Q&A Hero

Q: Plea bargaining is a process of negotiation that usually involves the defendant, the prosecutor, and the defense counsel and is founded on the mutual interests of all involved.

Q: A felony is a criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least one year.

Q: Which of the following statistics accurately describes today's prison population? a. About 90% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs. b. About 75% of state prisoners have mental health problem. c. About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma. d. About 80% of state prisoners are functionally illiterate.

Q: In the Manhattan Bail Project, not all dependents were eligible for release on their own recognizance.

Q: Common law originates from usage and custom rather than from written statutes.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states? a. one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like b. one institution for adult women c. one high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders d. one or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates

Q: McNabb v. U.S.established that defendants have to exhaust appeals in a state court system before seeking federal relief.

Q: Civil law governs relationships between and among people, businesses and other organizations, and agencies of government.

Q: Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ________-security institutions. a. minimum b. maximum c. ADMAX d. medium

Q: Although defendants have the right to an attorney at trial, the U.S. Supreme Court has not extended this right to be represented by counsel at a first appearance.

Q: Typically, civil suits seek punishment, not compensation.

Q: What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"? a. intense supervision b. direct supervision c. custodial supervision d. close supervision

Q: At least four U.S. Supreme Court justices must vote in favor of a hearing for a case to be heard.

Q: An offense that has been completed is called an inchoate offense.

Q: The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and an emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment are aspects of the ________ model of imprisonment. a. federal b. justice c. penitentiary d. community-based

Q: There are twelve U.S. Supreme Court justices.

Q: Espionage is the "gathering, transmitting, or losing" of information related to the national defense in such a manner that the information becomes available to enemies of the United States and may be used to their advantage.

Q: ________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. a. Design b. Rated c. Operational d. Construction

Q: Most convictions, when appealed to a higher court, will be reversed.

Q: Because the effects and taste of alcohol are so widely known in our society, the defense of involuntary intoxication due to alcohol consumption can be difficult to demonstrate.

Q: Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment? a. Rhodes v. Chapman b. Bell v. Wolfish c. Schall v. Martin d. Holt v. Sarver

Q: The Keeney and Herrera decisions have severely limited access by state defendants to federal courts.

Q: A tort is a wrongful act, damage, or injury not involving a breach of contract.

Q: Women account for about what percentage of the country's jail population? a. 30% b. 25% c. 44% d. 13%

Q: In some instances, state courts will hear cases involving alleged violations of federal law.

Q: A necessary first feature of any crime is some act in violation of the law.

Q: Among the most significant barriers to privatization are just legislated state laws.

Q: Once an appeal is accepted, courts within the appellate division conduct a new trial.

Q: The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations is called stare decisis.

Q: The privatization of prisons began in the early 1960s.

Q: The two types of courts that function in the American criminal justice system are the state courts and the federal courts.

Q: Causation refers to the fact that the concurrence of a guilty mind and a criminal act may produce or cause harm.

Q: Approximately 20 million people are admitted (or readmitted) to the nation's jails each year.

Q: In some jurisdictions, pretrial services agencies have authority to release certain categories of defendants.

Q: Harm occurs in any crime, although not all harms are crimes.

Q: Design capacity refers to what the prison can accommodate according to experts.

Q: The purpose of a preliminary hearing is to determine the guilt of a defendant.

Q: Define and comment on hate crimes. What are the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 and how do they impact hate crimes?

Q: Over 50% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs.

Q: If Jake is convicted in the U.S. District Court and then loses his appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals, he has the right to have the U.S. Supreme Court review his case.

Q: Gun crime and debate about gun control was brought to a heightened discussion in 2012 because of several mass murders. Comment on the role of gun control and the constitutional guarantees of the right to bear arms. Include analysis of the Newtown and Aurora shootings and the effect they had on the communities and gun control.

Q: It costs an average of $14 per day to incarcerate one inmate.

Q: Pretrial services programs are also known as early intervention programs.

Q: There is a new type of crime called flash robs. Define and explain the how it works, how many people are involved, and the issues facing store employees and owners.

Q: The operational capacity of a prison is the number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built.

Q: Investigating crime in multicultural settings can be very difficult both for the victims and for the police. The National Crime Prevention Council, (NCPC), published a guide for American Law Enforcement officers who work with multicultural groups, especially when language problems exist. Comment on and analyze three recommendations made by the NCPC to help communicate more efficiently. Explain your opinions using data and other pertinent materials.

Q: Describe identity theft and the steps taken to combat it.

Q: The number of privileges given to inmates continues to increase.

