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Journalism
Q:
Most media professionals favor licensing of media practioners if it will produce higher standards of operation.
Q:
When media professionals are faced with ethical dilemmas, they are moral agents.
Q:
Democracy requires a free press.
Q:
The editors of The Progressive fought the government over the issue of prior restraint.
Q:
The power of the government to prevent the publication or broadcast of expression is called
a. prior restraint.
b. actual malice.
c. due cause.
d. lack of privilege.
Q:
In addition to industry professional codes, many media organizations have formulated their own institutional policies for conduct. In the case of the broadcast networks, these are enforced by
a. Standards and Practices Departments.
b. policy books.
c. operating policies.
d. ombudsmen.
Q:
In 1957 in _____________, the Supreme Court determined that sex and obscenity were not synonymous, a significant advance for freedom of expression. It did, however, legally affirm for the first time that obscenity was unprotected expression.
a. Miller v. State of California
b. Near v. Minnesota
c. Roth v. United States
d. Ginzburg v. United States
Q:
The legal definition of obscenity was established by which important Supreme Court decision?
a. Miller v. State of California
b. Near v. Minnesota
c. Citizens United v. FEC
d. Ginzburg v. United States
Q:
According to the FCC, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way that is offensive to contemporary community standards is
a. obscene.
b. pornographic.
c. offensive.
d. indecent.
Q:
Legislation that expressly protects reporters rights to maintain sources confidentiality in court is called a
a. moral agent.
b. public domain.
c. shield law.
d. prior restraint.
Q:
Among the regulatory requirements that disappeared during the broadcast deregulation movement of the Reagan administration is _____________, which required broadcasters to determine actively and affirmatively the nature of their audiences interest, convenience, and necessity.
a. safe harbor
b. ascertainment
c. the Fairness Doctrine
d. clear and present danger
Q:
The FCC chairman most closely associated with the deregulation of broadcasting is _____________, an appointee of the Reagan administration.
a. Reed Hundt
b. Edward Markey
c. Mark Fowler
d. Newton Minnow
Q:
Identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression, _____________ is designed to protect the creators financial interest in that expression. a. public domain b. fair use c. copyright d. ascertainment
Q:
Once the copyright on a piece of expression expires and is not renewed, the material passes a. public domain b. fair use c. copyright d. ascertainment
Q:
A theory that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values is _____________ theory.
a. a social scientific
b. a holistic
c. a libertarian
d. normative
Q:
_____________ asserts that media must remain free of government control, but in exchange must serve the public. Its core assumptions are a cross between the libertarian principles of freedom and the practical admissions of the need for some form of control over the media.
a. Libertarianism
b. The self-righting principle
c. Social responsibility theory
d. Normative theory
Q:
Rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations are
a. consciences.
b. ethics.
c. moral agents.
d. strictures.
Q:
Oral or spoken defamation of a persons character (typically applied to broadcasting) is
a. slander.
b. libel.
c. privilege.
d. fair comment.
Q:
In applying ethics, the person making the decisions is called the
a. moral compass.
b. ethical actor.
c. moral agent.
d. interested party.
Q:
Potentially libelous or slanderous expression is protected by the First Amendment if it meets the test of all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. truth
b. privilege
c. fair comment
d. justice
Q:
Among the individual or group interests that often conflict in ethical dilemmas are those of the _____________, a particular person or group that is likely to be affected by media practitioners actions.
a. object of the act
b. financial supporter
c. profession
d. society
Q:
The basis for the test of _____________ is the idea that the press cannot be deterred from covering legislative, court, or other public activities for fear that the comments of a speaker or witness will open it to claims of libel or slander.
a. truth
b. privilege
c. fair comment
d. due process
Q:
The issue of _____________, an important tool of journalism, involves the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information.
a. prior restraint
b. privacy
c. confidentiality
d. ascertainment
Q:
When a media outlet distributes content with knowledge of its falsity or a reckless disregard for the truth, it has acted with
a. prior restraint.
b. actual malice.
c. due cause.
d. lack of privilege.
