Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Marketing
Q:
Which type of scale is, at the most, a ranking scale?
a. ratio
b. interval
c. nominal
d. ordinal
Q:
List the advantages and disadvantages of test-marketing.
Q:
Discuss the problems of estimating national sales volume from test-markets.
Q:
Compare and contrast internal validity and external validity and discuss which one is most important in experimental research.
Q:
Explain the advantages of a between-subjects experimental design over a within-subjects design.
Q:
Discuss what is meant by demand characteristics and why they are a concern for researchers. Discuss four ways of reducing demand characteristics.
Q:
Explain how systematic or nonsampling error occurs in experiments and discuss ways to minimize it.
Q:
Design an experiment that tests the effect of one of the marketing mix elements on consumers' attitudes toward a product. Identify the independent and dependent variables and describe how you would conduct the experiment and control for other factors.
Q:
Explain how experimental research differs from survey research.
Q:
A salesperson who buys up a competitor's product to disrupt the results of a test market is committing an act called test-market _____.
Q:
A scientific testing procedure that provides an opportunity to measure sales for a new product under realistic market conditions is called a(n) ______ .
Q:
A _____ effect is a nuisance effect occurring when the initial measurement or test alerts or primes subjects in a way that affects their response to the experimental treatments.
Q:
An experiment in which each subject receives only one treatment combination is called a(n) _____ design.
Q:
When Procter & Gamble conducts a test market for a new shampoo in Kansas City and St. Louis, this is an example of a(n) ______ experiment.
Q:
When a research organization conducts a taste test in its offices located in a shopping mall, this is an example of a(n) ______ experiment.
Q:
When subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments, we say that _____ has occurred.
Q:
An experimental deception that involves a false treatment is called a(n) ________ .
Q:
When the experimenter's comments influence the subjects' behavior so that they give answers that they think the experimenter wants to hear rather than their true feelings, we say that ________ has occurred.
Q:
When the researcher unintentionally provides the subjects with hints about what he wants them to say in the study, this is an example of a(n) _____ characteristic.
Q:
The random assignment of subjects and treatments to groups is called _____.
Q:
If subjects in the experimental group are administered the treatment in the afternoon while the subjects in the control group participate in the experiment in the morning, the study is said to experience ______ error.
Q:
If there are two levels of both treatment variables in an experiment, then there will be _____ cells in the experiment.
Q:
In an experiment, the treatment is administered to the ______ group.
Q:
An effect due to a specific combination of independent variables is called a(n) _____ effect.
Q:
Blocking variables are _____ variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity.
Q:
Experimental difference in means between the different levels of any single experimental variable is referred to as a(n) _____ effect.
Q:
People participating in experiments are referred to as _____.
Q:
In an experiment, the change in the ______ variable is presumed to be the cause of the results.
Q:
In an experiment, the ______ variable is manipulated and its effect is measured on the ______ variable.
Q:
Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it allows researchers to return subjects to normal?
a. manipulation check
b. cohort analysis
c. debriefing
d. deception
Q:
Which of the following is a disadvantage of test-marketing?
a. cost
b. time
c. loss of secrecy
d. all of these choices
Q:
What is the key advantage of test-marketing?
a. researchers can easily communicate results to management
b. relative low cost
c. they can be done quickly
d. it is performed in a real-world setting
Q:
Brad is a brand manager of a line of laundry detergent products in his company. His company's sales representative in Dayton, OH informed him that a competitor was conducting a test-market of a new line of strongly-scented laundry products. Brad knew from consumer research that consumers do not like overly strong scents, so he directed this sales representative to purchase all of the competitor's product in the stores in an attempt to make the product appear to sell well in the test-market so that the company will falsely believe that the product was successful. Brad's actions are called _____.
a. cannibalization
b. guerilla marketing
c. test-market sabotage
d. subversion
Q:
_____ represents intentional attempts to disrupt the results of a test market being conducted by another firm.
a. Competitive intelligence
b. Test-market sabotage
c. Test-market subversion
d. Guerilla marketing
Q:
If salespeople in a test-market city arrange for more shelf-facings than would normally be available to the product under normal store conditions, the test-market has the problem of _____.
