Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following are consumer health informatics applications? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Personal health records 2. Home telehealth monitoring 3. System software 4. Home telehealth monitoring 5. Smart phone

Q: How can the nationwide "digital divide" be closed by health care professionals? 1. Provide online health care resources that are equally distributed. 2. Provide the technology needed to access the Internet. 3. Provide additional resources in regions that do not have access to technology. 4. Provide increased access to free health care clinics with computer terminals.

Q: To evaluate the accuracy and credibility of a website, which of the following skills should a consumer possess? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Visual literacy 2. Reading skills 3. Computer literacy 4. Cultural literacy 5. Information literacy

Q: There is an increased amount of health care information on the Internet. Not all of the websites are accurate or have updated information. Therefore, the health care consumer must do which of the following? 1. Discuss health care information found on the Internet with friends and neighbors. 2. Consider anything published online to be accurate. 3. Understand that any website published within the last five years to be up to date. 4. Evaluate the website's credibility through a careful analysis of the content's accuracy.

Q: Which of the following statements is correct about the evolving way that health advice and care is sought? 1. The World Wide Web has not had an impact on primary care. 2. The World Wide Web has revolutionized the way patients seek health care advice. 3. The World Wide Web will soon replace physicians. 4. To be competitive, all health care providers must upload websites.

Q: Technology tools have the capability to assist in the creation of consumer-centric health care information. Which of the following describe how health care information can be specifically customized or tailored for each individual patient? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Data are collected from individual consumers regarding their health care characteristics and behaviors and a health profile is created. 2. Health care information containing the best-evidence practices must be available in an electronically retrievable format. 3. Information technology allows the patients records to be viewed by anyone with a username and password. 4. A process is established for easily sending the message (practitioner) and receiving the message (consumer) in a way that is clear to each individual. 5. A set of decision-making rules created from the information collected from the consumer is used to craft tailored messages to fit the consumer's specific needs.

Q: Technology has changed health care. Which of the following best depicts how technology has impacted the consumer? 1. The consumer is savvier about health and health care. 2. Technological advances are too expensive for the consumer to employ. 3. Technology has created information overload for all consumers. 4. Consumers are afraid of reading about their health online.

Q: Which of the following statements is correct about consumer informatics? 1. More than one-half of all American adults use online resources to locate personal health information. 2. The most trusted websites are not associated with the federal government. 3. Knowledge of technology is not essential in finding quality information. 4. Standards are unnecessary and unattainable in consumer informatics.

Q: Consumers have access to a wide-range of resources that have the potential for informing their health care decisions and thus promoting a greater responsibility for which of the following? 1. Understanding how electronic health records work 2. Developing a cryptic password 3. Upgrading personal software 4. Self-care

Q: E-patients access and use health-related information in an attempt to do which of the following? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. "Search and rescue"consumers seek information related to symptoms of a newly diagnosed disease or disorder. 2. Understand the severity of their illness 3. Join with other online consumers to research their shared concerns 4. Interact with volunteer online health professionals 5. Engage in electronic conversations with their local clinicians

Q: With the growth of consumer informatics, concerns have emerged that have alarmed health care professionals. Which of the following is one of the issues associated with health information related websites? 1. Health care professionals are concerned with the abundance of websites. 2. Health care professionals are alarmed by the number of inaccurate websites. 3. Health care professionals are concerned with the increase in websites uploaded by nonprofit societies. 4. Health care professionals are not concerned with websites related to illness advice.

Q: The health care delivery system is rapidly changing especially with the incorporation of technology. There is an increased emphasis on this partnership through consumer health care services that link information technologies and which of the following entities? 1. Business structures 2. Patients' paper records 3. Pharmaceutical representatives 4. Billing departments

Q: ________________________________ is a subspecialty of medical informatics which studies from a patient/consumer perspective the use of electronic information and communication to improve medical outcomes and the health care decision-making process. Standard Text:

Q: Ferguson (2002) describes levels in which online health care consumers or e-patients access and use health-related information. Which of the following are considered a level of access? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Search for information on Internet 2. Seek guidance from online patient-helper 3. Use the paid services of online medical advisors and consultants 4. Receive one-way electronic messages from their clinicians 5. E-mail family and friends seeking information, advice, and support.

