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Q:
Motion pictures have been defined as free speech by the U.S. Supreme Court since 1915.
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For the first half of the twentieth century, local and state film review boards were considered constitutional.
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In 1912, federal law outlawed the transportation of boxing movies across state linesnot because they were violent but because there had been a black heavyweight boxing champion since 1908.
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There is no federal shield law for journalists in the United States.
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Ordinary citizens have more privacy protection under U.S. law than politicians or other public figures.
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The Miller v. California case established a national standard for obscenity that is the same for all communities in the United States.
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Parodies and insults of public figures are protected from libel suits unless the statements cause undue emotional pain.
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Reporters need to be careful about printing accusations made by attorneys in a court of law in case a suspect is later found "not guilty."
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Public speech that causes someone damage or actual injury is libelous, even if the speech in question is true.
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Defamation that is broadcast is considered slander because it is spoken rather than written.
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Libel is a right guaranteed by the First Amendment.
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Students who quote and cite a copyrighted source in a term paper for class are technically violating the law.
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Appropriating a writer's or artist's words or music without consent or payment is a form of expression that is not protected as speech.
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If a soon-to-be-released article seems to violate libel or obscenity laws, most U.S. courts would act to stop publication.
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The Supreme Court has defined censorship as prior restraint of speech.
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Only after the Sedition Act expired in 1801 did Americans broadly support the idea of a free press.
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The Sedition Act strengthened First Amendment protections for citizens.
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The United States follows a libertarian model of free expression and free press.
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Most of the world's population now lives in countries where the press is free.
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A. Agenda-settingB. Cultivation effect C. Content analysis D. ExperimentE. Survey1) This kind of research method reveals correlations between two variables.2) This line of research has generally demonstrated that the mass media don"t tell people what to think as much as they tell people what to think about.3) The results of this kind of research method are usually generalizable to a larger population.4) In this method, researchers systematically code and measure media content.5) This line of research suggests that heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to perceive reality in ways that are more consistent with "TV reality."6) This line of research might help to calculate how many times a person watching an hour of prime-time television might see a violent act.7) This kind of research method employs a control group for comparison.
Q:
In media research, an area that focuses on media ownership and what that might mean for the messages distributed to the public is called .
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In media research, the studies approach tries to understand how the media and culture are tied to the actual patterns of communication used in daily life.
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In media research, the is the idea that heavy television viewing leads individuals to perceive reality in ways that are consistent with the portrayals they see on television.
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is a media research argument that says that when the mass media pay attention to particular events or issues, they determine the major topics of discussion for individuals and society.
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theory is a theory within media effects research that suggests a link between the mass media and behavior.
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is the kind of research method used in the Bobo doll study.
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In social science research, the group serves as a basis for comparison with the experimental group.
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Researchers associated with the minimal-effects model argue that people engage in selective and selective retention with regard to the media.
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The hypodermic-needle model is sometimes also called the magic theory.
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Between 1930 and 1970, "Who says what to whom with what ?" became the key question defining the scope and problems ofAmerican communications research.
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polls are typically call-in, online, or person-in-the-street polls that news media use to address a "question of the day."
Q:
Critics of mass media research point to which of the following as a reason why the growing body of academic knowledge about the media seems to have little impact on the vast majority of mass media users?A. Members of the public just don"t care how media affect their lives. B. None of the research addresses the concerns of marginalized groups.C. Specialized jargon makes it nearly impossible for nonacademics, and even other academics, to understand the results of research.D. Some researchers publish hoaxes to see if anyone is paying attention.E. Researchers just don"t care about the concerns and interests of the general public.
Q:
If you are trying to understand human behavior rather than explaining and predicting it, which approach to mass communication research would you take?A. A media effects approach to researchB. A cultural approach to researchC. An agenda-setting approach to research D. A content analysis approach to research E. None of the above options is correct.
Q:
An example of Carey's description of communication as culture might be seen in .A. people gathering in meeting houses to talk about issues like free speechB. the way a message goes simply from sender to receiverC. the attempts to repair and transform society through adjusted narratives and symbols following the Civil Rights protests of the 1950s and 1960sD. how culture disconnects from the communication of a period in timeE. All of the options are correct.
Q:
Media historian James Carey defined communication as .A. "an exchange of verbal or nonverbal symbols between individuals or groups'"B. "a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, andtransformed"C. "the gathering of a middle class to critically discuss the world around them"D. "a strict set of rules governing how different social classes interact"E. All of the options are correct.
Q:
In what way did Habermas think mass media could be an enemy of democracy?A. Media power could be used to increase consumerism.B. The powerful could use the media to manipulate the public into supporting the status quo.C. The media could be used to procure mass loyalty among the populace.D. Citizens would not engage in critical examination of the power held by those who ruled. E. All of the options are correct.
