Q&A Hero

Q: Which should be used when comparing the means of three groups to see if they are significantly different from one another? a. One-group t-test b. ANOVA c. Three-group t-test d. Chi-square test

Q: In an ANOVA test of the differences between the means of three groups, the null hypothesis is _____. a. m1 = m2 = m3 b. m1 m2 m3 c. m1 - m2 - m3 = 0 d. m1 + m2 + m3 = 1

Q: _____ involves the investigation of the effects of one treatment variable on an interval-scaled dependent variable and determines whether statistically significant differences in means occur between two or more groups. a. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Regression analysis c. Cross-tabulation d. c2

Q: The Z-test for comparing two proportions is appropriate with which null hypothesis (H0)? a. p1= p2. b. p1p2. c. p1x p2 = 1 d. p1- p2 = 1

Q: Which of the following is a requirement for using the Z-test for differences of proportions? a. common sample b. degrees of freedom of at least 50 c. sample size greater than 30 d. ratio measurement of all variables

Q: Which test is appropriate for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related populations? a. ANOVA b. relative t-test c. relative c2test d. pair-samples t-test

Q: In practice, what is the first step in interpreting the t-test when comparing two means? a. compute the t-test value b. find the p-value associated with the tand the corresponding degrees of freedom c. examine the difference in means to find the "direction" of any difference d. examine if there is a difference at the 50 percent confidence interval before examining the 95 percent confidence interval

Q: In a study comparing the means of two groups in which there are 45 males in Group 1 and 37 females in Group 2, the degrees of freedom for this study when using the t-test for the difference between means is: a. 84 b. 80 c. 82 d. 160

Q: In using the t-test to compare the means of two groups, the degrees of freedom are calculated as _____. a. n1 - n2- 2 b. n1+ n2- 2 c. n1x n2-2 d. n1/ n2- 2

Q: Suppose that you used a 9-point rating scale and that you wanted to compare men who had an annual income over $50,000 (Group 1) with men who had an annual income less than or equal to $50,000 (Group 2) on their liking of a new product. If you studied 40 men in Group 1 and they have a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5, while the 35 men in Group 2 have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4, what is the approximate value of tusing the t-test? a. 3.43 b. 4.19 c. 2.64 d. not enough information to determine

Q: Supposed you used a 10-point rating scale to measure intention-to-buy (1 = definitely would not buy and 10 = definitely would buy). If a group of 40 males had a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5, while a group of 35 females had a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4, the standard error of the difference between the means would be approximately _____. a. 0.48 b. 1.36 c. 2.45 d. not enough information to determine

Q: A(n) _____ is a test for hypotheses stating that the mean scores from some interval- or ratio-scaled variable group based on some less-than interval classificatory variable are not the same. a. regression b. cluster analysis c. c2test d. independent samples t-test

Q: When a researcher needs to compare means for a variable grouped into two categories based on some less-than interval variable, a(n) _____ is appropriate. a. p-test b. t-test c. c2test d. univariate test

Q: In order to use the chi-square test, the expected frequency in each of the cells of the contingency table should be at least _____. a. 2 b. 5 c. 30 d. 40

Q: In a brand awareness study, if 25 of a group of 35 males identify the brand correctly and 15 of a group of 35 females identify this brand correctly, the chi-square value for this study is approximately _____. a. 3.26 b. 4.15 c. 5.84 d. 2.92

Q: If 25 of the 35 females in a research study agree with a statement, and 15 of the 35 males agree with this statement, the expected valuefor males-agree is _____. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 35

Q: how do you determine the degrees of freedom in a four-cell chi-square test? a. (R + 1) b. (R - 1) c. (R - 1)(C - 1) d. R(C - 1)

Q: The formula for the chi-square test uses _____. a. observed and expected frequencies b. observed and expected percentages c. the two sample means d. the two sample standard deviations

Q: The formula given below represents the method for calculating the _____. a. Z-test b. F-test c. c2test d. a

Q: All of the following are true regarding cross-tabulation EXCEPT _____. a. The c2distribution provides a means for testing the statistical significance of a contingency table. b. The c2for a contingency table compares two means that are not from independent samples. c. Cross-tabulations are much like tallying. d. The c2test for a contingency table involves comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies in each cell of the table.