Q: Racial profiling is a controversial subject that brings out strong feelings among different groups of people. Comment on your view of racial profiling and why you feel that way. Use examples and facts to support your answer. Analyze the US Department of Justice's 2011 critical report of the New Orleans Police Department's enforcement of the law and how it fits into your profiling opinions.

Q: The U.S. Department of Justice suggests several reasons for the decline of crime from the years 1991-2012. List and explain three of those reasons.

Q: A prison is a confinement facility administered by an agency of local government.

Q: The IACP has developed a model drug testing policy for police managers. The policy suggests four areas police managers could use to meet their needs of a clean department. List and define three of those suggestions and give your opinion on the plusses and minuses of each suggestion.

Q: Define Part I Crimes. List and define three categories of Part I crimes.

Q: Most people processed through the country's jails are white.

Q: Police use force in the course of their duties. Compare and contrast the use of force and the use of excessive force. Cite an example of each.

Q: Define and compare and contrast the UCR, NIBRS, and the National Crime Victimization Survey. How does each system serve a purpose in collecting and reporting data? What is their value in fighting crime? Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today.

Q: Between 1991 and 2009 America experienced a 44% decrease in the national crime rate and a 70% increase in the rate of imprisonment.

Q: We have found that stress is a natural component of police work and some stressors in police work are particularly destructive. List and define three areas of stress that affect police officers and explain how these stressors impact the officers' lives.

Q: What is another name for cybercrime? a. violent crime b. property crime c. information technology crime d. hate crime

Q: All the states in America tend to use imprisonment at about the same rate.

Q: The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain is called ________. a. police subculture b. police corruption c. police integrity d. police personality

Q: What type of terrorism, according to the 1996 RAND report, is distinguished by how terrorist groups organize and by how they use high technology? a. domestic terrorism b. cyberterrorism c. international terrorism d. foreign terrorism

Q: The justice model of imprisonment is based on the principle of just deserts.

Q: A research project on female officers in Massachusetts found that female officers ________. a. see themselves as police officers first, women second b. are extremely devoted to their work c. had no trouble balancing child-rearing and their jobs d. are more satisfied with their job when working in uniformed capacities

Q: An incident-based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence is called a ________. a. BJS b. NCVS c. NIBRS d. UCR

Q: The number of inmates held in private prisons is slowly decreasing.

Q: In which of the following cases did the court say that "even law enforcement officials who reasonably but mistakenly conclude that probable cause is present are entitled to immunity"? a. Hunter v.Bryant b. City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris c. Biscoe v. Arlington County d. Malley v. Briggs

Q: UCR/NIBRS terminology may differ from ________ definitions of crime. a. statistical reporting b. the UCR Program's c. statutory d. the FBI's

Q: Death-row inmates are placed in minimum security institutions.

Q: In which of the following cases did the Court establish a two-pronged test for assessing constitutional violations by government agents? a. City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris b. Saucier v.Katz c. Malley v. Briggs d. Biscoe v. Arlington County

Q: The theft of farm animals would be classified as ________. a. larceny-theft b. burglary c. robbery d. motor vehicle theft

Q: What are your opinions concerning the probation and parole systems in place today? Do you believe the systems are working properly today or can we improve on them? Cite and analyze examples to support your beliefs.

Q: Barker and Carter describe acts of corruption that occur most often to further the organizational goals of law enforcement, as ________. a. meat eating b. abuse of authority c. occupational deviance d. grass eating

Q: Clearances are based primarily on ________. a. charges b. arrests c. convictions d. dispositions

Q: In 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice, in conjunction with other federal agencies, initiated funding for 89 reentry sites across the country under the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI). Define and comment on the three phases of the SVORI initiative and the target populations they are geared towards.

Q: According to the Status of Women in Policing Survey, about what percentage of women fill all sworn law enforcement positions nationwide? a. 62 b. 50 c. 13 d. 25

Q: Approximately how many law enforcement agencies provide crime data to the FBI for the UCR? a. 50,000 b. 100,000 c. 30,000 d. 18,000

Q: Describe three significant court cases that have had an impact on the practice of probation and parole since the 1970s.

Q: Which of the following is true of better-educated police officers? a. Educated officers are less likely to have disciplinary problems. b. Educated officers are less likely to leave police work. c. Educated officers are less likely to question orders. d. Educated officers are less likely to request reassignment within the department.

Q: The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics is published by the ________. a. Office for Crime Data b. Bureau of Justice Statistics c. Department of Justice Research d. Bureau of Criminal Justice Surveys