Q&A Hero

Q: Most hate crimes are motivated by ________. a. national origin b. religious bias c. sexual orientation d. racial hatred

Q: Revocation of probation or parole ________. a. requires the concurrence of an appellate court judge b. is not governed by any particular due process requirement c. requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated d. can be enacted merely on a decision made by the probationer's or parolee's probation or parole officer

Q: Less-lethal weapons do NOT offer a potential solution to incidents of "suicide by cop."

Q: ________ were the most common target of robbers in 2010. a. Gas stations b. Banks c. Individuals d. Convenience stores

Q: House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for ________. a. violent offenders b. white-collar criminals c. offenders with long criminal records d. offenders with special needs

Q: Use of excessive force and the excessive use of force CANNOT be distinguished from the illegal use of force.

Q: Nonforcible rape with a victim younger than the age of consent is generally defined as ________. a. sexual attack b. date rape c. statutory rape d. sexual battery

Q: What type of probation in Georgia includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week and requires that probationers have a mandatory curfew, have a job, and submit to weekly alcohol and drug testing? a. intensive b. shock c. concentrated d. directed

Q: A Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) found that police chiefs strongly believe that they can contribute to terrorism prevention by utilizing community policing networks.

Q: The killing of four or more victims at one location within one event is termed as ________. a. serial killing b. involuntary manslaughter c. second-degree murder d. mass murder

Q: ________ was the first state to have a shock incarceration program. a. Indiana b. Washington c. Georgia d. Ohio

Q: In the 1960s, renowned criminologist Jerome Skolnick described what he called the police working personality.

Q: Phishing is a form of ________. a. computer crime b. hate crime c. corporate crime d. violent crime

Q: Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp? a. shock parole b. shock probation c. shock incarceration d. intensive supervision

Q: The Supreme Court gives qualified immunity to officers to protect them from lawsuits if the officers believed their actions were lawful based on the information they possessed at the time.

Q: The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ________. a. outlaws 19 military-style assault weapons b. outlaws handguns c. provided for a five-day waiting period before the purchase of a handgun d. has been repealed

Q: Which of the following sentences is not an example of an intermediate sanction? a. shock incarceration b. house arrest with electronic monitoring c. intensive probation d. 30 days in jail

Q: A 2006 study found that African-American police executives had significant problems being accepted by their peers.

Q: Each of the following offenses falls under the category of larceny, EXCEPT ________. a. purse snatching b. bicycle theft c. robbery d. shoplifting

Q: Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week? a. mixed sentence b. shared sentence c. split sentence d. diverse sentence

Q: Many federal law enforcement agencies require college degrees for entry-level positions.

Q: One example of violent crime is ________. a. motor vehicle theft b. burglary c. forcible rape d. larceny-theft

Q: Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients? a. correctional model b. social work model c. community service model d. supervisory model

Q: Most police officers who are shot and killed are killed in shoot-outs with three or more gunmen.

Q: According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the elderly ________. a. have the highest rate of crime victimization of any age group b. fear crime less than other age groups c. are more likely to attempt to protect themselves from violent criminals than other age groups d. have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group

Q: Which Supreme Court case provides procedural safeguards to parolees at revocation hearings? a. Escoe v. Zerbst b. Morrissey v. Brewer c. Bearden v. Georgia d. U.S. v. Knights

Q: There was a significant recent decline in police deaths from all causes.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a fact revealed by the NCVS statistics in the recent years? a. Younger people are more likely than the elderly to be victims of crime. b. City residents are about twice as likely as rural residents to be victims of crime. c. Women are more likely to be victimized by crime than men. d. About half of all violent crimes are reported to the police.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment? a. lowers cost b. increases employment opportunities for offenders c. increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid d. provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders

Q: The rate of violent death among law enforcement officers in the line of duty is low.

Q: The ________ is based on victims' reports rather than on police reports. a. Bureau of Justice Statistics b. National Incident-Based Reporting System c. National Crime Victimization Survey d. Uniform Crime Report

Q: Which of the following is not a function of a probation or parole officer's work? a. intake procedures b. needs assessment and diagnosis c. supervision of clients d. assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations

Q: Profiling was originally intended to help catch drug couriers attempting to enter the country.

Q: Which of the following agencies is responsible for compiling the NCVS? a. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) b. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) c. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) d. International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

Q: Discretionary release is granted by ________. a. probation officers b. a parole board c. a judge d. statute

Q: Information compiled, analyzed, and/or disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity is known as the police subculture.

Q: A criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin is called ________. a. cyberterrorism b. organized crime c. hate crime d. stalking

Q: Which of the following statements about probation is false? a. Probation is a court-ordered sanction. b. It is the most common form of criminal sentencing. c. Probation is significantly less expensive than imprisonment. d. Convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation.