Q: A researcher hypothesizes that males and females differ with respect to attitude toward sports sponsorships. To investigate this hypothesis that these two groups' attitudes differ, he will use a _____. a. bivariate test of differences b. univariate test of differences c. multivariate test of differences d. cluster analysis

Q: A _____ is an investigation of a hypothesis stating that two (or more) groups differ with respect to measures on a variable. a. statistical conclusions b. descriptive analysis c. paired comparison d. test of differences

Q: A restaurant owner is interested in knowing if the average number of visits by regular customers is greater than three times per month. What is the appropriate test to address this research question? Describe how this test is performed.

Q: Compare and contrast Type I errors and Type II errors and explain which one is of more concern to researchers.

Q: Explain what an index number is and how it is computed. What level of measurement is required to compute index numbers?

Q: Explain what a contingency table is and discuss how it is useful in marketing research.

Q: What is descriptive analysis and how is it used in marketing research?

Q: Explain what coding is and describe why and how dummy coding is done.

Q: A univariate _____ is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving an observed mean from a small sample (i.e., n < 30) against a specified value.

Q: A(n) ____ error occurs when a condition that is true in the population is rejected based on statistical observation.

Q: The term _____ stands for probability-value.

Q: The critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true is called _____.

Q: Analyses that test hypotheses and models involving multiple (three or more) variables or sets of variables are referred to as _____ statistical analyses.

Q: The type of statistical analysis that deals with a hypothesis about a single variable (e.g. market share) is called ______ statistical analysis.

Q: Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are called _____ numbers.

Q: Researchers often perform a(n) _____ to collapse a scale with multiple response points into two categories.

Q: The process of changing data from its original form to a format that more closely matches the research objectives of the study is called data ______.

Q: When a third variable changes in important ways the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, this third variable is called a(n) ______ variable.

Q: An analysis of the cross-tabulations for each level of a variable as it applies to sub-groups of the sample is known as ______ analysis.

Q: The _____ is the number of respondents or observations used as a basis for computing percentages.

Q: A two-way contingency table is referred to as a(n) _____ table.

Q: When the responses to two survey questions are presented as a cross-tabulation of the two variables studied in these two questions, the result is called a(n) ______ table.

Q: The appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables is _____.

Q: When tabulation is done by hand to create a frequency table, this is called ______ the data.

Q: The arrangement of data into a row-and-column format that gives the number of responses for each category of the variable is known as a(n) ______ table.

Q: The orderly arrangement of data into a table is known as ______.

Q: _____ analysis is the elementary transformation of data in a way that describes the basic characteristics such as central tendency, distribution, and variability.

Q: Assigning numbers to edited data is known as _____.

Q: Which test is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving an observed mean against a specified value? a. F-ratio b. -test c. t-test d. b-test

Q: When the probability of a Type II error is ______ , the probability of a Type I error is _____. a. reduced, increased b. reduced; reduced c. increased; increased d. none of these choices

Q: Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when one really does exist in the population is which type of error? a. primary b. secondary c. Type I d. Type II

Q: When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori (a), he or she is determining how much tolerance he or she has for which type of error? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type A d. Type B

Q: Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists when in fact one does not exist? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type A d. Type B

Q: The two types of errors researcher run the risk of committing when sampling are _____. a. primary and secondary errors b. Type I and Type II errors c. critical and noncritical errors d. Type A and Type B errors

Q: A researcher is testing a hypothesis and is examining the data to determine whether or not the observed relationship between a salesperson's age and sales are significantly related. Which of the following will he use to determine the significance level of the results? a. c b. e c. y-value d. p-value

Q: Which of the following becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported? a. critical value b. significance level c. chi-square d. degrees of freedom