Q:
Habermas formed his ideas about the public sphere while examining which aspect of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English and French societies?
A. Aristocrats', royalty's, and religious leaders' discussions of important issues
B. The way newspapers manipulated the lower and middle classes
C. How the middle class began to gather in places like coffeehouses to critically discuss public life
D. The idea that communication and culture could be viewed as the same thing
E. None of the above options is correct.
Q:
When mass media researchers say they are studying political economy, that means they are most likely be looking at which of the following?
A. The ways political candidates make decisions about reaching an audience
B. The ways economists become political candidates
C. The way ownership of a television network influences the kinds of information in the network news
D. The way ordinary people engage in political activism or conversations about politics
E. None of the above options is correct.
Q:
Which of the following is a focus of cultural studies approaches to media studies?
A. Textual analysis
B. Audience studies
C. Political economy studies
D. Debate in the public sphere
E. All of the options are correct.
Q:
While social science research can be characterized as trying to establish a cause-and-effect relationship, cultural studies .A. does exactly the same thing, but calls it something differentB. looks at how propaganda might affect a group of peopleC. only examines how the media affect the worldD. only focuses on how society shapes mass mediaE. forms more general perspectives about how the mass media interact with the world
Q:
The close reading and interpretation of the meaning of cultural forms is called .A. content analysisB. agenda-settingC. textual analysisD. the cultivation effectE. uses and gratifications
Q:
Which of the following is characteristic of a cultural studies approach to mass media research?A. The belief that audiences are primarily passive and easily persuadedB. An attempt to understand how people use media to serve their own endsC. The belief that media don"t tell us what to think but what to think aboutD. A focus on how people make meaning, understand reality, and order their experiences E. An interest in measuring and coding the content of particular media texts
Q:
is the theory that people believe others are more affected by media messages than they are themselves.A. Cultivation effectB. Agenda-settingC. Third-person effectD. Textual analysisE. Spiral of silence
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Which of the following is a theory that contends that people who believe they hold minority opinions on controversial issues tend to keep silent for fear of social isolation?A. Cultivation effectB. Agenda-setting C. Social learning D. Textual analysisE. Spiral of silence
Q:
The cultivation effect (also known as "mean world" syndrome) argues that .A. the more television people watch, the meaner they becomeB. people who watch more television believe they are more likely to become victims of crime or violence than they actually areC. people who consider television watching an "uncultured" activity are more likely to believe most people are violentD. people who watch violent television will become more violentE. None of the options is correct.
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The major research in the area of cultivation effect grew from the attempts of to make generalizations about the impact of televised violence.A. social learning theoristsB. GeorgeGerbner and his colleaguesC. Walter LippmanD. Elisabeth Noelle-NeumannE. None of the above options is correct.
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If someone has never been the victim of a violent crime and lives in an area that has very low rates of violent crime, yet still feels he or she is at a high level or risk for such crimes after watching a lot of Law &Order, this might be an example of .A. the cultivation effectB. agenda-settingC. political economyD. textual analysisE. audience studies
Q:
Which line of research helps to explain why Midwesterners started to rank shark attacks as a problem after the 1975 release of the movie Jawsand its subsequent press coverage?A. Cultivation effectB. Agenda-setting C. Spiral of silence D. Textual analysisE. Social learning theory
Q:
Which line of research has generally demonstrated that the mass media don"t tell people what to think as much as they tell people what to think about?A. Cultivation effectB. Agenda-settingC. Social learning theoryD. Spiral of silence E. Audience studies
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the four steps identified as part of the social learning theory process?A. Retention B. Motivation C. AttentionD. Motor reproductionE. Cultivation
Q:
What method is a researcher using if he or she watches a season of a television program and counts each time an act of violence is shown?A. Content analysis B. ExperimentC. Textual analysisD. SurveyE. Focus group
Q:
Which kind of research involves systematically coding and measuring media content?A. ExperimentsB. Focus group interviewsC. SurveysD. Content analysis E. Political economy
Q:
If data showed that heavy consumers of violent videos engage in more violent behavior than do light consumers, a social scientist would likely conclude that .A. watching violent videos causes violent behaviorB. violent personality traits cause people to choose violent videosC. watching videos has strong effects on the audienceD. viewing violent videos and violent behavior are correlatedE. All of the options are correct.
Q:
Which kind of research method reveals correlations between two variables?