Q:
One conflict of interest issue that troublese media professionals is _____________, in which combat reporters allow military control over their output in exchange for close access to the troops.
a. prior restraint
b. shield laws
c. privacy
d. embedding
Q:
The _____________ principle is represented by the paired ideas that the free flow or trade of ideas ensures that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge and that truth will emerge from this public discourse because people are inherently rational and good.
a. social responsibility
b. Federalist
c. First Amendment
d. self-righting
Q:
When discussing the First Amendment, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black said, No law means no law. He was expressing the _____________ position on the freedom of press and speech.
a. absolutist
b. social responsibility
c. patriarchal
d. self-righting
Q:
The Supreme Court, in its decision in _____________, stated that the First Amendment was among the fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states. Given that, Congress shall make no law is now interpreted as government agencies shall make no law.
a. Valentine v. Chrestensen
b. Gitlow v. New York
c. Time, Inc. v. Hill
d. Schenck v. United States
Q:
Advertising, or commercial speech, enjoys First Amendment protection, as established by the Supreme Court in its 1942 _____________ decision.
a. Valentine v. Chrestensen
b. Gitlow v. New York
c. Time, Inc. v. Hill
d. Schenck v. United States
Q:
Because freedom of the press can be limited if the likely result is damaging, there is no absolute freedom of expression in the case of
a. commercial media.
b. entertainment content.
c. clear and present danger.
d. free press versus fair trial.
Q:
The philosophy of _____________ states that, in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted.
a. social responsibility
b. balancing of interests
c. clear and present danger
d. libertarianism
Q:
What is the difference between administrative and critical media research?
Q:
The Supreme Court turned the ___________ analogy against NBC, declaring that the FCC to judge content.
a. traffic cop
b. moral agent
c. wise teacher
d. concerned parent
Q:
Briefly describe two-step flow theory.
Q:
A cultures fundamental values are its
a. metaethics.
b. normative ethics.
c. applied ethics.
d. moral agents.
Q:
What is meant by dissonance in dissonance theory?
Q:
Media practitioners who put their ethical values into action are using
a. metaethics.
b. normative ethics.
c. applied ethics.
d. moral agents.
Q:
How does agenda setting operate in contemporary mass media?
Q:
The guarantee to a fair trial is secured in the _____________ Amendment to the Constitution.
a. First
b. Sixth
c. Fourteenth
d. Twenty-third
Q:
Define the symbols, signs, and typification schemes of social construction of reality theory.
Q:
In 1981 in _____________, the Supreme Court determined that television cameras in the courtroom were not inherently damaging to fairness, and different states have since adopted different standards on the issue.
a. Chandler v. Florida
b. New York Times v. Sullivan
c. Near v. Minnesota
d. the Red Lion Decision
Q:
What is the distinction between Marxist and neo-Marxist theory in regards to base and superstructure?
Q:
The false and malicious publication of material that damages a persons reputation (typically applied to print media) is
a. slander.
b. libel.
c. privilege.
d. fair comment.
Q:
Cultural theorists believe in powerful media influence. Do you agree or disagree with them? Defend your answer.
Q:
Critical cultural theorists argue that elites use their power over the media to maintain a culture that is beneficial to them and detrimental to most others. Do you agree or disagree with them? How do you account for the fact that the vast majority of people seem content with the current structure and operation of our media system? Defend your answer.
Q:
The text cites three forces that usually operate to bring about shifts in mass communication theory. What are they? How did they cause a shift from limited effects theories to more culturally oriented theories?
Q:
The First Amendment is based on the _____________ philosophy that people cannot govern themselves in a democracy unless they have access to the information they need for that governance.
a. social responsibility
b. socialistic
c. libertarian
d. federalist
Q:
The fundamental assumption of dependency theory is that audience members dependency on the media and their messages heightens the medias power.
Q:
The theory of _____________ says that television constructs a reality of the world that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be true.
a. social construction of reality
b. cultivation analysis
c. symbolic interaction
d. product positioning
Q:
Social cognitive theorists consider identification to be a special form of imitation.
Q:
The belief foremost in cultivation analysis is that because we all share a common public message system (television), the _____________ of reality occurs, moving individual and different people toward a shared, television-created understanding of how things are.
a. mean world
b. resonance
c. mainstreaming
d. positioning
Q:
What assumptions are embedded in magic bullet theory and hypodermic needle theory?
