Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
International Business
Q:
Fredrick Keeble, an American manager, took his Swiss client out for a traditional American dinner. The client did not seem to eat much. After dinner, he asked his client if he had enjoyed the dinner. Which of the following responses would indicate that the client comes from a low-context culture?
A) No, I did not like the food.
B) Yes, but it was a little too oily.
C) No, dinner was good but I have an upset tummy.
D) Yes, it was lovely, thanks.
E) Yes, unfortunately I was not very hungry.
Q:
According to the high-context/low-context continuum identified by Edward T. Hall, communication in a low-context culture depends on
A) the context.
B) who says it.
C) when it is said.
D) how it is said.
E) the verbal expression.
Q:
Which form of communication is more important in a low-context culture?
A) explicit
B) nonverbal
C) contextual
D) face-to-face
E) gesture-based
Q:
According to Max Weber, at least part of the standard of living in the United States today can be attributed to the
A) hard-working Protestant ethic.
B) creators of the Constitution.
C) Pearl harbor bombing.
D) African American population.
E) slave labor that formed the basis for early industry.
Q:
Research has shown that commitment of workers to their companies tended to be higher in countries
A) higher in individualism and lower in power distance.
B) higher in collectivism and lower in individualism.
C) lower in individualism and higher in power distance.
D) higher in power distance and higher in individualism.
E) higher in collectivism and higher in power distance.
Q:
In his study on the personal lives of professionals, David McClelland found that in ancient Greece work was considered
A) more important than family and home.
B) a necessary component to having a happy personal life.
C) equal to and just as important as having a fulfilling personal life.
D) an undesirable factor that got in the way of a good personal life.
E) the ultimate reward.
Q:
Companies in the more hierarchical countries of France and Italy tend to have strong paternalistic orientations, which means that
A) it is assumed a person will work for one company during their lifetime.
B) all employees are family members or close family friends.
C) decisions are made from the top-down.
D) they are monopolies without any competition.
E) they are more heavily influenced by the government.
Q:
In ________ decision making, title or position generally takes precedence over the individual holding the job.
A) committee
B) decentralized
C) top-level management
D) integrated
E) dictatorial
Q:
Which form of business decision making is predominant in most Asian countries?
A) independent decision making
B) contractual decision making
C) authoritarian decision making
D) group decision making
E) dictatorial decision making
Q:
A characteristic of committee decision making is that
A) it is only found in small businesses.
B) the committees always operate on a decentralized basis.
C) it is based on rank and hierarchy.
D) it is rarely employed in Asian countries.
E) it is by group or consensus.
Q:
As businesses grow and professional management develops, there is a shift toward what form of decision making?
A) authoritarian decision making
B) decentralized management decision making
C) hit-or-miss decision making
D) tentative decision making
E) experimental decision making
Q:
The Jensen family has owned Jensen's Country Furnishings since 1987 and Delores and Frank Jensen, grandparents and founders, make all of the business decisions. What type of decision-making pattern does this reflect?
A) committee
B) diffused management
C) decentralized management
D) nonhierarchical
E) top-level management
Q:
The notion that ________ is crucial for efficiency, improvement, and regeneration is fundamental to Western management practices.
A) insolvency
B) procrastination
C) liquidation
D) competition
E) complacency
Q:
Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations stated, "By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intended to promote it." What behavior does this notion attempt to justify?
A) collectivism
B) loyalty
C) welfare mentality
D) competitiveness
E) cooperation
Q:
In many companies in the United States, people feel that individuals control their own destinies and because of this companies should select and reward employees based on
A) merit.
B) efficiency.
C) payment.
D) nepotism.
E) family background.
Q:
Which of the following is consistent with the American view of the independent enterprise?
A) A corporation should fall under the control of the state government.
B) A corporation is an entity that has rules and continuity of existence.
C) The largest proportion of a corporation's profits must go to the personal funds of the stakeholders.
D) A corporation's employees must be selected on the basis of seniority and not merit.
E) Personal relationships are more important in daily life than work and the company.
Q:
According to the "master of destiny" viewpoint, what is one thing that determines a person's destiny?
A) luck
B) society
C) hard work
D) family background
E) a higher order, such as God
Q:
Which philosophical view of U.S. management recognizes that people influence the future to a large extent and that they control their own fates?
A) independent enterprise as the instrument of social action
B) wide sharing in decision making
C) "master of destiny" viewpoint
D) natural selection theory
E) competition producing efficiency
Q:
The management team selected Sarah to attend the meeting with the new foreign-based company because she demonstrates tolerance, can easily adjust to changes in work tempos, and always promotes justice and fairness. Sarah has the qualities necessary for
A) dissonance.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) dominance.
D) adaptation.
E) stereotyping.
Q:
While bowing to another person is a ritual among the Japanese, it is not expected for a Westerner to bow or to understand this ritual. In other words, bowing would be considered a cultural
A) elective.
B) stereotype.
