Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Journalism
Q:
Those who hold the absolutist position on the First Amendment are willing to make an exception when it comes to control of offensive and indecent content.
Q:
Explain the difference between operating policies and editorial policies.
Q:
Purely entertainment content, such as a fun summer movie, does not enjoy First Amendment protection because it is totally commercial in its intent, and therefore, not of the press.
Q:
List four limitations of media industry self-regulation.
Q:
A theory that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values is _____________ theory.
a. a social scientific
b. a holistic
c. a libertarian
d. normative
Q:
_____________ asserts that media must remain free of government control, but in exchange must serve the public. Its core assumptions are a cross between the libertarian principles of freedom and the practical admissions of the need for some form of control over the media.
a. Libertarianism
b. The self-righting principle
c. Social responsibility theory
d. Normative theory
Q:
Rules of behavior or moral principles that guide our actions in given situations are
a. consciences.
b. ethics.
c. moral agents.
d. strictures.
Q:
Oral or spoken defamation of a persons character (typically applied to broadcasting) is
a. slander.
b. libel.
c. privilege.
d. fair comment.
Q:
In applying ethics, the person making the decisions is called the
a. moral compass.
b. ethical actor.
c. moral agent.
d. interested party.
Q:
Potentially libelous or slanderous expression is protected by the First Amendment if it meets the test of all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. truth
b. privilege
c. fair comment
d. justice
Q:
Among the individual or group interests that often conflict in ethical dilemmas are those of the _____________, a particular person or group that is likely to be affected by media practitioners actions.
a. object of the act
b. financial supporter
c. profession
d. society
Q:
The basis for the test of _____________ is the idea that the press cannot be deterred from covering legislative, court, or other public activities for fear that the comments of a speaker or witness will open it to claims of libel or slander.
a. truth
b. privilege
c. fair comment
d. due process
Q:
The issue of _____________, an important tool of journalism, involves the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information.
a. prior restraint
b. privacy
c. confidentiality
d. ascertainment
Q:
When a media outlet distributes content with knowledge of its falsity or a reckless disregard for the truth, it has acted with
a. prior restraint.
b. actual malice.
c. due cause.
d. lack of privilege.
Q:
One conflict of interest issue that troublese media professionals is _____________, in which combat reporters allow military control over their output in exchange for close access to the troops.
a. prior restraint
b. shield laws
c. privacy
d. embedding
Q:
The power of the government to prevent the publication or broadcast of expression is called
a. prior restraint.
b. actual malice.
c. due cause.
d. lack of privilege.
Q:
In addition to industry professional codes, many media organizations have formulated their own institutional policies for conduct. In the case of the broadcast networks, these are enforced by
a. Standards and Practices Departments.
b. policy books.
c. operating policies.
d. ombudsmen.
Q:
In 1957 in _____________, the Supreme Court determined that sex and obscenity were not synonymous, a significant advance for freedom of expression. It did, however, legally affirm for the first time that obscenity was unprotected expression.
a. Miller v. State of California
b. Near v. Minnesota
c. Roth v. United States
d. Ginzburg v. United States
Q:
The legal definition of obscenity was established by which important Supreme Court decision?
a. Miller v. State of California
b. Near v. Minnesota
c. Citizens United v. FEC
d. Ginzburg v. United States
Q:
According to the FCC, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way that is offensive to contemporary community standards is
a. obscene.
b. pornographic.
c. offensive.
d. indecent.
Q:
Legislation that expressly protects reporters rights to maintain sources confidentiality in court is called a
a. moral agent.
b. public domain.
c. shield law.
d. prior restraint.
Q:
Among the regulatory requirements that disappeared during the broadcast deregulation movement of the Reagan administration is _____________, which required broadcasters to determine actively and affirmatively the nature of their audiences interest, convenience, and necessity.
a. safe harbor
b. ascertainment
c. the Fairness Doctrine
d. clear and present danger
Q:
The FCC chairman most closely associated with the deregulation of broadcasting is _____________, an appointee of the Reagan administration.
a. Reed Hundt
b. Edward Markey
c. Mark Fowler
d. Newton Minnow
Q:
Identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression, _____________ is designed to protect the creators financial interest in that expression. a. public domain b. fair use c. copyright d. ascertainment
Q:
Once the copyright on a piece of expression expires and is not renewed, the material passes a. public domain b. fair use c. copyright d. ascertainment
Q:
How does agenda setting operate in contemporary mass media?
