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Q:
The high-pitched sound caused by an upper airway obstruction is known as:
A) gurgling.
B) stridor.
C) rhonchi.
D) rales.
Q:
You are caring for a 4-month-old male patient who is reported to have vomited five times today. His parents describe no other associated symptoms or complaints. The patient is lying on the couch with a pacifier in his mouth, smiling at you. Developmentally, you would expect a patient of this age to be able to:
A) sit up without assistance.
B) drool without swallowing.
C) say the word "no."
D) have attachment anxiety or fear strangers.
Q:
Your 89-year-old male patient has called for help because he almost passed out after bringing in his garbage cans from the curb. The patient lives alone and says that he became panicked when he started feeling so lightheaded and dizzy. Patients in this age group often undergo all of the following changes to their health, except:
A) blood volume decreases.
B) increased metabolism.
C) sleep-wake cycle disrupted.
D) deterioration of respiratory system.
Q:
You have been called to a private residence where a 16-year-old female patient is reported by her parents to be "acting strangely" and possibly "on something." Upon your arrival, the patient is locked in her bedroom refusing to open the door. The patient refuses to speak to you and will only come out if her best friend is present. Your knowledge of life-span development indicates that the following characteristics are common with a patient of this age.
A) Depression and suicide
B) Preoccupation with body image
C) Self-destructive behaviors such as tobacco, alcohol, and drug use
D) All of the above
Q:
Your 4-month-old patient is reported to be irritable and lethargic after feeding poorly for two days. One method for assessing the patient's level of hydration is to gently palpate the soft spots on the surface of the skull. These soft spots are also known as the:
A) fontanelles.
B) acromion process.
C) mandibles.
D) carpals.
Q:
You have been dispatched to a shopping mall to assess a 1-month-old female patient that tumbled out of her stroller while her mother was shopping. Upon your arrival, the baby is awake, alert, and happily smiling and cooing at her mom. The mother reports that the child did not appear to suffer any injuries as a result of the fall. As you assess the patient and place your finger in her hand, she grasps it tightly. This is known as the:
A) sucking reflex.
B) Moro reflex.
C) palmar reflex.
D) rooting reflex.
Q:
You are assessing a 12-year-old male patient who has been involved in a bicycle accident. This patient would be classified as being in which stage of life?
A) Middle school age
B) School age
C) Adolescent
D) Junior school age
Q:
In which age group do you anticipate seeing patients who have less efficient cardiovascular systems and a reduction of previous blood volume?
A) Infancy
B) Late adulthood
C) Early adulthood
D) Middle adulthood
Q:
You are assessing a female patient with depression. She tells you that her psychologist said that she is dealing with "empty-nest syndrome." What age group is this associated with?
A) Middle adulthood
B) Middle-aged adulthood
C) Late adulthood
D) Early adulthood
Q:
You are assessing a 6-month-old female patient who, according to the parents, is not acting normally. At this stage of development, the patient should be able to do which of the following?
A) Sit alone on the floor
B) Sit upright in a high chair
C) Sleep
D) Respond to the word "no"
Q:
What is the stage of development where there are several physiological and psychosocial changes, second only to infancy or adolescence?
A) Late adulthood
B) Middle adulthood
C) Toddler
D) Preschool age
Q:
Patients in which age group tend to be very concerned with body image?
A) School age
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Early adulthood
Q:
Patients in late adulthood are likely to face which of the following challenges?
A) Self-worth
B) Hygiene
C) Tax burden
D) All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is the term used to describe an infant's reaction to his environment?
A) Attitude
B) Bonding
C) Personality
D) Temperament
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a common psychosocial challenge of late adulthood?
A) Self-destructive behaviors
B) Concern about death and dying
C) Financial burdens
D) Issues of self-worth
Q:
Which of the following stages is commonly referred to as "the twilight years"?
A) Middle adulthood
B) Late adulthood
C) Adolescence
D) Early adulthood
Q:
Middle adulthood is the stage of life from ________ to ________ years.
A) 35; 55
B) 35; 65
C) 41; 60
D) 31; 60
Q:
During which age group is the body in peak physical condition?
A) Preschool
B) Adolescent
C) Early adult
D) Middle adult
Q:
The transition from childhood to adulthood is known as which of the following?
A) Transitional
B) Young adult
C) Adolescence
D) Early adulthood
Q:
What is a normal heart rate for a school age child?
A) 140-160/minute
B) 80-130/minute
C) 80-120/minute
D) 70-110/minute
Q:
Which of the following would be a normal set of vitals for a 4-year-old male patient?
A) Heart rate 140/minute, respiratory rate 30/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 60 mmHg
B) Heart rate 100/minute, respiratory rate 34/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg
C) Heart rate 60/minute, respiratory rate 24/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg
D) Heart rate 110/minute, respiratory rate 24/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg
Q:
At which of the following stages is toilet-training most likely to begin?
A) Preschool age
B) Infant
C) Toddler
D) School age
Q:
A 26-month-old toddler is reported to have fallen and lacerated his chin. His mother did not witness the fall. As you proceed through your assessment, your partner reports that she's concerned about his heart rate, which she measures as 64. She's checked it twice. Your knowledge of normal vital signs for a patient this age suggests that his pulse rate is:
A) too slow.