C) imperative.
D) rest.
E) exclusive.
Q:
Nina McRidder became an embarrassment to her company when she joked about the ruling monarchy in England in front of a group of visiting English businesspeople. She should have known that political ridicule by a foreigner is rarely accepted. Ms. McRidder has violated what is known as a cultural
A) imperative.
B) elective.
C) exclusive.
D) intelligence.
E) standard.
Q:
Manuel Tores, a senior manager at Crawford Export Logistics, goes to France to negotiate a deal with the company's French partners. He dresses casually in a t-shirt and jeans. His French counterparts call off the meeting and accuse him of taking a casual attitude toward negotiations. In this scenario, dressing formally during business meetings is probably a cultural ________ for the French.
A) imperative
B) elective
C) exclusive
D) oddity
E) rarity
Q:
________ would most likely be characterized as being an imperative business custom in many cultures.
A) Establishing friendships
B) Knowing to speak and write the native language
C) Adhering to local food habits
D) Conforming to the native religions
E) Having knowledge of the local sport
Q:
Business customs in which an outsider must not participate are called
A) imperatives.
B) electives.
C) exclusives.
D) absolutes.
E) statutes.
Q:
Jenna does not drink alcohol and when she meets clients for dinner she knows that while the client might enjoy a glass of wine with the meal, she is not required to. What type of business custom does this illustrate?
A) imperatives
B) electives
C) exclusives
D) individualistic axioms
E) standardized axioms
Q:
Business customs that must be recognized and accommodated are called
A) imperatives.
B) electives.
C) exclusives.
D) exceptional.
E) constraints.
Q:
Reggie owns a small stationery company in Tennessee and plans to enter the French market to sell his line of fine linen papers. He realizes that there are many business customs he will need to understand and conform to in order to succeed in France. What type of business custom is Reggie concerned with?
A) cultural exclusives
B) business truism
C) global protocols
D) business axioms
E) cultural imperatives
Q:
What are the three categories of business customs?
A) rigid, flexible, and negotiables
B) internals, externals, and consensual customs
C) imperatives, electives, and exclusives
D) national, foreign, and international
E) unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral
Q:
Marilee understands that if she wants her U.S.-based company to flourish in Italy, she must be tolerant of Italian customs and norms that might differ from what she deals with in the United States and also be humble and not assume that her current way of doing business is the only way to do business. What characteristic is Marilee demonstrating?
A) adaptation
B) dissonance
C) distancing
D) concession
E) empathy
Q:
What is a criterion for adaptation when dealing with individuals, firms, or authorities in foreign countries?
A) ability to resist varying tempos
B) zero tolerance
C) hypersensitivity
D) flexibility
E) lack of curiosity
Q:
Japan is considered a relationship-oriented culture because it achieves efficiency through competition and is linguistically direct.
Q:
The most managerially useful aspect of the synthesis of cultural differences is that it allows us to make predictions about unfamiliar cultures.
Q:
High-context cultures score high on power distance and low on individualism.
Q:
Chinese cultures are high on Power Distance Index and low on Individualism/Collective Index.
Q:
A distinguishing characteristic of the type of capitalism common in Chinese culture is the emphasis on guanxi as the coordinating principle among firms.
Q:
When comparing performance of American, German, and Japanese firms, in less individualistic cultures, labor and management generally do not get along.
Q:
Utilitarian ethics is the ethical principle that focuses on the optimization of the "common good."
Q:
The form of bribery known as lubrication is common in some countries and involves giving a small sum of cash or a gift to a low-ranking public official.
Q:
Subornation payments accompany requests for a person to do a job more rapidly or more efficiently.
Q:
The distinction between bribery and extortion depends on whether the activity resulted from an offer or from a demand for payment.
Q:
The business community's defense against payoffs was that they were a way of life throughout the world.
Q:
Currently in most international businesses, women represent a small percentage of the employees who are chosen for an international assignment.
Q:
Being direct and wanting to get to the point are characteristics of a business person who operates in polychronic time.
Q:
Polychronic time is characterized by "a great involvement with people."
Q:
Most North Americans operate on monochronic time.
Q:
Businesspeople in low-context cultures use e-mail more often than those in high-context cultures.
Q:
High-context cultures place great importance on the verbal aspects of communication.
Q:
Workers in countries higher in individualism and lower in power distance show more commitment to their companies than workers in countries with lower individualism and higher power distance.
Q:
In the committee decision setup, every committee member must be convinced of the merits of the proposition or product in question.
Q:
Family-run businesses are more likely to follow the pattern of top-level management decision making.
Q:
The three typical decision-making patterns are top-level management decisions, decentralized decisions, and committee or group decisions.
Q:
High Power Distance Index countries are more egalitarian than low Power Distance Index countries.
Q:
The notion that competition is crucial for efficiency, improvement, and regeneration is fundamental to Western management practices.
Q:
The acceptance of the independent enterprise as an instrument of social action is a fundamental concept of U.S. corporations.