Q: Which type of statistical analysis test hypotheses involves only one variable? a. primary statistical analysis b. bivariate statistical analysis c. univariate statistical analysis d. monovariate statistical analysis

Q: Which of the following is used to simplify and clarify data? a. tables b. graphs c. charts d. all of these choices

Q: Index numbers require which level of measurement? a. nominal b. interval c. ratio d. ranked

Q: If the price of Brand A is transformed to a value of 100 and Brand B's value is 75, indicating its price is 25 percent lower than Brand A's price, 100 and 75 represent _____. a. nominal rankings b. bivariate statistics c. p-values d. index numbers

Q: Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as _____. a. index numbers b. rank orders c. elaborated numbers d. real numbers

Q: Data with which type of distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split? a. normally distributed b. unimodal distribution c. bimodal distribution d. uniform distribution

Q: Dividing a data set into two categories by placing respondents below the median in one category and respondents above the median in another is called a(n) _____. a. median split b. mediation c. elaboration analysis d. bimodal split

Q: When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage, this is an example of _____. a. data indexing b. collapsing the data c. the outlier effect d. a box and whisker plot

Q: When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions, this is an example of _____. a. data indexing b. data transformation c. contingency analysis d. data indexing

Q: Another name for data transformation is _____. a. index analysis b. data conversion c. quadrant analysis d. data exchange

Q: It is hypothesized that an individual's style of processing information (i.e., verbal or visual) will influence the impact an advertising execution will have on attitudes toward the brand advertised. Style of processing, then, is considered which type of variable? a. dependent variable b. external variable c. internal variable d. moderating variable

Q: When a third variable is included in the analysis that is studying the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and this third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way, this third variable is called a(n) _____. a. spurious variable b. moderator variable c. contingency variable d. outlier variable

Q: Breaking down the answer to the question: "Have you ever purchased a ticket online for an American Airlines flight?" into subgroups based on gender and zip code is an example of _____. a. a box and whisker plot analysis b. an index number c. elaboration analysis d. interquartile analysis

Q: An analysis of the basic cross-tabulation for each level of a variable not previously considered, such as subgroups of the sample, is referred to as _____. a. group analysis b. cluster analysis c. ANOVA d. elaboration analysis

Q: The number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a contingency table is referred to as a(n) _____. a. reference point b. moderator c. statistical base d. analytical point

Q: If a researcher wants to summarize the responses of subjects by gender and awareness of a particular brand ("Yes" or "No"), he or she would use a ______ contingency table. a. 1 x 2 b. 2 x 2 c. 2 x 3 d. normal

Q: A researcher is examining the row and column totals in a contingency table of stores shopped at by gender. What are these called? a. marginals b. subtotals c. totals d. running totals

Q: A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a _____. a. perceptual map b. contingency table c. regression equation d. marginal table

Q: If a business wants to know if more males or females purchase their product or a competitor's product, which of the following answers this question? a. regression analysis b. cluster analysis c. cross-tabulation d. interaction analysis

Q: Which of the following is the appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables? a. cross-tabulation b. ANOVA c. regression d. cluster analysis

Q: If 60 males are asked if they recognize the brand name, "Focus," and 35 of them correctly identify the product as a model of Ford's product line within Ford Motor Co., the proportion of males in the sample who recognize this brand name is approximately _____. a. 0.60 b. 0.58 c. 0.35 d. 0.79

Q: Counting the number of responses to different parts of a question in a survey and arranging these responses in a frequency distribution is called _____. a. elaboration analysis b. spurious analysis c. marginal tabulation d. index analysis

Q: A researcher is creating a table to present to a client that gives the number of respondents selecting the various product concepts of interest in the study. The client will use this information in the decision of which product concept to pursue. This table is referred to as a _____. a. frequency table b. concept table c. results table d. decision table

Q: Arranging data so that the number of times each category occurs is called a _____ table. a. cross-tabulation b. frequency c. percentage d. pre-coding