Q: Which of the following best defines an e-patient? 1. Assumes access to health care information each day 2. Has all data on the PHR 3. Checks hospitals online for services 4. Uploads information about health care providers on the Internet

Q: Which of the following terms is defined as a subspecialty of medical informatics which studies from a patient/consumer perspective the use of electronic information and communication to improve medical outcomes and the health care decision-making process? 1. Consumer health information 2. Customer health information 3. Customer health informatics 4. Consumer health informatics

Q: There are an increasing number of health care consumers who initially seek health related information on the Internet. The term used to describe this individual is _____________________ . Standard Text:

Q: Web-based instruction (WBI) has become an important facet of the educational experience. Which of the following are considered advantages of WBI? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Comprehensive instructional design 2. Minimal communication 3. Lack of control 4. Lack of intellectual stimulation 5. Ability to work in an asynchronous environment

Q: Distance education incorporates more than the World Wide Web (WWW) to connect educator and students who are located at a minimum of two different locations. Which of the following tools are also used to facilitate the teaching learning process? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Audio 2. Video 3. Teleconferencing 4. Television 5. Computer

Q: Nurses with information technology experience are in greater demand as more organizations incorporate the use of the electronic health record and computerized order entry. Which of the following are considered skills and/or competencies for nurses to develop to prepare for the changes in health care? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Collaboration and communication 2. Organizational and interpersonal skills 3. Ability to review, critique, and evaluate evidence available through clinical practice guidelines and research 4. Aptitude for translating clinical practice recommendations into algorithms 5. Proficiency to disseminate research findings

Q: With the adoption of the electronic health record and importance of technology, there is a need for nurses with technology experience. What are the two ways nurses can specialize in informatics? 1. Complete a BSN 2. RN with experience as a super user 3. A nurse with a graduate degree in informatics 4. Operating room nurse who is on the technology committee 5. A BSN nurse who completes a certificate in web based design

Q: Which of the following statements best describes the use of a clicker? 1. A clicker is a handheld device that beams information showing the response to specific, real time questions projected overhead to a group of students to a receiver on the instructor's computer which transforms the data into a chart detailing the responses. 2. A clicker beams information to the class about a current event. 3. A clicker is not useful in measuring knowledge. 4. A clicker is not a valuable educational tool.

Q: Distance education allows faculty and students connectivity to telecommunications via sophisticated phone systems. Which of the following is considered a component of distance learning? 1. Story board 2. Computer 3. Flash drive 4. Notebook

Q: Mobile technology can be found in health care organizations and useful in teaching nursing students. Which of the following devices are not currently used in the educational setting? 1. Moodle 2. PDA 3. Clicker 4. MP3 player

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement of YouTube's usefulness in the classroom setting? 1. Digital natives desire multimedia educational experiences. 2. Students are uncomfortable accessing videos on YouTube. 3. Most instructors do not see the usefulness of YouTube. 4. YouTube videos are not relevant for classroom learning activities.

Q: Which of the following answers is not an advantage of Web 2.0 technologies? 1. Minimizes communication 2. Manages information 3. Enriches health care professional collaboration 4. Can employ podcasts as a learning strategy

Q: The term Web 2.0 has yet to be defined; however, it has been described as consisting of a set of "core characteristics." Which of the following are considered core characteristics? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. User-centered design 2. Web as platform 3. Collaboration 4. Power decentralization 5. Dynamic content

Q: Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) benefit education by using the Internet to facilitate e-learning. Which of the following are other terms used for VLEs? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Learning management systems (LMS) 2. Competency-based training (CBT) 3. Course management system (CMS) 4. Managed learning environment (MLE) 5. Interactive multimedia systems (IMS)

Q: Formal applications for using computers to support nursing education include which one of the following? 1. Podcasts 2. Blogs 3. Continuing nursing education 4. Instant messaging

Q: Which of the following computer related technology tools may be used in a variety of ways to support and enrich education? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Word-processing software allows the instructor to prepare student handouts. 2. Slide presentation software offers the ability to create presentations and audio-visual aids. 3. Spreadsheets or course management tools assist in the maintenance of attendance records and grades. 4. Course management system (CMS) tools offer tools to develop, administer, and score examinations and provide formative evaluation tools. 5. Communication tools such as Weblogs (blogs) answer student questions and provide feedback to students on their progress.