B) too fast.
C) within normal range.
D) not reliable.
Q:
When you startle a 4-month-old, he throws his arms out, spreads his fingers, then grabs with his fingers and arms. The reaction is known as the:
A) rooting reflex.
B) startle reflex.
C) Moro reflex.
D) scaffolding reflex.
Q:
Infancy is defined as the stage of life from birth to:
A) 9 months.
B) 18 months.
C) 15 months.
D) 12 months.
Q:
Which of the following is the feeling infants get when they know all their needs will be met?
A) Scaffolding
B) Bonding
C) Trust
D) Moro reflex
Q:
When you place your finger in an infant's palm, she grasps it with her fingers. This is an example of which reflex?
A) Sucking
B) Palmar
C) Rooting
D) Moro
Q:
Your patient is a 22-year-old female that accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish, "they had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died." Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:
A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) insulin.
D) histamine.
Q:
When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have:
A) hypersensitivity.
B) antibody reaction.
C) histamine dump.
D) hyposensitivity.
Q:
What is the most common digestive disorder?
A) Irritable bowel and gastric esophageal disease
B) Vomiting and diarrhea
C) Diarrhea and gastric esophageal disease
D) Flatus
Q:
The major organs of the endocrine system are the:
A) brain, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
B) pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
C) kidneys and the brain.
D) liver, pancreas, and the kidneys.
Q:
You and your EMT partner respond to a local shipping warehouse for a worker who was hit by a falling crate. Upon arrival, you find the man lying on the concrete floor of the facility, alert and oriented but unable to move or even feel his legs below the waist. Based on the mechanism of injury and the symptoms, which of the patient's body systems would you suspect has been impaired?
A) Endocrine system
B) Nervous system
C) Cardiopulmonary system
D) Immune system
Q:
Which of the following is an indicator that a patient's nervous system has been impaired?
A) Changes in pupil dilation
B) Hearing disturbances
C) General weakness
D) All of the above
Q:
The layer of covering that protects the nervous system is called the:
A) skull.
B) spinal column.
C) meninges.
D) cerebrospinal fluid.
Q:
An infection of the brain is called:
A) multiple sclerosis.
B) encephalitis.
C) rhinitis.
D) meningitis.
Q:
When the body's water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called:
A) edema.
B) hydrostatic.
C) dehydration.
D) hypovolemia.
Q:
Daniel has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused by:
A) hypotension.
B) hyperthermia.
C) tachycardia.
D) dehydration.
Q:
Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is called:
A) intravascular.
B) hydrostatic.
C) intracellular.
D) interstitial.
Q:
The human body is made up of ________ % water.
A) 60
B) 7.5
C) 17.5
D) 75
Q:
The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to occur?
A) Breathe slower and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become pale
B) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale
C) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become warm
D) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and slower, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale
Q:
A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
A) sweaty skin.
B) increased pulse.
C) constricted pupils.
D) increased respirations.
Q:
Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is "drowning in his own lungs." The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his "heart is shot." The patient's cardiac output is likely diminished because:
A) less blood fills his heart with each contraction (preload is diminished).
B) the heart's force of contraction is reduced (contractility is diminished).
C) the pressure in the system against which the heart must pump is increased (afterload is increased).
D) All of the above are true.
Q:
You are called to a kindergarten class where a boy has fallen while climbing on playground equipment. The teacher saw him fall and hit his stomach on a step. He is sobbing and holding his abdomen. As you assess him, you find his skin cool and clammy, his pulse is 132, respiratory is 28. Why is the boy acting this way?
A) He is really upset and wants his mother.
B) He is embarrassed and is afraid that the other students will make fun of him.
C) He possibly has wet his pants and does not want anyone to know.
D) He possibly has internal injuries and is in shock.
Q:
Shock occurs as a result of which of the following?
A) Inadequate perfusion
B) C/Q match
C) V/Q match
D) Adequate perfusion
Q:
A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO2 reading is 84%. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume. Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:
A) carbon dioxide.
B) oxygen.
C) pH.
D) glucose.
Q:
In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
A) diffusion.
B) low carbon dioxide.
C) high oxygen.
D) high carbon dioxide.
Q:
What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?
A) Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
B) High oxygen and low carbon dioxide
C) Low oxygen and low carbon dioxide
D) High oxygen and high carbon dioxide
Q:
You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis (near the point of death) with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing. Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:
A) medulla oblongata.
B) frontal lobe.
C) cerebellum.
D) thalamus.
Q:
A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school. She's taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the ________ in her blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.
A) plasma
B) hemoglobin
C) white blood cells
D) albumin
Q:
You respond to a patient who is choking. The victim is suffering from the most common of airway obstructions. This would indicate that the problem is in the ________ airway.
A) upper
B) bronchial
C) lower
D) alveoli
Q:
What is the name of the heart dysfunction caused by an electrical source that causes the heart to beat too fast?
A) Tachycardia
B) Trauma
C) Heart attack
D) Bradycardia
Q:
Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, sepsis, and severe allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?