Q:
The "master of destiny" philosophy is based on the idea that individuals are not in control of their own futures but are at the mercy of decisions made by business and government.
Q:
The majority of business customs fit into the cultural elective category.
Q:
In order to be successful, a business should recognize and accommodate any cultural imperatives associated with a foreign entity.
Q:
Electives are business customs to which adaptation is helpful but not necessary.
Q:
Kyle recently transferred to Norway and is working with Britt on a marketing idea, but their different approaches have created a quandary. If Kyle doesn't understand Britt's customs, he is more likely to evaluate Britt's behavior by relying on what is familiar to her.
Q:
Adaptation requires business executives to forsake their ways and change to local customs.
Q:
In the context of planned and unplanned cultural change, discuss the methods used by marketers to overcome resistance to change in an international marketing scenario.
Q:
Describe how an awareness of aesthetic values plays a role in international marketing.
Q:
Explain how cultural sensitivity can lead to successful foreign marketing.
Q:
Illustrate the differences in "Asian and Western" thought as discussed by Richard Nisbett.
Q:
Explain how linguistic distance is a necessary consideration for international marketers.
Q:
Explain the concept of Power Distance and discuss how it affects culture.
Q:
List and describe the four dimensions of cultural values as identified by Hofstede
Q:
Describe the various ways individuals learn about culture.
Q:
Describe how culture affects how consumers make choices and spend money. Provide an example of a culture-based purchasing decision in one country that might not be typical in another country.
Q:
The introduction of a Westernized diet has caused many Japanese to become overweight. To counter this trend, the Japanese are buying low-calorie, low-fat foods to help shed excess weight and are flocking to health clubs. This scenario best exemplifies ________ change. A) top-down B) planned C) central D) unplanned E) bottom-up
Q:
Next Energy is advocating the use of solar power to replace all petroleum-based energy sources. The company holds demonstrations to show how solar power could be used in all major petroleum-based productsautomobiles, power sources, and heating and cooling. Next Energy is most likely employing a strategy of ________ change, a deliberate attempt to change the way we do things with respect to energy sources.
A) unplanned
B) planned
C) parallel
D) syncopated
E) synergistic
Q:
Morrison Foods has decided to introduce a new line of turkey products to the American consumer. Turkey steaks resemble beefsteak in taste and are leaner and healthier for a variety of reasons. However, the company is concerned that the product will not be accepted in America. If Morrison Foods follows a strategy of ________, they are more likely to have a successful introduction of the new product.
A) cultural shock
B) cultural adiaphora
C) cultural syncopation
D) cultural congruence
E) reverse culture shock
Q:
The first step in bringing about planned change in a society is to
A) determine which cultural factors conflict with an innovation.
B) create a resistance to the cultural factor hindering acceptance.
C) wait for eventual cultural changes that prove the value of the innovation to the culture.
D) market products similar to ones already on the market.
E) introduce a product or service and simply hope for the best.
Q:
Nathan decided it would be best for his company to introduce a low-calorie drink product into the South American market that is similar to other products already in place in the country. He felt this would lead to less resistance on the part of the South American consumer and the products would sell well. What type of strategy is Nathan using?
A) linguistic distance
B) cultural intolerance
C) planned change
D) unplanned obsolescence
E) cultural congruence
Q:
The strategy of ________ deliberately sets out to alter those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.
A) planned change
B) top-down change
C) guerilla marketing
D) differentiated marketing
E) cultural congruence
Q:
________ refers to a strategy that involves marketing products similar to ones already on the market, thereby minimizing resistance.
A) Planned change
B) Cultural congruence
C) Guerilla marketing
D) Lateral marketing
E) Culture equalization
Q:
Modern medicine has thrived in the United States together with the use of herbal remedies from South America. This is an example of
A) cultural ombudsmanship.
B) cultural shock.
C) cultural hegemony.
D) cultural sensitivity.
E) cultural borrowing.
Q:
Innovations that are most readily accepted are those that
A) cater to the values of the predominant religion of the society.
B) propagate faith in a set of beliefs different from the existing beliefs.
C) are apathetic to the existing cultural beliefs.
D) hold the greatest interest within the society and those that are least disruptive.
E) offer some insight into the aesthetics of the existing culture.
Q:
Jessica is new to international marketing and assumes that if a country speaks a similar language as another country then both of those countries will also be interested in the same types of products and services. Jessica appears to be suffering from
A) ethnocentrism.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) an illusion of similarity.
D) cultural sensitivity.
E) cultural borrowing.
Q:
Jason is a marketing manager for a large breakfast cereal company. He knows that most people in China eat breakfast like everyone else in the world, but he also understands that they may not want the sugar-laden cereals his company is known for and he should consider promoting healthier cereal options instead. Jason is revealing cultural ________ as he makes his decision.
A) insensitivity
B) ethnocentrism
C) apathy
D) empathy
E) indifference