Q: Web-based instruction (WBI) uses the attributes and resources of the Internet to deliver and support education. Which of the following ways may effectively be used to teach health care content via WBI? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Teleconferencing mode 2. Stand-alone course 3. Supplement traditional, face-to-face courses 4. Wiki mode 5. Connectivity with hospital information systems

Q: When comparing various uses of computing, which of these works well for corporate training? 1. Chat room 2. Wiki 3. E-mail 4. E-learning

Q: The community health nurse is designing a four week e-learning program for rural diabetic clients. One concern is that some of these clients may feel isolated. Which of the following could the nurse employ to prevent feelings of isolation? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Additional written assignments 2. Audio narrated lecture assignments 3. Message board assignments 4. Video enabled Skype assignments 5. Synchronous online chats

Q: Which of the following devices are increasingly being deployed to facilitate learning? 1. Personal Digital Assistants 2. Cell phones 3. Classroom response systems (CRS) 4. Laptop computers

Q: Web 2.0 is a second phase of the World Wide Web development. Which of the following technologies are included in Web 2.0? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Podcasts 2. Blogs 3. Wikis 4. YouTube 5. Vodcasts

Q: Which of the following is an advantage to computer generated discharge instructions for postoperative clients? 1. The physician only provides clients with information necessary for each case. 2. Repetition of the information helps clients to remember pertinent details. 3. Consistent instructions may be generated very quickly for each client. 4. Nurses include what they feel is most important for each client.

Q: Which statement is true concerning health care professional continuing education taken over the Internet? 1. Feedback may be delayed while data are collected for the continuing education certificate. 2. Instruction is too generalized to meet the needs of specific targeted populations. 3. Personnel may attend continuing education programs at any time convenient for the participant. 4. Where continuing education is mandatory, utilizing the Internet causes documentation concerns.

Q: Which of these would best prepare a nursing student for the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN)? 1. Purchase a review text with a companion compact disc that has links to study sites on the Internet. 2. Purchase a review text with companion compact disc containing NCLEX-RN types of questions. 3. Purchase a review text that has practice questions and drills on a compact disc, including test answers. 4. Form a study group to review subject content and surf the Internet for review sites and links.

Q: Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) are used more in the classroom as a learning tool for nurses. Which of the following statements is accurate about the use of VLEs? 1. VLEs allow learners to practice new skills without fear of harm to themselves or others. 2. VLEs are difficult to navigate in a classroom setting. 3. Faculty members have difficulty creating measurable objectives for its use. 4. VLEs technology intimidates contemporary student nurses.

Q: Schools of nursing are employing the use of virtual learning environments (VLEs) to teach students. Which of the following are considered advantages to VLEs? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Learners can proceed at a pace conducive to comprehension. 2. Learning offered at any site that has computer access 3. Learners can skim through familiar content and focus on weak areas. 4. 24-hour access 5. Consistent instruction in a safe environment

Q: Three emergency room nurses are planning community education offerings that will use the American Heart Association's "Heartsaver CPR" training. Which of these would be a disadvantage to using manikin simulation technology for CPR skills practice and testing? 1. More instructors would be needed to oversee the training and testing. 2. Instruction time may be increased for training and testing purposes. 3. Participants may need to perform the skills several times to pass the test. 4. Initial costs for program implementation may be increased.

Q: A virtual learning environment (VLE) is a system that uses the Internet to assist faculty in developing, managing, and administering educational materials for students. Which type of continuing nursing education content is least suited for a VLE alone? 1. A program reviewing assessment of heart and lung sounds 2. A refresher program on various types of injection administration skills 3. A program reviewing drug calculations and dosages for medication administration 4. A program reviewing documentation for an electronic medical record

Q: Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of Web-based instruction (WBI) for nursing students? 1. Learning time is prolonged due to the downloading of large learning modules. 2. The locus of control for learning lies with the student. 3. Online access is limited to those students who have a computer with Internet service. 4. Socializing students to their chosen profession is difficult.