A. Content analysis
B. Experiment
C. Political economy
D. Focus group interviews
E. Survey
Q:
What type of study looks at changes in a population over time?A. Content analysis studyB. Longitudinal study C. Agenda-setting study D. Experiment studyE. Textual analysis study
Q:
A mass media effects researcher might choose a survey approach if he or she has a desire to A. try to control variables using a control group and an experiment groupB. demonstrate a clear cause-effect relationshipC. observe people in a laboratory, or tightly controlled, situationD. observe people using mass media in their own homesE. collect information that applies to a large population
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the steps in the scientific method listed in your textbook?
A. Identifying the research problem
B. Determining an appropriate research method or design
C. Collecting information or relevant data
D. Reviewing existing research or theories related to your problem
E. Presenting the proposed research problem to companies for funding
Q:
Which of the following is not a legitimate technique for gathering quality research data?A. SurveysB. Content analysisC. Textual analysisD. Online or call-in polls E. Laboratory experiments
Q:
A mass media effects researcher might choose an experiment approach if he or she has A. a desire to get results that reflect some truth about a large populationB. a desire to find out if two variables are related in some undetermined wayC. a desire to try to show a cause-effect relationship between two variablesD. a desire to study a large populationE. the ability to study a large population and see how it changes over time
Q:
In experiments, subjects are picked for each group through , which simply means that each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either group.A. random assignmentB. hypothesesC. control groupsD. scientific methodE. surveys
Q:
Which kind of research method employs a control group for comparison?A. Focus group interviewsB. Content analysis C. Political economy D. ExperimentE. Survey
Q:
Which of the following is not a common characteristic of private or proprietary mass media research?A. It is more theoretical than applied.B. It is generally conducted for a business, a corporation, or even a political campaign. C. It relies on the scientific method to reach conclusions.D. It tends to try to find answers to meet a real-life problem or need. E. It could help create more effective advertising.
Q:
The question "Why do we use the media?" is often asked under the model.A. uses and gratificationsB. selective exposure and retentionC. hypodermic-needleD. marketing researchE. propaganda analysis
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People often choose to expose themselves only to media outlets that express their views. What is this called?A. The uses and gratifications model B. Selective exposure and retention C. The hypodermic-needle modelD. The marketing research model E. The propaganda analysis model
Q:
The hypodermic-needle research model might be considered the opposite of which research model?A. The agenda-setting modelB. The minimal-effects modelC. The uses and gratifications modelD. The surveymodelE. The textual analysis model
Q:
The 1938 radio broadcast of Warof the Worlds made millions of listeners believe that Martians were invading Earth; however, most listeners didn"t believe that the story was real. This outcome ultimately helped to support which research model?
A. The hypodermic-needle model
B. The minimal-effects model
C. The uses and gratifications model
D. The survey model
E. The textual analysis model
Q:
Call-in, online, or person-in-the-street polls that the news media use to address a "question of the day" are known as .A. propaganda analysisB. the uses and gratifications modelC. the scientific methodD. pseudo-pollsE. random assignment
Q:
Researchers' negative definition of the kind of propaganda used by various governments during World War I was .A. "the opinions of various political groups and candidates for political office"B. "the control of military communication through the use of secret codes'"C. "the use of reliable and truthful information in an honest discussion of national policy"D. "partisan appeal based on half-truths and devious manipulation of communication channels'"E. "the public's ability to set the agenda of those holding office or other form of power through communication"
Q:
The scientific study of mass media got started because of interest in .A. French philosopher Alexis de TocquevilleB. how media messages were used to inspire public support for World War IC. knowing which forms of advertising were most effectiveD. finding out how the public feels about political and social issuesE. how violent video images might inspire violent behavior
Q:
Jrgen Habermas's theory of the public sphere was about the need for global cooperation with public projects.
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Philosophers such as Jrgen Habermas believed that critical public debate beyond the control of aristocrats, royalty, and religious elites led to support for causes like free speech.
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The idea of the public sphere, defined as a space for critical public debate, was first advanced by American media critic Walter Lippmann.
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One key difference between content analysis and textual analysis is the greater emphasis on counting, measurement, and reliability in content analysis.
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Textual analysis is able to demonstrate the effects of the media on audiences.
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The cultivation effect theory suggests that heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive the world in ways that are more consistent with television's portrayals of the world.
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The agenda-setting theory refers to the media's ability to change public opinion on controversial issues.
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One of the main problems in studying the effects of media is that whatever real effects the media cause, they also often serve as a scapegoat for larger social problems.
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Content analysis is the primary method researchers use to measure the amount of violence on network television.
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Survey research is better than experimental research at establishing cause-effect linkages, but experimental research gets closer to real-world conditions.
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The minimal-effects model of mass media research holds that the media reinforce existing behaviors and attitudes rather than change them.