A) Increased SVR
B) Loss of tone
C) Hypertension
D) Permeability
Q:
The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen, also called ________, within the body.
A) anorexia
B) hypoglycemia
C) hypoxia
D) anoxia
Q:
The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset diffusion, which is defined as:
A) the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.
B) the ability of the lungs to expand equally during inspiration.
C) maintaining enough positive pressure in the pleural space to keep the lungs from collapsing.
D) the exchange of gases in the bronchi.
Q:
If a hole is created in the chest wall, air could escape or be drawn in, or if bleeding develops within the chest, air and blood can accumulate in the pleural space. This would force the lung to:
A) increase respirations.
B) increase the minute volume.
C) collapse.
D) work harder with minimal problems.
Q:
A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells is called:
A) polycythemia.
B) erythrocythemia.
C) leukemia.
D) anemia.
Q:
When carbon dioxide is not exchanged, the net result is high carbon dioxide, a condition called ________, within the body.
A) hyperemia
B) hypercapnia
C) hyperthermia
D) hyperglycemia
Q:
Which of the following statements provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory control?
A) A medical, structural, and mechanical failure that has initiated the cascade of life-threatening problems will interrupt this control.
B) A structural reason that has caused collapse of the upper and lower airways to block the flow of oxygen to the alveoli can interrupt this control.
C) Medical reasons, infections, trauma, toxins, and drugs, along with neurologic disorders, can interrupt this control.
D) Mechanical failure, soft-tissue damage, obstruction, and lack of perfusion will interrupt this control.
Q:
The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called the:
A) carina space.
B) lung space.
C) dead space.
D) pleural space.
Q:
What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?
A) Nose, pharynx, hypopharynx, epiglottis, trachea, crania, mainstem bronchi, alveoli
B) Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, crania, alveoli
C) Nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
D) Nose, hyperpharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, bronchi, alveoli
Q:
What is a patent airway?
A) A rigid suction device used to remove fluid and foreign objects from the pharynx to secure the airway
B) A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life
C) The condition of the patient's airway at the start of a lifesaving intervention
D) An airway that is in need of securing via an oral or nasal pharyngeal airway
Q:
A patient breathing in room air should be receiving ________ percent oxygen.
A) 21
B) 5
C) 16
D) 100
Q:
What is FiO2?A) The amount of oxygen delivered via an airway adjunct in liters per minuteB) The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygenC) The concentration of gases in our expired air, which is referred to as the fraction of used oxygenD) The flow rate of gases provided to the patient by mask or nasal cannula
Q:
A disruption of the balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating:
A) oxygenation and perfusion.
B) blood pressure and cell hydration.
C) perfusion and proper circulation to the tissues.
D) waste removal and urine.
Q:
________ blood returns to the right side of the heart.
A) Deoxygenated
B) Anemic
C) Red
D) Oxygenated
Q:
What is the best description of the chest's mechanical functions?
A) The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
B) The diaphragm contracts, causing the intercostal muscles that are attached to the lungs to also contract, which moves the air into the lungs.
C) With the chest being an airtight space, the act of breathing occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal relax, which causes the lungs to expand and air to flow into the lungs.
D) The chest is a closed space, and the pleural space surrounds the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts and the intercostals expand, the chest and lungs move outward and downward, allowing expiration and gas exchange in the lungs.
Q:
The seat of respiratory control is found in the:
A) nose.
B) lungs.
C) chest.
D) medulla oblongata.
Q:
The respiratory system moves air in and out; however, to ________ cells, the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system.
A) defuse
B) hyperoxygenate
C) register
D) perfuse
Q:
Our blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns with what byproduct of metabolism?
A) Lactic acid
B) Carbolic acid
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Carbon monoxide
Q:
The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called:
A) homeostatic.
B) hyperoxic.
C) aerobic.
D) anaerobic.
Q:
What is the type of metabolism that occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?
A) Anaerobic
B) Aerobic
C) Hypoxic
D) Homeostatic
Q:
The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called:
A) catabolism.
B) respiration.
C) metabolism.
D) depolarization.
Q:
What element does the cell need in order to NOT dehydrate and die?
A) Glucose
B) Proteins
C) Water
D) Oxygen
Q:
The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:
A) glucose.
B) protein.
C) oxygen.
D) water.
Q:
What substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles?
A) ATP
B) Electrolytes
C) Cations
D) Ions
Q:
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up:
A) organelles.
B) sections.
C) systems.
D) groups.
Q:
The most vulnerable part of the cell is the:
A) mitochondria.
B) DNA.
C) membrane.
D) nucleus.
Q:
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleus
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Sodium potassium pump
Q:
The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is:
A) mitochondria.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) sodium pump.
Q:
Which of the following BEST defines adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A) It is the form of energy produced in the mitochondria and is the cell's engine responsible for all cell function.
B) It is the form of energy produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and is the cell's engine responsible for all cell function.
C) It is the form of energy that is produced in the nucleus from glucose and other nutrients.
D) It is the form of energy that is produced in the mitochondria from glucose and DNA.