Q: Web-based instruction (WBI) makes use of the hypertext capabilities of the Web. Which principle would best guide faculty who are teaching a Web-based course? 1. Assign group projects for students to encourage interaction and discussion among students 2. Use the latest version of software to encourage efficient and timely student response 3. Make detailed, lengthy documents for students to download and peruse at their leisure 4. On the class website, load multimedia presentations that utilize plug-ins to enhance instruction

Q: Which student may be least suited for a distance learning class? 1. A 20-year-old professional nursing student in the last semester of the program 2. A 38-year-old RN to BSN student returning to school after a 14-year absence 3. A 24-year-old graduate nursing student in a nurse practitioner program 4. A 48-year-old RN who has just completed one year of master's level courses

Q: Which is the most likely reason for a college of nursing to offer distance learning courses? 1. To decrease faculty workload by automating course content and lectures 2. To facilitate computer literacy in students who are unfamiliar with computers 3. To minimize student contact with faculty by using e-mail and the Internet 4. To extend geographic boundaries and reach increased numbers of students

Q: Which of the following are stages of the continuity life cycle? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Organizational structure and objectives 2. Analysis 3. Implementation 4. Solution design 5. Testing and acceptance

Q: Which law authorized development of a national, near-real-time information network to coordinate federal and state response to public health emergencies? 1. HIPAA 2. The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) 3. Sarbanes"Oxley Act of 2002 4. The Federal Information Privacy and Security Act of 2002

Q: Which of the following are advantages of continuity planning? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Identifies strategies for correction of vulnerabilities within the organization 2. Provides a reasonable amount of protection against interruption in services, downtime, and data loss 3. Allows time for restoration of equipment, the facility, and services 4. Helps to ensure compliance with HIPAA legislation and requirements of the Joint Commission 5. Expedites reporting of diagnostic tests

Q: Business continuity planning (BCP) is not a one-step or one-time activity but is a set of successive stages that are repeated periodically. It is best characterized as a life cycle. Which of the following supports continuity planning? 1. Lost or corrupted data are costly to re-create and threaten the survival of a business or health care delivery system in a highly competitive environment. 2. Business continuity planning is done after the implementation process. 3. Business continuity planning is associated with the cost incurred by vendors. 4. Located data after a disaster is generally corrupted.

Q: ____________________________ is broadly defined as the process that seeks to ensure organizations are capable of withstanding any disruption to normal functioning

Q: Which of the following is not a benefit of an effective disaster plan? 1. Limits the loss of data 2. Increase in the budget line to prepare for future disasters 3. Limits loss of equipment 4. Offers a logical system to employ during an unforeseen disaster

Q: Post-disaster feedback is crucial to the design and implementation of a better continuity plan for future health care agency use. Which of the following supports this statement? 1. The feedback should be used to identify what worked and what did not. Plans that looked good before a disaster may not look so good after one. 2. Feedback collected after disasters (or mock disasters) is not useful since the staff had no other options during the disaster. 3. Feedback collected after disasters (or mock disasters) is not necessarily accurate. 4. Feedback collected after disasters (or mock disasters) provides data for change in a limited number of areas.

Q: Post-disaster recovery expenses usually exceed anticipated costs, leading to changes in recovery strategies that can be used for future disasters. What can planners do to minimize the budget variations? 1. Hold mock disasters. 2. Increase the budget line in anticipation of a disaster. 3. Set aside funds to supplement the budget. 4. Complete the grant writing process to supplement the existing budget.