Q:
The guarantee to a fair trial is secured in the _____________ Amendment to the Constitution.
a. First
b. Sixth
c. Fourteenth
d. Twenty-third
Q:
Define the symbols, signs, and typification schemes of social construction of reality theory.
Q:
In 1981 in _____________, the Supreme Court determined that television cameras in the courtroom were not inherently damaging to fairness, and different states have since adopted different standards on the issue.
a. Chandler v. Florida
b. New York Times v. Sullivan
c. Near v. Minnesota
d. the Red Lion Decision
Q:
What is the distinction between Marxist and neo-Marxist theory in regards to base and superstructure?
Q:
The false and malicious publication of material that damages a persons reputation (typically applied to print media) is
a. slander.
b. libel.
c. privilege.
d. fair comment.
Q:
Cultural theorists believe in powerful media influence. Do you agree or disagree with them? Defend your answer.
Q:
Critical cultural theorists argue that elites use their power over the media to maintain a culture that is beneficial to them and detrimental to most others. Do you agree or disagree with them? How do you account for the fact that the vast majority of people seem content with the current structure and operation of our media system? Defend your answer.
Q:
The text cites three forces that usually operate to bring about shifts in mass communication theory. What are they? How did they cause a shift from limited effects theories to more culturally oriented theories?
Q:
The First Amendment is based on the _____________ philosophy that people cannot govern themselves in a democracy unless they have access to the information they need for that governance.
a. social responsibility
b. socialistic
c. libertarian
d. federalist
Q:
The _____________ principle is represented by the paired ideas that the free flow or trade of ideas ensures that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge and that truth will emerge from this public discourse because people are inherently rational and good.
a. social responsibility
b. Federalist
c. First Amendment
d. self-righting
Q:
When discussing the First Amendment, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black said, No law means no law. He was expressing the _____________ position on the freedom of press and speech.
a. absolutist
b. social responsibility
c. patriarchal
d. self-righting
Q:
The Supreme Court, in its decision in _____________, stated that the First Amendment was among the fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states. Given that, Congress shall make no law is now interpreted as government agencies shall make no law.
a. Valentine v. Chrestensen
b. Gitlow v. New York
c. Time, Inc. v. Hill
d. Schenck v. United States
Q:
Advertising, or commercial speech, enjoys First Amendment protection, as established by the Supreme Court in its 1942 _____________ decision.
a. Valentine v. Chrestensen
b. Gitlow v. New York
c. Time, Inc. v. Hill
d. Schenck v. United States
Q:
Because freedom of the press can be limited if the likely result is damaging, there is no absolute freedom of expression in the case of
a. commercial media.
b. entertainment content.
c. clear and present danger.
d. free press versus fair trial.
Q:
The philosophy of _____________ states that, in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted.
a. social responsibility
b. balancing of interests
c. clear and present danger
d. libertarianism
Q:
What is the difference between administrative and critical media research?
Q:
The Supreme Court turned the ___________ analogy against NBC, declaring that the FCC to judge content.
a. traffic cop
b. moral agent
c. wise teacher
d. concerned parent
Q:
Briefly describe two-step flow theory.
Q:
A cultures fundamental values are its
a. metaethics.
b. normative ethics.
c. applied ethics.
d. moral agents.
Q:
What is meant by dissonance in dissonance theory?
Q:
Media practitioners who put their ethical values into action are using
a. metaethics.
b. normative ethics.
c. applied ethics.
d. moral agents.
Q:
Critical cultural theory typically finds its intellectual home in conservative political circles.
Q:
In two-step flow theory, the power of media to change attitudes and behaviors is thought to be enhanced through the intervention of opinion leaders.
Q:
Selective exposure predicts that people will interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs.
Q:
The uses and gratifications approach is interested in what people do with media rather than in what media do to people.
Q:
The idea that media dont tell us what to think, but what to think about, is called dependency theory because people are dependent on media for information.
Q:
In social construction of reality theory, collections of meanings that individuals assign to specific phenomena and situations are called typification schemes.
Q:
Neo-Marxist theory focuses on the elites control of the base, or means of production.
