. chemistry
E. physiology
Q:
A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.
A. membrane
B. feedback loop
C. imbalance
D. barrier
E. gradient
Q:
Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Homeostasis
D. Equilibrium
E. Irritability
Q:
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
Q:
Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Environment
D. Physical activity
E. These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.
Q:
The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.
A. development; differentiation
B. growth; development
C. growth; differentiation
D. differentiation; growth
E. differentiation; development
Q:
Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________.
A. stimulus; integrating (control) center; organ system
B. stimulus; receptor; integrating (control) center
C. receptor; integrating (control) center; effector
D. receptor; organ; organ system
E. receptor; integrating (control) center; organ system
Q:
Negative feedback loops are __________.
A. homeostatic mechanisms
B. not homeostatic mechanisms
C. associated with "vicious circles"
D. self-amplifying cycles
E. usually harmful
Q:
The prefix hypo- means _______________, whereas hyper- means _____________.
A. front; back
B. right; left
C. inside; outside
D. clear; dark
E. below; above
Q:
The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of __________.
A. a Latin root used in medical terminology
B. the use of prefixes to name an anatomical structure
C. the use of suffixes to name an anatomical structure
D. an eponym
E. an acronym
Q:
Hypercalcemia means _________.
A. elevated calcium levels in blood
B. lowered calcium levels in bone
C. elevated sodium levels in blood
D. elevated calcium levels in bone
E. lowered calcium levels in the blood
Q:
The plural of axilla (armpit) is ____________, whereas the plural of appendix is ___________.
A. axillae; appendices
B. axillides; appendages
C. axillies; appendi
D. axilli; appendices
Q:
Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.
A. inhalation; exhalation
B. growth; differentiation
C. anabolism; catabolism
D. positive; negative feedback
E. responsiveness; movement
Q:
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.
A. homeostasis
B. metastasis
C. responsiveness
D. adaptation
E. evolution
Q:
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
Q:
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
Q:
Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees.
A. prehensile
B. bipedal
C. cursorial
D. troglodytic
E. arboreal
Q:
An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
A. organ system; organs
B. organ system; organelles
C. organ; organelles
D. organ; molecules
E. organelle; molecules
Q:
Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?
A. Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
B. Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle
C. Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ
D. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
E. Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle
Q:
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
A. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell)
B. Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
C. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)
D. Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion
E. Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion
Q:
A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
A. macromolecule
B. organ system
C. organelle
D. organism
E. tissue
Q:
Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.
A. comparative
B. evolutionary
C. holistic
D. inductive
E. reductionist
Q:
_______________ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.
A. Naturalism
B. Reductionism
C. Vitalism
D. Holism
E. Rationalism
Q:
_____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
A. Naturalism
B. Reductionism
C. Holism
D. Materialism
E. Science
Q:
The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.
A. cellular
B. holistic
C. physiological
D. anatomical
E. reductionist
Q:
_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.
A. Organ systems
B. Organs
C. Cells
D. Organelles
E. Molecules
Q:
All of the following are human organ systems except ___________.
A. skeletal
B. endocrine
C. epidermal
D. reproductive
E. lymphatic
Q:
All of the following are organs except __________.
A. teeth
B. the skin
C. nails
D. the liver
E. the digestive system
Q:
A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to __________.
A. their inability to regulate body temperature
B. skeletal adaptations to bipedalism
C. the arboreal habits of early primates
D. the conditions of modern civilization
E. the diet of early species of Homo
Q:
The species of modern humans is called _________.
A. Homo erectus
B. Homo sapiens
C. Homo habilis
D. early Homo
E. Australopithecus
Q:
Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of __________.
A. hypothetical reasoning
B. hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C. the inductive method
D. experimental design
E. statistical analysis
Q:
An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) __________.
A. scientific method
B. theory
C. law
D. hypothesis
E. fact
Q:
The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.
A. an adequate sample size
B. objective and reliable results
C. experimental bias
D. psychosomatic effects
E. treatment groups
Q:
______________ is a process that submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published.
A. Adjudication
B. Statistical testing
C. Falsification
D. Peer review
E. Hypothetico-deductive testing
Q:
Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?
A. A fact
B. A law of nature
C. A hypothesis
D. An equation
E. A theory
Q:
The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________.
A. cytology
B. gross anatomy
C. exploratory physiology
D. comparative physiology
E. radiology
Q:
________________ established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the "father of medicine."
A. Aristotle
B. Hippocrates
C. Galen
D. Vesalius
E. Hooke
Q:
A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) __________.
A. controlled pill
B. placebo
C. treatment pill
D. variable
E. effective dose
Q:
Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group.
A. peer
B. test
C. treatment
D. control
E. double-blind
Q:
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called __________.
A. mutation
B. natural selection
C. selection pressure
D. evolution
E. adaptation
Q:
The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________.
A. a model
B. evolution
C. selection pressure
D. survivorship
E. success
Q:
The principal theory of how evolution works is called __________.
A. natural pressure
B. selective pressure
C. darwinian pressure
D. natural adaptation
E. natural selection
Q:
Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?
A. Hair
B. Fully opposable thumbs
C. Stereoscopic vision
D. Color vision
E. Spinal and pelvic anatomy
Q:
Stereoscopic vision provides __________.
A. opposable perception
B. color perception
C. depth perception
D. bipedalism
E. opposition of thumbs
Q:
The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called __________.
A. experimental design
B. the deductive method
C. the inductive method
D. a hypothesis
E. statistical testing