Q: Less-lethal weapons are those that are designed to disable, capture, or immobilize a suspect rather than kill him or her.

Q: The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another, by force or the threat of force, is known as ________. a. larceny-theft b. robbery c. burglary d. aggravated assault

Q: Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. a. specific b. special c. general d. binding

Q: Most police departments require new officers to have a four-year degree.

Q: The most cited reason why rape victims do NOT report crimes is ________. a. embarrassment about the crime itself b. a fear of reprisal c. the belief that the police can"t do anything d. exploitation by the criminal justice system

Q: Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole? a. increased use of community services b. reduced risk of criminal socialization c. increased employment d. relative lack of punishment

Q: Officers who are classified as meat eaters actively seek illicit moneymaking opportunities.

Q: Each of the following are Part I offenses, EXCEPT ________. a. robbery b. murder c. rape d. fraud

Q: Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed ________. a. discretionary release b. imprisonment c. alternative sentencing strategies d. mandatory release

Q: There are several exceptions to the exclusionary rule. List and define three of those exceptions and the U.S. Supreme Court cases that may be involved in defining the law when the search may be conducted. In your opinion, which of those exceptions offers the best protection for the defendant in a criminal case?

Q: Which major crime has the highest clearance rate? a. murder b. robbery c. rape d. arson

Q: A mixed sentence is a sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency.

Q: The author lists three major areas of police abuse that may occur during interrogation. List and comment on those three areas of potential abuse. Analyze your opinions about these abuses, citing relevant examples to agree or disagree with them.

Q: The weapons used most often to commit murder are ________. a. firearms b. blunt objects c. knives d. fists

Q: Working as a probation or parole officer is attractive because of the small caseloads and several opportunities for career mobility.

Q: All persons are guaranteed due process rights under the U.S. Constitution, which mandates that justice system officials respect the rights of accused individuals throughout the criminal justice process. Define due process and comment on the three requirements found in most areas of due process.

Q: The National Incident-Based Reporting System represents a significant redesign of the original Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

Q: If a probationer does not claim a right against self-incrimination, any statements made to a probation officer may be used as evidence.

Q: Explain and define a search. Under what circumstances may police officers search vehicles? What limits, if any, are there on such searches? What determines such limits?

Q: The theft of a motorboat would be classified by the UCR/NIBRS Program as a motor vehicle theft.

Q: In both shock probation and split sentencing, the offender serves a relatively short period of time in custody and is released on probation by court order.

Q: Define an arrest. Explain the circumstances under which an arrest occurs and what steps must be in place for the arrest to exist.

Q: When women are victims of violent crime, they are less likely to be injured than men.

Q: Split sentencing is the practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary release, and enacting such release in a surprise fashion.

Q: Define and explain "inevitable discovery" and how it fits into the search and seizure usage by the courts and police officers. Use examples to support your conclusions.

Q: The National Crime Victimization Survey does NOT contain data about murder.

Q: Violent offenders stand no chance of receiving a probationary term.

Q: Compare and contrast the issues relative to the electronic gathering of evidence.

Q: Older victims are more likely to attempt to protect themselves than younger ones.

Q: Because federal probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they have no authority to arrest.

Q: What two principles are considered the Miranda triggers? a. arrest and interrogation b. custody and interrogation c. stop and frisk d. arrest and waiver

Q: In identity theft, the victim is often left with a ruined credit history and the time consuming and complicated task of repairing the financial damage.

Q: Relative lack of punishment is one of the major advantages of probation and parole.

Q: Which case established the minimization requirement for electronic surveillance? a. U.S. v. Scott b. Olmstead v. U.S. c. Katz v. U.S. d. Reno v. ACLU

Q: Forcible rape is the least reported violent crime.

Q: A probation officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause to search a probationer's residence.

Q: Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases held that electronic eavesdropping was a search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment? a. Olmstead v. U.S. b. Schmerber v. California c. Katz v. U.S. d. Lee v. Florida

Q: Most murders are perpetrated by offenders classified as strangers.

Q: Most federal probation officers may carry a firearm for defensive purposes while on duty.

Q: To elicit a confession, police departments cannot hire professionals skilled in the art of psychological manipulation because of the decision in the case of ________. a. Arizona v. Fulminate b. Escobedo v. Illinois c. Leyra v. Denno d. Miranda v. Arizona

Q: Stalking is the repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another, aspects of which may be planned or carried out in secret.

Q: Considering the past trend, it can be assumed that about 3% of the offenders who are released on parole will be reincarcerated within three years,