Q:
The fundamental assumption of dependency theory is that audience members dependency on the media and their messages heightens the medias power.
Q:
The theory of _____________ says that television constructs a reality of the world that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be true.
a. social construction of reality
b. cultivation analysis
c. symbolic interaction
d. product positioning
Q:
Social cognitive theorists consider identification to be a special form of imitation.
Q:
The belief foremost in cultivation analysis is that because we all share a common public message system (television), the _____________ of reality occurs, moving individual and different people toward a shared, television-created understanding of how things are.
a. mean world
b. resonance
c. mainstreaming
d. positioning
Q:
What assumptions are embedded in magic bullet theory and hypodermic needle theory?
Q:
_____________ theories rely on the idea that the media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people.
a. Social scientific
b. Cultivation
c. British cultural
d. Critical cultural
Q:
What is meant by middle-range theory?
Q:
Marxism rests on the belief that people are oppressed by those who own the factories and the landthe means of production, or
a. base.
b. superstructure.
c. cultural assumption.
d. commune.
Q:
What three factors have historically led to shifts in mass communication theory?
Q:
Modern neo-Marxist mass communication theorists believe that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, or _____________; in other words, religion, politics, arts, literature, and the mass media.
a. base
b. superstructure
c. cultural assumption
d. communistic
Q:
What is the difference between micro- and macro-level media effects?
Q:
_____________ is the study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power.
a. Symbolic interaction
b. Social construction of reality
c. The FrankfurtSchool
d. News production research
Q:
The daily time and cost demands of U.S. journalism result in newspapers and broadcasts composed of a large number of brief, capsulated stories with little room for perspective and context, resulting in _____________ news.
a. personalized
b. dramatized
c. fragmented
d. normalized
Q:
Mass society theory is an example of a middle-range theory.
Q:
Social cognitive theorists give the label _____________ to the special form of imitation in which observers do not exactly copy what they have seen but make a more generalized, still-related response.
a. modeling
b. vicarious reinforcement
c. identification
d. behavioral hierarchy
Q:
In social cognitive theory, seeing a model punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. This is called
a. observation learning.
b. the inhibitory effect.
c. the disinhibitory effect.
d. vicarious reinforcement.
Q:
In social cognitive theory, seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. This is called
a. observation learning.
b. the inhibitory effect.
c. the disinhibitory effect.
d. vicarious reinforcement.
Q:
The underlying assumption of _____________ theory is that our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction, not something that is only sent, delivered, or otherwise transmitted to a docile public.
a. uses and gratifications
b. limited effects
c. attitude change
d. cultural
Q:
The era of the limited effects perspective on mass communication theory began with what famous media event?
a. the sinking of the Titanic
b. the coming of talking pictures
c. the Orson Wells radio production of The War of the Worlds
d. the Frank Capra Why We Fight films
Q:
Theorists in the 1930s who valued serious art and saw consumption of art as a means to elevate people to a better life represented
a. attitude change theory.
b. Neo-Marxism
c. the Frankfurt School.
d. British cultural theory.
Q:
In limited effects theory, the influence of media is thought to be limited by peoples religious and political affiliations, in other words by their
a. personal relationships.
b. individual differences.
c. social categories.
d. opinion leaders.
Q:
People frequently use symbolic interaction theory when they are studying advertisings influence because advertisers often succeed by employing _____________, or encouraging the audience to perceive their products as symbols that have meaning beyond their actual function.
a. social construction of reality
b. neo-Marxism
c. symbolic interaction
d. product positioning
Q:
The idea that information from the media, and therefore media effects, travel from media through opinion leaders to opinion followers is called _____________ theory.
a. uses and gratifications
b. limited effects
c. attitude change
d. two-step flow
Q:
_____________ theory argues that people who share a culture also share an ongoing correspondence of meaning.
a. Social construction of reality
b. Cultivation analysis
c. Symbolic interaction
d. Product positioning
Q:
_____________ theory explains how peoples attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed through communication and how those attitudes influence behavior.
a. Magic bullet
b. Limited effects
c. Attitude change
d. Two-step flow
Q:
In social construction of reality theory, _____________ are collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon or situation.
a. typification schemes
b. signs
c. symbols
d. artifacts