a. media isolation
b. unrealistic store conditions
c. overuse
d. self-contained trading area
Q:
If salespeople in a test-market city spend an inordinate amount of time setting up and updating point-of-sale displays in supermarkets, this creates which type of problem?
a. overused test-markets
b. media isolation
c. overattention
d. self-contained trading areas
Q:
Which element of the marketing mix can be examined with a test-market?
a. product
b. price
c. promotion
d. all of these choices
Q:
All of the following are broad uses of test-markets EXCEPT _____.
a. forecasting the success of a newly developed product
b. testing hypotheses about different options for marketing mix elements
c. identifying weaknesses in product designs or marketing strategies
d. determining the suppliers of raw materials used in the production of the product
Q:
A scientific procedure that allows a new product to be tested under realistic market conditions is called a _____.
a. test-market
b. market segmentation study
c. TQM
d. simulated test
Q:
When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Indianapolis, Indiana will hold in a national rollout of the new product, this researcher is concerned with _____.
a. internal validity
b. the repeated measures effect
c. constant error
d. external validity
Q:
Which of the following is concerned with the accuracy with which experimental results can be generalized beyond the experimental subjects?
a. external validity
b. internal validity
c. reliability
d. selective validity
Q:
When some subjects exit the experiment before it is completed and this effects the results of the study, this is an example of a _____.
a. mortality effect
b. history effect
c. instrumentation effect
d. confounding effect
Q:
Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experiment using a repeated measures design?
a. instrumentation effect
b. redundancy effect
c. cohort effect
d. attrition effect
Q:
When different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this produces different results in the study, this is an example of a(n) _____.
a. history effect
b. mortality effect
c. instrumentation effect
d. cohort effect
Q:
Which type of effect occurs when there is a change in the wording of questions, a change in interviewers, or a change in other procedures that causes a change in the dependent variable?
a. history effect
b. mortality effect
c. instrumentation effect
d. testing effect
Q:
When high school students who take the ACT in their junior year perform better on that exam during their senior year because they know better how to take the exam because of what they experienced on the first exam, this is an example of a _____.
a. mortality effect
b. testing effect
c. history effect
d. instrumentation effect
Q:
When salespeople are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in sales, this is an example of a _____.
a. selection effect
b. maturation effect
c. history effect
d. cohort effect
Q:
Which of the following is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience?
a. history effect
b. testing effect
c. selection effect
d. maturation effect
Q:
Which of the following is a special case of the history effect and refers to a change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups?
a. cohort effect
b. Hawthorne effect
c. testing effect
d. instrumentation effect
Q:
When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this is an example of a _____.
a. maturation effect
b. testing effect
c. history effect
d. cohort effect
Q:
Which type of effect occurs when a change other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable?
a. history effect
b. interaction effect
c. pseudo-effect
d. placebo effect
Q:
When subjects in an experiment in which the they were exposed to varying price levels for a product are asked how low they believe the price of the product to be so that the researcher can determine whether or not the subjects perceived "high" and "low" conditions, this is an example of a _____.
a. manipulation check
b. reliability assessment
c. factor analysis
d. surrogate manipulation
Q:
The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in _____.
a. a repeated measures study
b. internal validity
c. a matching study
d. external validity
Q:
In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination?
a. within-subjects design
b. between-subjects design
c. squared-subjects design
d. independent-subjects design
Q:
Karen is conducting an experiment examining how different flavors of toothpaste influence subjects' perception of the taste of a juice her company sells. Each subject brushed his or her teeth with one flavor, tasted the juice, indicated how the juice tasted based on several items on a survey, and then ate a cracker. Then the subject brushed his or her teeth with another flavor of toothpaste and tasted the juice, gave their response, and ate a cracker again. They did this with four different flavors of toothpaste. This is an example of which type of experimental design?
a. between-subjects
b. within-subjects
c. minimal-subjects
d. intra-subjects
Q:
Which experimental research design involves repeated measures?
a. within-subjects design
b. between-subjects design
c. squared-subjects design
d. interdependent-subjects design
Q:
Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called _____.