Q: The HIPAA security rule requires continuity planning and disaster recovery processes. In response, all health care organizations must have which of the following? 1. A data backup and a recovery plan 2. A data backup plan, a recovery plan, an emergency mode of operation plan, and testing and evaluation procedures 3. An emergency mode of operation plan and testing and evaluation procedures 4. A data backup plan

Q: Which of the following statements is not true about continuity planning? 1. A good continuity plan is intentionally ambiguous to prevent hacking. 2. Wait time decreases satisfaction and can diminish quality of care. 3. Health care organizations are catching up with other industries in understanding the business case for continuity of operations. 4. Health care organizations must be able to effectively deal with crises.

Q: Each organization must select its criteria for business disaster recovery timeframes based upon its own perspective. Data flowcharts help to ensure which of the following? 1. The timeframes are appropriate 2. Integrity of the information is maintained 3. All critical processes are documented 4. No personnel are left out of the process

Q: A continuity plan is a critical aspect of an organization's risk management strategy and is instrumental to its survival in the aftermath of a disaster. Tolerance for IT downtime is rapidly declining; a recent survey set the figure at how many hours or less? 1. 5 hours 2. 10 hours 3. 18 hours 4. 24 hours

Q: In 2001, the Joint Commission introduced new emergency management standards for hospitals, long-term care facilities, and behavioral health and ambulatory care that focus on the concept of community involvement in the management process. What event was recently added by the Joint Commission to the list of events that organizations must consider in their plans? 1. Disaster preparedness 2. Bioterrorism 3. Information security 4. Recovery planning

Q: Together the Joint Commission and HIPAA require that health care providers perform a business impact analysis, employ crisis management, conduct employee training, implement ongoing continuity plan reviews, plan for information technology disasters and recovery, and audit their continuity plan processes. There are other groups that demonstrate interest in business continuity management. Which of the following are included in those other groups? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2. Disaster Recovery Institute International 3. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 4. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 5. Bioterrorism Working Group, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Q: Which of the following authorized the development of a national, near real-time information network to coordinate federal and state response to public health emergencies? 1. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 2. Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act 3. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 4. Federal Information Privacy and Security Act

Q: Health care agencies incorporate a continuity plan to ensure business continuity and successful recovery after a disaster. Which of the following is the most effective way to emphasize the importance of disaster preparedness? 1. Conduct staff reviews of continuity and recovery plans 2. Test the emergency staff notification system 3. Incorporate mock disaster situations into staff training 4. Display continuity plans in conspicuous places

Q: The second step in continuity planning is the development of the plan itself. This step determines the probabilities of all types of disasters, their impact on critical functions, and which of the following other concerns? 1. Business impact analysis 2. Systematic evaluation 3. Factors necessary to restore services 4. Policies, procedures and vendor contracts

Q: Lost or damaged data have a negative impact on business processes, impede the delivery of safe care, reduce productivity, and undermine public confidence. It is estimated that somewhere between what percentage of organizations that have incurred a significant downtime with data loss will go out of business within five years? 1. 40 to 90% 2. 20 to 70% 3. 10 to 50% 4. 30 to 80%

Q: Many health care agencies lack the infrastructure to accommodate and support information systems (IS) during an environmental disaster. Which of the following can threaten IS during an environmental disaster? 1. A 10-day supply of fuel to power generators 2. Presence of excessive heat 3. Underground power lines 4. Housing IS in areas above the first floor

Q: 0 A good continuity plan can anticipate problems and minimize losses incurred by damage. Which of the following are advantages associated with continuity planning? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Strategies for correction of organization vulnerabilities 2. Allowing time for restoration of equipment, facility, and services 3. Means to capture information needed for regulatory and accrediting bodies 4. Providing continuity of client records and delivery of care 5. Complete protection against interruption in services

Q: The Joint Commission suggests that organizations conduct at least how many emergency drill(s) per year? 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four

Q: The HIPAA security rule requires continuity planning and disaster recovery processes for protected health information. Which of the following activities are required in order to safeguard protected patient information? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Lowering security requirements during a disaster 2. Development of disaster recovery processes 3. Establishment of a continuity plan 4. Creation, access, storage, and destruction of manual records 5. Give access codes and usernames to emergency personnel

Q: What is metadata? 1. Data stored off site in a cold storage facility 2. A set of data that provides information about how, when, and by whom data are collected, formatted, and stored 3. A backup copy of all data within an organization 4. A set of data that is transferred electronically over high-speed telephone lines to another site and set to expire at the correct time

Q: The 24-hour-a-day, 7-days-a-week operations of health care providers make continuity of services essential. What is the first line of defense in providing the continuous systems availability that is required in a health care setting? 1. Adequate firewall protection 2. Software redundancy 3. Installing anti-virus software 4. Hardware redundancy

Q: The two primary sources of data loss are ____ ____ and mechanical failure.

