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Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Clean Air Act?
A. Air quality standards are set federally, but the states are required to establish implementation plans to achieve and maintain those standards.
B. Private companies receiving federal contracts, funding, licenses, and the like may be parties to the completion of an environmental impact statement.
C. Limits are imposed on the amount of pollutants that may lawfully enter the water of the United States from any point source.
D. All pollutant dischargers are required to secure an Environmental Protection Agency permit before releasing effluents into a navigable stream.
Q:
The _____ amendments of 1970 and 1977 gave the Environmental Protection Agency the power to set air quality standards and to ensure that those standards are achieved according to a timetable prescribed by the agency.
A. Clean Air Act
B. Air Pollution Control Act
C. National Environmental Policy Act
D. Toxic Substances Control Act
Q:
Which of the following is a requirement necessitated by the Clean Air Act?
A. It required all pollutant dischargers to secure an Environmental Protection Agency permit.
B. It required new equipment to capture industrial and business pollution.
C. It required the states to set air quality standards.
D. It required limits to be imposed on the amount of pollutants that may lawfully enter the water of the United States from any point source.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Clean Water Act?
A. Enforcing this act and ensuring that water bodies are monitored regularly primarily comes under the federal jurisdiction.
B. Eliminating the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters is one of the goals of this act.
C. Achieving water quality sufficient only for recreation in and on the water is its primary goal.
D. Eliminating pollutants emitted from nonpoint sources is the main focus of this act.
Q:
In the context of the Clean Water Act:
A. the Environmental Protection Agency has exclusive implementation authority.
B. the federal government has clearly defined the waters that come under its jurisdiction.
C. the states have primary responsibility for its enforcement.
D. the federal government has assumed the responsibility of monitoring surface water runoff.
Q:
Which of the following is a drawback of the Clean Water Act?
A. Its regulation of point sources leaves many pollutants unmonitored.
B. Its goals do not include achieving water quality sufficient for the protection and propagation of fish.
C. Its jurisdiction on navigable waters is limited to monitoring the discharge of pollutants into the water bodies.
D. Its enforcement is the sole responsibility of the federal government and thus the act is partially enforceable.
Q:
Which of the following factors has hindered the successful implementation of the Clean Water Act?
A. It remains unclear if the state or the federal government is primarily responsible for the implementation of the act.
B. Its jurisdiction is limited to monitoring the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters.
C. It is implemented by the states under the supervision of the Environmental Protection Agency.
D. It remains unclear exactly what waters are actually covered by the act.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the National Environmental Policy Act?
A. Its environmental provisions diminished federal presence in the promotion of a clean and healthy environment.
B. It requires an environmental impact statement for all activities affecting the environment, whether public or private.
C. Its primary influence results from its environmental impact statement (EIS) requirements.
D. It was the first law that required a permit to discharge refuse into navigable waters.
Q:
Which of the following established the Council on Environmental Quality, which serves as an adviser to the president?
A. The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
B. The Clean Water Act
C. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
D. The National Environmental Policy Act
Q:
The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970 to mount a coordinated attack on environmental problems. Its duties primarily include:
A. conducting research on pollution problems.
B. establishing a strong federal presence in the promotion of a clean and healthy environment.
C. imposing liability on any intentional invasion of an individuals right to the exclusive use of his or her own property.
D. organizing international conferences to discuss environmental concerns.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Congressional Budget Offices estimation about environmental taxes and how Americans spend money on gas and utilities?
A. The poorest 20 percent of Americans spend only 6 percent of their income on gas and utilities.
B. The richest 20 percent of Americans spend 40.2 percent of their income on gas and utilities.
C. The poorest 20 percent of Americans spend 21.4 percent of their income on gas and utilities. D. The United States collects federal taxes on energy (including the federal gas tax) amounting to $10 per ton.
Q:
As part of its program to _____, California began running its own carbon cap-and-trade program on January 1, 2013.
A. make economic growth and environment protection mutually exclusive
B. increase the limit of the carbon footprint level of vehicles
C. cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020
D. produce 41 percent more electricity than it had in the 1980s by 2020
Q:
Which of the following factors poses a problem in tackling environmental concerns?
A. If a decision is taken to correct an environmental problem, the entire burden of the correction falls on the poorest section of society.
B. Environmental protection in the United States is just a matter of science, cost assessment, and social policy.
C. The federal government plays an insignificant role in the protection of the environment.
D. When performing a costbenefit analysis, the criterion that should be used to evaluate the cost to future generations is not clear.
Q:
Negligence is a substantial and unreasonable invasion of the private use and enjoyment of one's land.
Q:
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requires all dischargers to secure a permit, most often from the Environmental Protection Agency, before pouring effluent into a navigable stream.