a. laboratory experiments
b. field experiments
c. primary experiments
d. secondary experiments
Q:
A researcher is interested in the level of consumers' understanding of product nutrition labels. He is interested in how the amount of time spent looking at the label influences understanding, so he's using a device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to the label. This device is called a _____.
a. pupilometer
b. psychgalvanometer
c. tachistoscope
d. rotoscope
Q:
A device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to a visual image is called a _____.
a. tachistoscope
b. pupilometer
c. focalscope
d. rotoscope
Q:
When an experiment is conducted on the premises of a marketing research organization, this is an example of a _____.
a. static group design
b. laboratory experiment
c. field experiment
d. controlled store test
Q:
In which type of experiment does the research have more complete control over the research setting and extraneous variables?
a. factorial
b. controlled
c. field
d. laboratory
Q:
An experiment examining the interaction effects of the presence of police cars and the presence of speeding cameras on the number of speeding tickets issued is an example of which type of experimental design?
a. basic experimental design
b. legitimate experimental design
c. obtuse experimental design
d. factorial experimental design
Q:
Which type of experimental design allows for an investigation of the interaction of two or more independent variables?
a. basic experimental designs
b. factorial experimental designs
c. hierarchical experimental designs
d. instrumental experimental designs
Q:
An experiment is conducted in which music played in a store is manipulated to examine the impact on sales. What type of experimental design is this?
a. factorial experimental design
b. primary experimental design
c. basic experimental design
d. univariate experimental design
Q:
Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable?
a. primary experimental design
b. basic experimental design
c. factorial experimental design
d. counterbalanced experimental design
Q:
When a food company tests a new product by having one group of experimental subjects taste this product first and then taste a competitor's product second, while a second group of experimental subjects tastes these two products in the reverse order, the experimental design has been _____.
a. counterbalanced
b. reversed
c. confounded
d. validated
Q:
If a soft-drink company performs an experiment with a new type of soft drink in which experimental subjects always taste this new product first and then taste a competitor's product second, the study has an error in design termed a(n) _____.
a. history effect
b. maturation effect
c. order of presentation effect
d. guinea pig effect
Q:
When subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments, this is called _____.
a. the Hawthorne effect
b. confounding
c. constancy of conditions
d. compounding
Q:
Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks. Although she doesn"t know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain any of the herb of interest in the study. However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement. This effect due to the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge that a treatment has been administered is called a(n) _____.
a. maturation effect
b. false positive
c. counterbalancing effect
d. placebo effect
Q:
All of the following are ways to reduce demand characteristics EXCEPT _____.
a. use an experimental disguise
b. administer multiple experimental treatment levels to each subject
c. use a "blind" experimental administrator
d. isolate experimental subjects
Q:
Which of the following is present when the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects' behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her?
a. experimenter bias
b. response bias
c. Type I error
d. Type II error
Q:
Demand characteristics, such as subjects' knowledge of the experimental hypotheses, create which type of effect?
a. covariate
b. maturation
c. history
d. demand
Q:
Which term refers to an experimental design element that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis.
a. demand characteristic
b. Hawthorne effect
c. testing effect
d. confounding effect
Q:
Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables?
a. confound
b. interaction
c. randomization
d. repeated measures
Q:
Monica is conducting an experiment where all subjects see all of the ads she is testing. This type of experiment in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment is called _____.
a. between-subjects
b. repeated measures
c. redundant manipulation
d. randomization
Q:
Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment?
a. confounding
b. split sampling
c. repeated measures
d. randomization
Q:
A psychology professor is conducting an experiment in which subjects perform memory tasks. There are four groups, each participating in different buildings on campus. During the time of the experiment one group was in a building near a dumpster that was being emptied by a big, noisy trash truck. The other groups weren"t close enough to hear the noise. Which type of error does this introduce into the research?
a. systematic error
b. sampling error
c. testing error
d. interference error
Q:
Which of the following occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable?
a. systematic or nonsampling error
b. sampling error
c. experimental bias
d. subject bias
Q:
Which of the following are possible test units in a marketing research study?
a. people
b. sales territories
c. retail stores
d. all of these choices
Q:
_____ are the subjects or entities whose responses to the experimental treatment are measured.
a. Test units
b. Focal units
c. Covariates
d. Independent units