Q: In continuity planning, which of the following is a component of the business impact assessment (BIA)? 1. Secure top management support 2. Establish continuity maintenance policies and procedures 3. Assess continuity plan for weaknesses 4. Determine critical functions of the organization

Q: Which of the following statements are accurate about emergency and backup plans? 1. An emergency plan outlines steps to ensure the availability of resources for ongoing business and information system processing operations whereas a backup plan provides direction during and immediately after an incident. 2. An emergency plan is tested routinely whereas a backup plan is only used if the emergency plan fails. 3. Emergency and backup plans are the same. 4. A backup plan outlines steps to ensure the availability of resources for ongoing business and information system processing operations whereas an emergency plan provides direction during and immediately after an incident.

Q: Which of the following occurrences may not qualify as a disaster? 1. A virus infects a walk-in clinic's electronic medical record (EMR) system and randomly deletes data on Friday afternoon. The IT staff is on vacation. 2. The rheumatology department of a multi-specialty clinic is without analog telephone access for two hours (computer network connections remain intact). 3. The health department is wiped out after a fire. 4. A hospital is without electrical power for 48 hours due to a hurricane and flooding.

Q: The focus of disaster planning in electronic health care information should be on which of the following? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Ensuring that all patient care information is available in hardcopy 2. Safeguarding business continuity by protection of health care data 3. Supporting patient care by providing continual access to patient information 4. Recovery and restoration of health care data and information 5. Stopping all patient care until the disaster is over

Q: According to ANCC (2011), the Magnet Recognition Program recognizes health care organizations that provide nursing excellence and provide a means for disseminating successful nursing practices and strategies. How is information technology tied into this process? 1. Informatics and information systems support the process by providing aggregate data related to quality improvement. 2. Informatics and information systems support the process by providing individualized data related to quality improvement. 3. Informatics and information systems support the process by providing aggregate data related to combating Joint Commission sanctions. 4. Informatics and information systems support the process by providing encrypted data to prevent breaches in security.

Q: The Magnet Recognition Program, while not an accrediting body, is very much like an accrediting body because it provides an assurance of quality and recognizes the essential role that information systems play in supporting that process. Which of the following databases is used to measure quality? 1. American Nurses Associations National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) 2. Joint Commission Standards of Information Technology 3. National American Nurses standardized databases 4. American Medical Association Taxonomy

Q: The Magnet Recognition Program has teamed with another organization calling for a need for transformational leadership that will change the way health care organizations function in the future. The organization that has partnered with Magnet Recognition Program is which of the following? 1. American Nurses Associations National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) 2. TIGER Initiative 3. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) 4. The Joint Commission

Q: Which of the following statements accurately states the impact that accreditation agencies have on automated documentation in health care organizations? 1. The goal of information systems is to remain in compliance with accrediting bodies. 2. Standards mandate the use of information systems in all settings. 3. Quality and standards are synonymous. 4. Accrediting bodies offer assistance in choosing system functionality.

Q: The Joint Commission standards and goals shape organization practice and documentation, thereby affecting information system documentation design. The Joint Commission assesses organizations for compliance with set standards. Which of the following statements are considered standards? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Measures to protect information confidentiality, security, and integrity 2. Uniform definitions and methods for data capture as a means to facilitate data comparison within and among health care institutions 3. Education on the principles of information management and training for system use. This may include education about the transformation of data into information for subsequent use in decision support and statistical analysis. 4. Accurate, timely transmission of information 5. Integration of clinical systems (i.e., pharmacy, nursing, laboratory, and radiology systems) and nonclinical systems for ready availability of information