Q:
The Clean Water Act clearly states what waters are covered by the act and therefore subject to Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
Q:
Recycled hazardous materials are covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Q:
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the provisions for nonhazardous wastes are more supportive than punitive in tone and approach.
Q:
The Brownfields Act provides liability protection for prospective purchasers and contiguous property owners.
Q:
The main purpose of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 is to allow private citizens to sue for damages caused by hazardous chemicals.
Q:
As early as 1899, Congress enacted a law that required a permit to discharge refuse into navigable waters.
Q:
The Environmental Protection Agency assists both state and local pollution control efforts.
Q:
Early clean air legislation in 1963 and 1965 afforded the government maximum authority.
Q:
Under the Clean Air Act, the state government is solely responsible for setting air quality standards.
Q:
In the context of the cap-and-trade program, pollution credits are issued to the least significant emitters of the pollutant for which a cap is set.
Q:
The United States was unsuccessful in using the cap-and-trade approach to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions that were a major factor in the creation of acid rain.
Q:
Direct subsidies in the nature of rebates were used in the 2009 federal Cash for Clunkers program.
Q:
Environmental protection in the United States is just a matter of social policy and is free from political influences.
Q:
Explain dumping and give two reasons why a company might engage in dumping.
Q:
Describe the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Explain how the doctrine has been codified.
Q:
Describe in brief some of the challenges faced in enforcing foreign judgments.
Q:
The bulk of the environmental laws and regulations in the United States were drafted to address compartmentalized and discrete issues.
Q:
The cap-and-trade program leads to the use of the least cost-effective pollution reduction methods to reach the desired environmental goals.
Q:
Describe licensing and franchising.
Q:
What are the two factors used to determine whether an international custom exists?
Q:
Define the concept of comity as it is used in international law.
Q:
What is the purpose of the Paris Convention, originally signed by 11 countries in 1883?
Q:
Describe the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its role in international trade.
Q:
Which of the following is true of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)?
A. It is a fully developed agreement that regulates all kinds of international trade.
B. It is not mandatory for all member countries of the World Trade Organization to subscribe to GATS.
C. It sets forth the general principles for the future of trade in services across borders.
D. It sets the stage for future negotiations to increase barriers to trade in services.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is true?
A. In practice, it has done away with nonconforming tariffs.
B. Under GATT, countries are prohibited from implementing the concept of national treatment.
C. Under GATT, once a good has been imported, it must be treated just as domestic goods are treated.
D. It discourages offering the same reduced tariff to all World Trade Organization members.
Q:
Which of the following is permitted by the World Trade Organization?
A. Payment of unfair subsidies by government
B. Dumping
C. Countervailing duties
D. Trade of contraband substances
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the International Court of Justice?
A. It is a court that issues only advisory opinions that bind the parties.
B. It is no longer active since international trade agreements and treaties resolve most of the disputes it used to decide.
C. It is the only court that is devoted entirely to hearing cases of international public law.
D. It is made up of any number of judges from the U.S.
Q:
Which of the following is true of existing international dispute resolution bodies?
A. National courts hear cases on matters of international public law.
B. The International Court of Justice exercises both advisory and contentious jurisdiction.
C. The European Court of Justice hears cases involving only the European community settled in the United States.
D. The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body is a true court.
Q:
A Canadian court may not declare invalid the acts of the Chinese government taken within Chinas own jurisdiction because it is presumed that the foreign country, China, acted legally within its own territory. This is an example of which of the following doctrines? A. The act of state doctrine B. The doctrine of sovereign immunity C. The vesting of rights doctrine D. The governmental interest doctrine
Q:
Which act makes it unlawful to import goods bearing a trademark that has been registered with the Patent and Trademark Office and that is owned by a citizen of, or by a corporation or association . . . organized within the United States without the permission of the mark holder?
A. The Tariff Act
B. The Wheeler-Lea Act
C. The Clayton Act
D. The Uniform Adoption Act
Q:
The _____ and the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) both provide a measure of international protection against the unauthorized reproduction of books, photos, drawings, movies, and the like.
A. Berne Convention
B. Paris Convention
C. Tariff Act
D. Clayton Act
Q:
_____ generally refers to the contracting by U.S. companies of such services as call centers, accounting, and customer services to foreign companies located in low-wage markets.
A. Outsourcing
B. Featherbedding
C. Offshoring
D. Dumping
Q:
_____ occurs when a manufacturer sells its products in a foreign country for less than their normal value.
A. Expropriation
B. Intrusion
C. Dumping
D. Depositing
Q:
The _____ permits restrictions on goods and technology where selling goods to other countries would harm national security, significantly advance U.S. foreign policy, prevent an excessive drain of scarce materials, or reduce serious inflationary impacts from foreign demand.