Q:
_____________ theories rely on the idea that the media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people.
a. Social scientific
b. Cultivation
c. British cultural
d. Critical cultural
Q:
What is meant by middle-range theory?
Q:
Marxism rests on the belief that people are oppressed by those who own the factories and the landthe means of production, or
a. base.
b. superstructure.
c. cultural assumption.
d. commune.
Q:
What three factors have historically led to shifts in mass communication theory?
Q:
Modern neo-Marxist mass communication theorists believe that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, or _____________; in other words, religion, politics, arts, literature, and the mass media.
a. base
b. superstructure
c. cultural assumption
d. communistic
Q:
What is the difference between micro- and macro-level media effects?
Q:
_____________ is the study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power.
a. Symbolic interaction
b. Social construction of reality
c. The FrankfurtSchool
d. News production research
Q:
The daily time and cost demands of U.S. journalism result in newspapers and broadcasts composed of a large number of brief, capsulated stories with little room for perspective and context, resulting in _____________ news.
a. personalized
b. dramatized
c. fragmented
d. normalized
Q:
Mass society theory is an example of a middle-range theory.
Q:
Critical cultural theory typically finds its intellectual home in conservative political circles.
Q:
In two-step flow theory, the power of media to change attitudes and behaviors is thought to be enhanced through the intervention of opinion leaders.
Q:
Selective exposure predicts that people will interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs.
Q:
The uses and gratifications approach is interested in what people do with media rather than in what media do to people.
Q:
The idea that media dont tell us what to think, but what to think about, is called dependency theory because people are dependent on media for information.
Q:
In social construction of reality theory, collections of meanings that individuals assign to specific phenomena and situations are called typification schemes.
Q:
Neo-Marxist theory focuses on the elites control of the base, or means of production.
Q:
_____________ theory explains how peoples attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed through communication and how those attitudes influence behavior.
a. Magic bullet
b. Limited effects
c. Attitude change
d. Two-step flow
Q:
In social construction of reality theory, _____________ are collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon or situation.
a. typification schemes
b. signs
c. symbols
d. artifacts
Q:
_____________ theory argues that people experience a kind of mental discomfort when confronted with new information. As a result, they consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort.
a. Dissonance
b. Limited effects
c. Attitude change
d. Two-step flow
Q:
Peoples psychological dissonance is reduced through the selective processes, one of which is ____________, the process by which people interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs.
a. selective exposure
b. selective retention
c. selective perception
d. selective counterveillance
Q:
The idea that mass communication ordinarily does not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause of audience effects, but rather functions among and through a nexus (web) of mediating factors and influences, is the basis of Joseph Klappers _____________ theory.
a. two-step flow
b. dissonance
c. magic bullet
d. reinforcement
Q:
_____________ theory argues that media dont do things to people; rather, people do things with media. In other words, medias influence is limited to what people allow it to be.
a. Uses and gratifications
b. Limited effects
c. Attitude change
d. Agenda setting
Q:
_____________ theoryproduced theorist Stuart Hall, who first developed the idea of media as a public forum.
a. Cultural
b. Limited effects
c. Attitude change
d. British cultural
Q:
The idea that medias influence resides in the relationship between the larger social system, the medias role in that system, and audience relationships to the media forms the basis of _____________ theory.
a. uses and gratifications
b. dependency
c. attitude change
d. agenda setting
Q:
_____________ theory is the idea that people learn through observation to model the behaviors they see.
a. Selective observation
b. Excitation
c. Social cognitive
d. Vicarious reinforcement
Q:
Social cognitive theorists call the direct replication of an observed behavior
a. modeling.
b. imitation.
c. identification.
d. behavioral hierarchy.
Q:
Social cognitive theorists give the label _____________ to the special form of imitation in which observers do not exactly copy what they have seen but make a more generalized, still-related response.
a. modeling
b. vicarious reinforcement
c. identification
d. behavioral hierarchy
Q:
In social cognitive theory, seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. This is called
a. observation learning.
b. the inhibitory effect.
c. the disinhibitory effect.
d. vicarious reinforcement.