A. U.S. Export Administration Act
B. Foreign Country Subsidy Act
C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
D. Free Trade Act
Q:
When determining international public law, a _____ is derived from consistent behavior over time that is accepted as binding by the countries that engage in that behavior.
A. clause
B. comity
C. treaty
D. custom
Q:
_____ is the concept that countries should abide by international custom, treaties, and other sources of international direction because that is the civil way to engage in relationships.
A. Alluvion
B. Comity
C. Ordinance
D. Convention
Q:
A _____ distinguishes the source of a particular good or service, whether that is accomplished by a commercial name, packaging, logo, or other distinguishing feature. A. patent B. trademark D. trade secret
Q:
A _____ is a monopoly on a product, process, or device where the item or process claimed is an innovation, unique and inventive, and useful. A. patent B. trademark D. trade secret
Q:
The establishment of _____ is evidence of voluntary international cooperation to establish acceptable business practices.
A. September 21 as International Day of Peace
B. June 5 as World Environment Day
C. October 14 as World Standards Day
D. May 1 as International Workers Day
Q:
In international trade, which of the following doctrines applies the law of the jurisdiction that has the greatest interest in the issues outcome?
A. The most significant relationship doctrine
B. The vesting of rights doctrine
C. The sovereign immunity doctrine
D. The governmental interest doctrine
Q:
A _____ is simply an extension of a foreign corporation into the host country.
A. joint venture
B. distributorship
C. branch office
D. foreign agency
Q:
Zyton Inc., an American company, wants to expand its services to a developing country in Asia. Instead of creating a separate legal entity, it simply wants to create an extension of the parent company in the Asian country. In this scenario, Zyton Inc. is most likely to set up a _____ in that country.
A. joint venture
B. distributorship
C. branch office
D. subsidiary
Q:
Which of the following are firms that specialize in acting as the intermediary between a domestic business and purchasers in foreign countries, where the firm will take title to the goods being sold and then complete the sale in the foreign country?
A. Export trading companies
B. Export management companies
C. Exclusive dealing companies
D. Export intermediary companies
Q:
Which of the following is a legally separate entity formed under the laws of the host country and substantially owned by the foreign parent company?
A. A subsidiary
B. A branch office
C. A joint venture
D. A distributorship
Q:
In an international transaction between parties in two countries where the parties have not specified the law to be applied to the contract, the applicable law will depend on _____.
A. the buyers place of business
B. the country in which the court is located
C. the special international law statute
D. the place where the goods are used
Q:
The North American Free Trade Agreement exists among the United States, Canada and _____.
A. Mexico
B. Brazil
C. Cuba
D. Guatemala
Q:
The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a proposed trade agreement between the United States and _____.
A. the African Union
B. the European Union
C. Australia
D. China
Q:
Which of the following countries is one of the major emerging economies?
A. Zimbabwe
B. Ukraine
C. Brazil
D. Argentina
Q:
The _____ is the United States largest trading partner, and vice versa.
A. European Union
B. African Union
C. United Arab Emirates
D. United Kingdom
Q:
Developing countries typically have a comparative competitive advantage over developed countries in _____.
A. cheap labor
B. an educated workforce
C. manufacturing infrastructure and expertise
D. a special zone of particularly well-developed industries
Q:
Which of the following is true of Islamic countries?
A. Their cultures are more homogeneous than that of Western countries.
B. There is a clear separation of religion and state in these countries.
C. Religion is the basis for many legal, as well as ethical, standards in these countries.
D. Trade and commerce with Western countries is usually prohibited in these countries.
Q:
The concept that a court in one country has no authority to challenge the domestic acts of another countrys government is called the act of state doctrine.
Q:
Arbitration is never used in international trade disputes.
Q:
The doctrine of sovereign immunity is based on the concept that the king can do no wrong.
Q:
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) provides that foreign countries may not be sued in American courts, subject to several exceptions.
Q:
The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) is a true court.
Q:
Countries that impose regulatory requirements on multinational enterprises may, in any given circumstance, be viewed with approval or be accused of regulatory imperialism or be charged with domestic protectionism.
Q:
To promote fair trade, the World Trade Organization encourages the practice of dumping.
Q:
The U.S. Export Administration Act of 1979 permits restrictions on goods and technology where exportation would harm national security.
Q:
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is now governed by the World Trade Organization.
Q:
The International Court of Justice is only made up of judges from the United States.
Q:
A licensing agreement is made up of a number of franchisee agreements.
Q:
Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) regulates the sale of goods generally as well as sales between merchants.
Q:
Member countries in the World Trade Organization represent only capitalist governments.
Q:
A fundamental principle set forth in the preamble to the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement is that substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade will contribute to the objective of raising standards of living.